energy management - · pdf file« energy management of complex systems ... 1984 –...

« Energy Management of complex systemsEnergetic Macroscopic Representation »

Graz University of Technology(Austria)April 2012

«« KKEY EY IISSUES IN SSUES IN

EENERGY NERGY MMANAGEMENT ANAGEMENT »»

Prof. Alain BOUSCAYROLL2EP, University Lille1,MEGEVH network,

[email protected]

http://emr.univ-lille1.fr

EMR, Graz University of Technology, April 20122

«« Key issues in Key issues in EnergyEnergy Management Management »»

- Outline -

1. Key issues• Complex multi-physical systems• Multi-objective requirements

2. Examples of challenges• New elevator• New subway• New Fuel Cell Vehicle• New photovoltaic system



«« CCHALLENGES OFHALLENGES OF

EENERGETIC NERGETIC SSYSTEMS YSTEMS »»



- Sustainable development issues -

http://en.wikipedia.org/

For environmental concerns and resource depletions, a sustainable development is required by:

• reducing our energy consumption• increasing efficiency of products• producing energy from renewable sources

Development of new efficient systems(design, realisation, control)

1. saving

2. efficiency

3. renewable



- More multi-physical systems -

New energy conversions are considered including electrical subsystems

Example: a Fuel Cell Vehicle

thermodynamicsElectrochemistry (Fuel cell)

Power electronics Electricalengineering

Mechanical Engineering

How to study multi-physical multi-scale systems?How to optimize each conversion?

H2PE electrical

machine

AirH2O

FC

Fluidics(compressors)

C1

C2



- More efficient systems with same performances -

New systems for reduction of energy consumption……. for higher performancesExample: VAL subway (Siemens)

1984 – VAL 206First automatic Subway

How to ensure high dynamical and efficiency?(double objective : dynamics and energy)

2000 – VAL 208new PM machines

201x – NeoVALnew supply system

loss reductionposition accuracy more energy recovery

multi-objective control



- More complex systems -

Hybrid systems … several technologies and operations to combine

Example: Toyota Prius (Hybrid Vehicle)

http://www.toyota.com/

How to manage the various power flows?How to optimise energy consumption?

Power split

GeneratorBattery

Motor

Mechanical power path

Electrical power path

Engine

Inverter Boost

ECU

multi-layer control



- More various systems -

Different systems for different applications and ranges

Example: Wind turbines

How to compare systems?How to control the different systems?

flexible control

Permanentmagnets SM

squirrel cage IM

Doubly-fed IM 1 MW

500 kW



- Key issues -

These new efficient systems are developed including:• more electrical subsystems (high efficiency)• energy storage subsystems (energy smoothing and recovery)• more multi-physical subsystems (complementary operations)• more efficient control (for same/higher performances)

How to design the different subsystem? How to control the entire system?

a trans-disciplinary methodology is required! systematic procedures and testing independent of the physical fields

thermalengine

electricmachine

efficiency

95%

30%



time

Accuracylevel

Technicalrequirements

Systemdesign

Design ofcomponents

Realization ofcomponents

Development Va

lidat

ion

Tests of components

Integrationtest

Systemvalidation

- Industrial V-cycle -

How to reduce the development time?



- Engineering Philosophy -

In order to face the complexity… “divide and conquer” !

That’s the Engineer challenge !

Prof. C.C. Chan

complex system subsystems in interactions

decomposition is a key and sensitive issue!

SYSTEMIC approachsystem analysis

system design system control

adapted modelsare a key and

sensitive issue!

MODEL-BASEDapproach



«« EEXAMPLES OF XAMPLES OF CCHALLENGES HALLENGES »»

Dr. P. BARRADE, Prof. A. BOUSCAYROL, Dr. L. GAUCHIAEPF Lausanne, Université Lille1, University Carlos III of Madrid,



- New elevator with supercapacitors -

1. Context

• Conventional feeding for elevators• Non-reversible frequency converter




2. Objectives

• Global efficiency increase• Reduction of the energy dissipated in braking resistors

• Power from the grid• Reduction of power fluctuations




3. New System

• Connection of a local accumulator• The accumulator allows the reversibility for the elevator• The accumulator behaves as an energy buffer for the grid




4. Challenges

• How to adapt the control of the system to take benefit of the accumulator?

• Where are the limits in terms of energy recovering and power fluctuation from the grid?

• Which criteria for sizing the accumulator?



- New Subway with supercapacitor -

1. Context

Automatic subway VAL

electrical grid

substation(diode rect.)

traction drive vehicle

brakesystems

supply rail

other subwayspower flow




2. Objective

How to recover more energy during deceleration phases?

electrical grid



brakesystems

supply rail

other subwayspower flow

energywaste

unidirectional

losses




3. New system

NeoVAL subway

electrical grid



On-bardESS

No supply rail

In-stationESS

on-bard ESS• no supply rail• recharged at the station• recovery of all energy

in-station ESS• slow charge from the grid• fast transfer to on-board ESS




4. Challenges

SC2SC1 u

L2L1

Rdech

AC2

TRI1

AC1

Cbus

subwaystation

ESS2 + subway control?ESS1 control?

measurement? ?

?

How to do the control in the best efficient way and safe operations?How to transfer energy at the station in few second?How to ensure an energetic autonomy between two stations?



- Fuel Cell Vehicle using energy storage -

1. Context

Greenhouse gasses/pollution OPEC Range: 600km/+ Recharge < 5 min Cost ≈ 7 €/100km

No emissions Utility companies Range: 200 km/+ Recharge > 1 h Cost ≈ 2.1 €/100 km

expcars.com

ICE Vehicle Electric Vehicle




2. Objective

JICE

JEMEMElectric power source

Figures adapted fromWalter Lhomme

Which sources allow long range and fast acceleration?

Substitute ICE by electrical energy sources with global competitive performance




3. New system

JEMEM

vveh

Fenv

maxwell.com

directindustry.com

+

+

Fuel cell

Battery

Supercapacitors

newenergiesandfuels.com

FC

Energy storage

• slow dynamic• increases vehicle range

• Faster dynamic: SC• Help FC during traction: BAT




4. Challenges

JEMEM

vveh

Fenv

Fuel cell

SCs

Batterym1m2

m3

Which strategy?How to control a hybrid system?

m1m2m3

Variablesto measure?

Which is the objective?



• Feeding of individual houses from photovoltaïcs• Intermittent source• Not usable during night

- Hybrid storage system for renewable application -

1. Context

PV panelDC/DC DC/AC




2. Objectives

• Feeding of individual houses from photovoltaïcs• Intermittent source

• Find a solution for decoupling (at least partially) the energy feeding from the needs.

• Not usable during night• Allow a given feeding autonomy during the night




3. New system• Energy accumulation

• Based on compressed air systems

supercapacitorbank

DC/DC DC/ACPMSM

hydraulicmachine

oiltank

compressed airaccumulators

PV panelDC/DC DC/AC




4. Challenges• Such an hybrid system is a challenge by itself

• How to model this system?• Include multiphysics sub-systems

• How to control energy fluxes in such a complex system?

• How to size the various sub-systems?• What is the link between control and sizing?



- Objective of the unit -

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday09:00 EMR IBC ED Application 109:30 Key issues on energetic Inversion Energy Application 210:00Energ.Manag. Appl description based control distribution Application 310:3011:00 Example Modelling of Control of Control of a Application 411:30 of vehicles an EV an EV parallel HEV Application 512:0012:30 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch13:00 Systemic Simulation Simulation Simulation Exam13:30 and modelling control control14:00 modelling of an EV of an EV of a parallel14:30 Exercices HEV15:0015:3016:0016:30

methodology“from the modelling to

the energy management”

solutions for the presented

examples



- References -

[Allègre 10] A. L. Allègre, A. Bouscayrol, P. Delarue, P. Barrade, E. Chattot, S. El Fassi, “Energy Storage System with supercapacitor for an innovative subway", IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 12, December 2010, pp. 4001 - 4012 (common paper of L2EP Lille, EPF Lausanne and Siemens Transportation Systems).

[Bossman 07] T. Bossmann, A. Bouscayrol, P. Barrade, S. Lemoufouet, A. Rufer, “EMR of a hybrid storage system based on supercapacitors and compressed air”, IEEE-ISIE’07, Vigo (Spain), June 2007 (common paper L2EP Lille and EPF Lausanne).

[Chan 07] C.C. Chan, Y. S. Wong, A. Bouscayrol, K. Chen, "Powering Sustainable Mobility: Roadmaps of Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, no. 4, April 2009, pp. 603-607 (common paper University of Hong-Kong and L2EP Lille).

[Gauchia 11] L. Gauchia, A. Bouscayrol, J. Sanz, R. Trigui, P. Barrade, “Fuel Cell, battery and supercapacitor hybrid system for electric vehicle: modelling and control via EMR”, IEEE-VPPC’11, Chicago (USA), September 2011 (common paper from University Carlos III of Madrid, L2EP-Lille, LTE and EPF Lausanne, within MEGEVH network).

[Lemofouet 06] S. Lemofouet, A. Rufer, “A Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Compressed Air and Supercapacitors With Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking ”, IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4 pp. 1105 - 1115,

[Rufer 02] A. Rufer, P. Barrade, "A supercapacitor-based energy-storage system for elevators with soft commutated interface", IEEE transaction on Industry Applications, Sept/Oct. 2002, Vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1151 - 1159.

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