ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES : BENEFITS, APPLICATIONS AND EXPERIENCES

TERI-UNEP Workshop on Innovative and Sustainable Energy Technologies for Developing Countries: Opportunities and

Challenges

(28th May – 30th May)

Sandhya Sundararagavan, Research Associatesandhya.sundararagavan@teri.res.in

May 29th, 2014

Concerns / Issues

Supply

Demand

Supply-Demand Mismatch

Variability of RE Generation

Seasonal Variation in demand pattern Source: MGVCL, SLDC, TERI (Analysis)

Energy Situation in South Asia

• Energy security issues due to dependence on one fuel

• Energy Access challenge to remote locations

• Growing demands of energy

• Increasing energy deficit

• High T&D losses

• Untapped renewable energy potential

Source: ADB South Asia Working Paper, Series 11; SAARC Regional Energy Trade Study, March 2010

Why is there a need for storage?

Balance supply-demand mismatch Utilize storage for peak periods Frequency and voltage support Reliable power supply Defer/reduce the need for new generation

capacity and transmission upgrades Distributed generation and Electric

Vehicles Emergency support

Types of Storage Technologies

Large scale Energy Storage

Pumped Hydro (PHS)

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Thermal Energy Storage

Applications-Technologies Matrix

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

Large Scale Energy Storage Systems

Pumped Hydro (PHS) Employs off-peak electricity to pump

water from a reservoir up to another reservoir at a higher elevation

Can be sized up to 1 GW; Discharge duration 8-10 hours

Efficiency: 80-85%; Life: 50-60 years

Siting/Permitting/Env. Impact issue

Compressed Air Energy Storage Use off-peak electricity to

compress air and store it in a reservoir

Above ground : 3-50 MW; Underground: up to 400 MW

Discharge Duration: 8-26 hours Efficiency: 70%; life: 30 years Geological/siting issue

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

Batteries – Mature and Commercial

Lead-Acid• Capacity range: 1 kW – 10 MW,

Discharge duration: minutes to few hours

• Most prevalent and cost effective storage system

• Suitable for short duration application.

• Life: 6-12 yrs ; Efficiency: 75%

• Disposal issue - toxic

Lithium-ion• Capacity range: 1 kW – 1 MW;

Discharge duration: minutes to 4 hrs

• Fast growing, commercial and mature

• Leading technology platform for EV and PHEV

• Short and medium duration applications

• Life: 15 years; Efficiency: 90-95%

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

Batteries - Development

Sodium-Sulphur

• Capacity range: 2- 10 MW; Discharge duration: seconds to 6 hours

• Multiple, parallel standard units are used to create multi-megawatt systems

• Suitable for grid support application

• Life: 15 years; Efficiency: 75%

• Requires operating temperature 300-350 degree Celsius, which makes it hazardous and combustible

Flow Batteries

• Capacity range: 50 kW – 1 MW; Discharge duration: 5-6 hours

• Electrolytes stored in separate tanks which prevents deposition

• Suitable for utility scale applications

• Life: 20 years; Efficiency: 75-80%

• Complexity of the design due to pumps and power control systems

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

Other technologies

Flywheels• Capacity range: 0.5 – 10 kWh

• Suitable for shorter duration (milliseconds)

• Life: 20 years, Efficiency: 70-80%

• Safety issue with flywheel design and operating conditions

Thermal Energy Storage (TES)• Capacity Range: 10 – 50 kWh

• Suitable for cooling in buildings and industrial processes

• Life: >20 years, Efficiency: 75-90%

• Thermal insulation, unique design configuration, and material properties

Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA,

Source: IEC White Paper, October 2012

Pumped Hydro System in Taiwan

• The Taiwan Power System contains ten PHS units: four 250 MW units located at the Ming-Hu hydro plant and six 267 MW units located at the Ming-Tan hydro plant

• PHS units used for both time-shifting and operating reserve functions

Success Stories

• 32MW/8MWh Li-ion battery storage solution

• Supports 98 MW AES Laurel Mountain Wind Farm

• Operational since 2011

Li-ion Battery Energy Storage System in West Virginia, USA

Source: Energy Storage Association (ESA)

Source: IEC White Paper, October 2012

• 51 MW wind farm (1500 kW X 34 units)

• Supported by 34 MW Sodium-sulphur (NaS) system

• Being operated by Japan Wind Development Corporation since three years

NaS Battery System (Japan Wind Development Project)

Deployment Status

Source: Large-scale Electrical Energy Storage in Japan, Presentation by Akio Nakamura

Designing a storage system

Key parameters

Identify application for which storage is required Peak Shaving Load Shifting Power Quality

Size of the storage system (based on capacity and discharge duration)

Cost of the system (energy cost, power cost and balance of plant cost)

Response time Lifetime Operability conditions Modularity and flexibility Maturation and commerciality Environmental concern

Strategic Approach Scope: Identify

applications relevant for the entities (Grid

operator/Utilities/Renewable

project developer/Consu

mer)

Siting: Select location

considering nearness to the grid/wind farm

Design: Analyze required size and

type of the storage system

for the required application

Development: Select cost-

effective and most viable

option

Pilot scale deployment

Testing: Monitoring,

Evaluation, and Measurement

Commercialization: Large scale

implementation

Barriers

Roadmap

Installing storage for balancing the grid is a long term solution

Countries who are yet to explore renewable potential should explore potential of storage in parallel

Policy and regulatory framework should be developed to set goals and vision roadmap

Identify key stakeholders and beneficiaries Explore public-private partnerships or other

funding models Establish centres for carrying out research and

testing

THANK YOU

Questions?