energy in a cell ch 9 v. hassell. energy in a cell work is done in the body as it moves and...
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Energy in a Cell
Ch 9
V. Hassell
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Energy in a Cell
• Work is done in the body as it moves and functions.
• It requires energy to do so. • While food provides the raw material,
it must be broken down into simpler substances like glucose to be used.
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• The form of energy the cells use is called ATP.
• The breakdown of glucose in the cycles produces the A TP the body needs.
• (Wood, oil and solar energy all are sources of energy, but appliances must have them converted into electricity to use
it).
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ATP-• Adenosine Tri-phosphate is made
up of 1 adenine molecule
• 1 ribose sugar and 3 phosphates
• . The energy it provides is from the breaking of the phosphate bonds.
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• ATP is like a charged battery which supplies the cells energy-
• The energy is released when it is broken down & releases a phosphate
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ADP is formed-• like a dead battery which can
be recharged with additional energy and replacing the phosphate
• ADP + energy (sunlight) + 1 phosphate -produces ATP
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Light reactions- Photosynthesis
• Autotrophs- using chlorophyll, captures sunlight and produce glucose (carbohydrates, fatty acids & cellulose) in the process of photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects green and yellow light.
• There are many types/colors of pigments- absorb other colors of light
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Photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide + water produces glucose + oxygen Chlorophyll + sunlight are needed.
• Light reaction- Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Water molecules are split providing hydrogen for the Calvin Cycle. Oxygen is given off as a by product
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Calvin Cycle• the synthesis part of photosynthesis
• Energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule in the thylakoid.
• The passing along of this energy along a series of molecules is called
the electron transport chain.
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1. Electron transport chains
• electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of A TP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule.
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html
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1. Electron transport chains
• The hydrogen and a freed electron is picked up by NADP
• The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe The plant produces A TP , NADPH + H
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Photolysis-
• water is split during photosynthesis.
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2. The Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of
carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule.
• It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living
things 2. The Calvin Cycle • http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Bi
ology/Bio231/calvin.html 2. The Calvin Cycle
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2. The Calvin Cycle • Takes place in stroma
(thylakoids) of the chloroplasts
• Carbon dioxide combines with
hydrogen to form sugars-
• ( carbohydrates, starch &
cellulose)
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2. The Calvin Cycle
• These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.
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Life without Light • Chemosynthesis-
• autotrophs obtains energy from inorganic compounds without light.
• Do not need oxygen- • Converts carbon dioxide and
Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4) Important in decomposition process Breaks downs sewage
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Section 3 -Getting Energy to Make ATP
• Glucose, (fatty acids and amino
acids -sometimes) can be used as energy sources Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP
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Section 3 - Respiration
• Process where food is broken down to release energy.
• It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).
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I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic• 6 carbon glucose forms 2- 3
carbon pyruvic acids Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with NAn to form NADH
• NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis
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I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic• It produces 2 ATP for each
glucose which is broken down
• Takes place in cytoplasm
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I. Glycolysis- with Oxygen •Aerobic- uses oxygen•- takes place in mitochondrion
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Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid• pyruvic Acid-3.carbon
compound • -changed to-acetic acid (2
carbons ) • (The third carbon forms CO2) • Acetic acid combines with
coenzyme A-forming acetyl-CoA
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2. Citric Acid Cycle • 2nd step of aerobic respiration
• produces more A TP & releases electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD
• Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule
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2. Citric Acid Cycle
•Citric acid is broken down
• 1 st step- to a 5 carbon •2nd step- 4 carbon-
releasing CO2 each step
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2. Citric Acid Cycle •In both glycolysis & citric acid cycle some ATP is formed.
•4th part of aerobic respiration
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Electron Transport Chain • electrons are trasferred-
releasing energy. • Electrons from both glycolysis &
citric acid cycle used.• Occurs on inner membranes of
mitochondria
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Electron Transport Chain • Aerobic reaction because the
last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water.
• If no oxygen is present the
chain stops.
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Energy without Oxygen
• 3. Fermentation- no oxygen
• No additional ATP is
formed 2 types
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Fermentation
• 1. lactic acid
• 2. alcohol fermentation
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Fermentation • 1. lactic acid • fermentation- ~produces lactic
acid • occurs when the cells use more
energy than can be supplied-• it causes muscle fatigue
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Fermentation
• 2. alcohol fermentation
• many bacteria and fungi such as
yeast carry out alcoholic
fermentation with alcohol &
carbon dioxide as the end
products.
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Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike
• involve energy
• requires enzymes • occurs in specific organelles • involves moving electrons in
electron transport chains.
Different- opposite
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ATP: Energy in a Molecule
• Work-done whenever anything moves
• Body does work & requires energy
• Energy provided in the form of work
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Body Energy
• Used to maintain homeostasis• Cells need a form of energy
called ATP which is produced from the breakdown of food
• Coal or gas can not produce energy for appliances. Appliances need electricity. Coal & gas are used to produce electricity.
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High energy foods
•Sugars• fats• starches
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ATP- • Adenosine Triphosphate• 1 adenine• 3 phosphates• 1 ribose sugar• energy is released from breaking
the phosphate bonds
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ATP-> ADP + energy
• ATP is needed in a constant & abundant supply for cellular energy or the cell will die.
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• ATP-> ADP + energy• a battery which has electricity to
use and becomes discharged• ADP + energy-> ATP• ADP can become recharged with
the addition on energy & ATP
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•Energy is stored when ATP is made from ADP + phosphate
•Energy is released when ATP breaks down to ADP + phosphate
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Enzymes
•Carry out cell reactions•build membranes•build cell organelles
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• The more active the cell- the more ATP needed
• The more mitochondria will be in the cell
• ex. Bird wings/muscles would contain high or low levels of mitochondria?
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Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis
• The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe
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Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis
V. Hassell
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1. Electron transport chain
• -as electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of ATP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule
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1. Electron transport chain
• photosynthesis. • The hydrogen and a freed electron is
picked up by NADP–The oxygen is a waste product from the
reaction-the air you breathe• The plant produces ATP, NADPH + H
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2. The Calvin Cycle
• Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule.
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2. The Calvin Cycle
• It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living things.
• Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts
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2. The Calvin Cycle
• Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form sugars- (carbohydrates, starch & cellulose)
• These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.
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Life without Light• Chemosynthesis- an autotroph
obtains energy from inorganic compounds without the use of light.
Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen
• Converts carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4)
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Important in decomposition process
• Breaks downs sewage• Bacteria-some methane producing
bacteria (prokayotes)–Found in marshes, lake sediments,
digestive tracts of ruminants (cows)• Also occurs near cracks in ocean
floor in Pacific Ocean.
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Section 3 Getting Energy to Make ATP
• Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP
• Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -sometimes ) can be used as energy sources
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Respiration
• Process where food is broken down to release energy.
• It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).
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Glycolysis• Anaerobic-6 carbon glucose
forms 2- 3 carbon pyruvic acids • Hydrogen ions & electrons
combine with NAD to form NADH
• NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis
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Glycolysis
• It produces 2 ATP for each glucose which is broken down
• Takes place in cytoplasm
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Releasing Energy with Oxygen
• Aerobic- uses oxygen- takes place in mitochondrion
• Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid
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Releasing Energy with Oxygen
• Pyruvic Acid-3-carbon compound –changed to—acetic acid (2 carbons)
• (The third carbon forms CO2)• Acetic acid combines with
coenzyme A—forming acetyl-CoA
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Citric Acid Cycle• 2nd step of aerobic respiration • produces more ATP & releases
electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD
• Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule
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Citric Acid Cycle
• Citric acid is broken down • 1st step- to a 5 carbon • 2nd step- 4 carbon-releasing
CO2 each step
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In both glycolysis
& citric acid cycle
some ATP is formed•
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4th part of aerobic respiration
• Electron Transport Chain • electrons are trasfered, releasing
energy.• Electrons from both glycolysis &
citric acid cycle used.• Occurs on inner membranes of
mitochondria
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4th part of aerobic respiration
• Aerobic reaction because the last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water. If no oxygen is present the chain stops.
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Energy without Oxygen
•Fermentation- no oxygen
•No additional ATP is formed
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2 types
• lactic acid fermentation- -produces lactic acid
•alcohol fermentation
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lactic acid fermentation
• -produces lactic acid • occurs when the cells use
more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue
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alcohol fermentation
• many bacteria and fungi such as yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation with alcohol and carbon dioxide as the end products.
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Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike
• involve energy • requires enzymes• occurs in specific organelles• involves moving electrons in
electron transport chains.• Different- opposite
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Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts
• Life without Light– Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen
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Important in decomposition process
• Breaks downs sewage• Found in marshes, lake sediments,
digestive tracts of ruminants (cows)• Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -
sometimes ) can be used as energy sources
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Important in decomposition process
• Respiration• Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with
NAD to form NADH • NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis
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Releasing Energy with Oxygen
» Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid
– occurs when the cells use more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue,
» Different- opposite