energy policy and the spanish ceramic tile sector

“Energy Policy and the Spanish Ceramic Tile Sector” Daniel Gabaldón Estevan (*)Eliseo Monfort Gimeno (**)Ana Mezquita Marti (**)Eva Vaquer Cañete (**)

(*) University of Valencia(**) Universitat Jaume I de Castelló

Index1. Introduction

2. Methods

3. Results

4. Conclusions


2. Methods

3. Results

4. Conclusions1.1. Why is it relevant?

1.2. What is our theoretical framework?

1.3. Work partially build on previous research

1. Introduction

1.1. Why is it relevant?

There is a current debate on the sustainability of the actual production model of ‘developed countries’ within globalisation due to:

o an increased demand of resources

o a limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human activity

o an increase on public awareness and demands for the improvement of environment quality

How is the interlink between energy policy and the evolution of a particular industry?

1. Introduction

[…] “all important economic, social, political, organizational, institutional and other factors that influence the development, diffusion and use of innovations” (Edquist, 2004, pp. 182)

Sectorial systemof innovation

Technological systems

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz, 1995; Huges, 1984; Callon, 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National systemof innovation

Regional systemof innovation

(Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993)

(Cooke, 1993 and 2001; Saxenian, 1985; Jaffe et al., 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter, 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al., 2008; Jacobsson and Johnson, 2000;

Edquist, 1997)

DistritualInnovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al., 2012)

1.2. What is our theoretical framework?

(Breschi and Malerba, 1997; Malerba, 2002)

1. Introduction

1.3. Work partially build on previous researchGabaldón-Estevan, D.; Monfort Gimeno, E. and Criado Herrero, E. The Green Factor in the

European manufacturing industry. Case study of the Spanish Ceramic Tile Industry - Forthcoming -

Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Hekkert M.P. How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function? Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. - Forthcoming -

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Fernández de Lucio, I. and Molina Morales, FX. (2012) Sistemas Distrituales de Innovación. ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 188 (753), pp. 63-73 Available at: http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/download/1448/1457

Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions. - Available at: http://rodrigo.uv.es/bitstream/handle/10550/23431/gabaldon.pdf?sequence=1

Mezquita, A.; Monfort, E. and Zaera V. (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones: reducción de emisiones de CO2, benchmarking europeo. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp. 211-222 Available at: http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20090904100231.200948211.pdf

Monfort, E.; Mezquita, A.; Granel, R.; Vaquer, E.; Escrig, A.; Miralles, A. and Zaera, V. (2010) Análisis de consumos energéticos y emisiones de dióxido de carbono en la fabricación de baldosas cerámicas. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 49 (4), 303-310 - Available at: http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20100901173134.201049303.pdf

Tortajada Esparza, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Fernández de Lucio I. (2008) La evolución tecnológica del distrito cerámico de Castellón: la contribución de la industria de fritas, colores y esmaltes. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. 47 (2) pp. 57-80 - Available at: http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20080512114901.47[2]57-80.pdf


2. Methods

3. Results

4. Conclusions

2. Methods

Analysis on energy and environmental policies (especially on emissions) at:

• European level,

• Spanish national level, and

• Valencian Community regional level

At the sectorial level an analysis

• Its innovation system (structure and functioning)

• The evolution of its energy uses and consumptions


2. Methods

3. Results

4. Conclusions

3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system

3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU

3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain

3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia

3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry

3. Results

3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (1/4): production process

3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (2/4): value chain

Format design

Texture design

Printing design

Catalogue design

Clay, silica, etc. extraction

Storage and logistics

Clay milling

Firing (2nd firing if double firing*)

Press

Drying (& 1st firing if double firing*)

Glazing and decoration

Sorting and packing

Construction firms

End user (consumer & institutions)

Tile installersArchitects and interior designers

Department Stores Retailers

Frit, glaze and ceramic colour production

Firing

Grinding and spray draying

Pressing

Drying

Glazing

Sorting

Maintenance

Frit and glaze preparation

Auxiliary machine management

Environmental management

3. Results

3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (3/4): the DIS

Legal & Institutional environment

IPC

Tec

hn

olo

gic

al &

ad

van

ced

se

rvic

es e

nvi

ron

men

t

University departments, CSIC & ITC - ALICER

Scientific environment

Productive environment

Diverse semi elaborates producers:

ITC - ALICER

Public administrations: EU, state, regional and local governments and legislationsProducers associations: ASCER, ANFFECC, ASEBEC, AFPEOther associations: ATC, ANDIMAC, SECV, professional collegesTrade fairs and promoting instruments: CEVISAMA & QUALICERChamber of Commerce of Castellón

Frits, glaze and ceramic pigments producers

Machinery and equipment fabrication and repairs

Design, CAD/CAM & printing systems companies

Other services for companies: consulting, informatics,…

Ceramic tile producers

Spray dried powder producers

Tile biscuit producers

Special pieces

Distrib

utio

n

3. Results

3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (4/4): a profileo Schumpeter Mark II scenario

o Competition is forcing a move from physics, chemistry and engineering to marketing (from product to brand)

o Increasing competition is forcing ceramic tile enterprises to externalize R&D

o Globalization force two strategies: brand or price (none seems to leave space for R&D)

o Difficulties for the final user to value the properties of the product (push strategy) brand

o Home market is reducing new construction -> reposition, facades, sidewalks

o Threat to the legitimation of the industry stems from environmental pressures on the region

o Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda

o Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted, but in the short run is only of an additive nature

o Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of energy, materials and water

o The strategy has to be production of ‘green’ tiles and emergence of synergies with the different actors involved

3. Results

3. Results

3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (1/3)

Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked

All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts

The benefits of saving energy are:

o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with energy generation, transformation, distribution and consumption in general

o reducing the GHG emissions, air pollution, impacts to surface and ground waters

Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures compared to other forms of energy

Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also contribute to reducing energy demand

3. Results


o Directive 2004/8/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community.

o Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings

o Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 2011/91/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment.

3. Results


o COM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 – Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final. Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions. A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation

3. Results

3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (1/4)

The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are:

o The security of the energy supply

o Competitiveness of energy markets

o Environmental protection

The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by:

o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (2/3 of primary energy)

o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70%)

o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last four years

3. Results


Final energy consumption in Spain (2011)1,5%

0,4%

51,0%14,8%

25,2%

7,2%

Coal

Coal derived gas

PetroleumproductsGas

Electricity

Renewables

3. Results


Nowadays is being develop a very active policy on the environmental aspects of energy with:

o The interweaving of the environmental protection in the Electricity sector law and the hydrocarbons law

o The creation of specific bodies, such as the National Climate Council to analyze and define the Spanish strategy for the commitments made by the signing of the Kyoto Protocol

o The approval of the Development Plan for Renewable Energy, that aims to raise in 2020 the renewable participation to 20% of total supply

3. Results


o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)

o Law 13/2010. Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme

o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020

o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020

o Law 16/2002, de 24 de September, on the integrated prevention and control pollution (IPPC)

3. Results

3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia (1/2)

Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN)

Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia. Its purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the Valencian region, in accordance with the Regional Government’s guidelines and in the framework of the European Union energy polices

AVEN has as objectives:

o Energy diversification and energy savings

o Efficiency and energy quality

o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region

o Promotion of the renewable energy

o Promotion of infrastructures

o Use of new technologies

o Environment respect

3. Results

3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia (2/2)

o Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)

o Valencia Strategy on Climate Change

o AVEN grants:

o energy audits,

o investment in energy efficiency measures,

o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

3. Results

3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (1/5)Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)

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Year

Pro

duct

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(mile

s of

m2 )

3. Results

0

2000

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1985

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erg

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ea

r)

Natural Gas Other fuels Electricity

3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (2/5)Energy consumption (GWh/year) 1985 to 2011

3. Results

3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (3/5)Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)

9,3 %

90 ,3 %

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption

Ener

gy con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh/

m2 )

3. Results

3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (4/5)Thermal specific consumption (kWh/m2)

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rmal

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cific

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Wh/

m2 )

3. Results

3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (5/5)

Mandatory:

Companies affected by IPPC normative: Integrated Environmental Authorization (around 130)

Companies affected by ETS normative: great majority (more than 120)

Volunteer:

ISO 14001, Environmental management systems: widespread in the district

Implementation of energy saving actions: widespread in the district

Ecolabelling for products: emerging and a current issue


2. Methods

3. Results

4. Conclusions

4. Conclusions

• The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency

• The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term, but also some opportunities

• In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control

• The EPBD is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector

• IPPC (now IED) is seen by most interviewees as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use

• Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions. There is a hope, however, that this process, as the IED, will force the use of the best available technologies.

Thank you very much for your attention

Daniel Gabaldón-EstevanDepartment of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Valencia [email protected]