energy conservation (autosaved)
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Conservation
Choice Of wind Energy Conversion System
Select a wind-energy conversion system to generate electric power ot constant
speed and constant frequency in a sea-level area where winds average 18 m/h( !/h"# a cut-in speed 8 mi/h (1$ %m/h" is sought# &lades will &e fully feathered(cut out" at wind speeds greater than ' mi/h (1 %m/h"# and the system mustwithstand ma)imum wind velocities of 1* mi/h ( + %m/h", etermine typicalcost which might &e e)pected, .he ma)imum rotor diameter allowa&le for thesite is 1 * ft ($8 m",
onservasi Energi
0emilihan sistem %onversi energi ngin
2emilih sistem %onversi energi angin untu% menghasil%an tenaga listri% pada%ecepatan dan fre%uensi %onstan di daerah permu%aan laut di mana %ecepatanrata-rata angin 18 mil/3am ( ! %m/3am"# %ecepatan cut-in 8 mil/3am (1$ %m/3am"dicari# %incir a%an sepenuhnya &ergera% pada %ecepatan yang le&ih &esar dari 'mil/3am (1 %m/3am"# dan sistem harus menahan %ecepatan angin ma%simum1* mil/3am ( + %m/h", 2enentu%an &iaya %has yang mung%in diharap%an,
iameter rotor ma%simum yang dii3in%an adalah 1 * ft ($8 m",
Calculation procedure 4
1. Determine the total available wind power
5igure 1 shows the total availa&le power in a freely 6owing windstream atsea level for various wind speeds and cross-sectional areas of windstream,Since the ma)imum &lade diameter# given that a &lade-type conversiondevice will &e used# is 1 * ft ($8 m"# the area of the windstream will &e 7 d /+ 7 (1 *" /+ 7 1 # 91,! ft (11+ ,1 m ", Entering :g 1 at this areaand pro3ecting vertically to a wind speed of 18 mi/h ( ! %m/h"# we see thatthe total availa&le power is ;,
0rosedur perhitungan41. Menentukan total daya angin yang tersedia
Gambar 1 menun3u%%an total daya angin yang tersedia pada aliranangin yang mengalir &e&as di permu%aan laut untu% %ecepatan anginyang &er&eda dan daerah lintasan aliran angin, Oleh %arena diameter%incir ma%simum# di%etahui alat %onversi tipe %incir yang a%andiguna%an adalah 1 * ft ($8 m"# daerah aliran angin men3adi 7 d /+7 (1 *" /+ 7 1 # 91,! ft (11+ ,1 m ", 2emasu%%an
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gives the ta)onomy of the more practical versions of wind machines( the aerodynamic system" availa&le today, =
, 2emilih mesin angin yang sesuai2esin angin modern yang %has ditun3u%%an pada e cost =, ccording to frit> hirschfeld# mem&er S2E,?ampir semua %on:gurasi :si% yang menghasil%an gaya asimetri% padaangin dapat di&uat &erputar# &eru&ah# atau &erosilasi @ dengan demi%ianmem&ang%it%an daya, 0ertim&angan dalam mengatur adalah e%onomis @&erapa &anya% daya untu% &erapa &esar u%uran dan &iaya,#A menurut 5rit>?irschfeld# anggota S2E,
Continuing, ?irschfeld notes# = .he power coeBcient of an ideal
wind machine rotor varies with the ratio of &lade tip speed to free 6owwindstream speed# and approaches the ma)imum of ,*! when this ratio
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reaches a value of * or ',E)primental evidence indicates that two &ladedrotors of good aerodynamic design-runninng at high relational speedswhere the ratio of the &lade tip speed to free 6ow speed of the windstreamis * or ' will have power coeBcients as high as ,+9, :gure $ outlines thema)imum power coeBcients o&taina&le for several rotor designs, 5igure +plots the typical performance curves of a num&er of di erent windmachines,A
?irschfeld melan3ut%an# = %oe:sien daya dari rotor mesin angin yang ideal&ervariasi dengan rasio %ecepatan u3ung sudu dengan %ecepatan aliranangin # dan mende%ati nilai ma%simum #*! &ila rasio ini mencapai nilai *atau ', Du%ti e%sperimental menun3u%%an &ahwa dua rotor &er&ilah desainaerodinamis yang &ai% -running pada %ecepatan rotasi tinggi di mana rasio%incir %ecepatan u3ung untu% mem&e&as%an %ecepatan aliran anginadalah * atau ' a%an memili%i %oe:sien daya setinggi #+9,
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Gn actual practice# the ma)imum electric power output in %ilowatts of hori>ontal-a)is &aladed wind machines geared to a 9 percent eBciencyelectric generator can &e quic%ly computed form 0 e 7 ,$8d I $ / 1 ' # whered 7 &lade diameter# ft (m"F I7 ma)imum wind velocity# ft/s (m/s", 5or thiswind machine 0 e 7( ,$8"(1 *" ( ',+" $/1 ' 7 1 !, ;, .his result agreesclosely with the actual machine on which the calculation procedure is&ased # which has a rated output of 1 %;,
!.Menghitung daya output listrik maksimum mesin angin.
e%uatan 0w angin diu&ah men3adi 0m daya me%ani% oleh mesin angin,alam setiap mesin angin# 0m 7 Cp 0w mana %oe:sien Cp 7 0ower,e%uatan me%ani% %emudian di%onversi men3adi tenaga listri% oleh
generator, arena ada e:siensi yang &erla%u untu% masing-masing sistem#yang Cp untu% sistem aerodinamis# Hm untu% sistem me%ani% (gigi#&iasanya"# atau Hg untu% generator# tenaga listri% yang dihasil%an adalah0e 7 0w Hm Hg,
alam pra%te% yang se&enarnya# output daya listri% ma%simum di %ilowatt
horisontal sum&u %incir/&lade mesin angin diarah%an untu% e:siensi 9persen pem&ang%it listri% dapat dengan cepat dihitung &entu% 0e 7
FIG 2. wind machines come in all shapes andsi%es. Some o$ the more practical designcategories are illustrated in this ta#onomy .
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,$8d I $ / 1 '# di mana d 7 diameter %incir/&lade# ft (m"F I 7 %ecepatanangin ma%simum# ft/s (m/s", Jntu% mesin angin ini 0e 7 ( #$8" (1 *"( '#+" $ /1 ' 7 1 !# ;, ?asil ini sesuai dengan mesin yang se&enarnya dimana prosedur perhitungan didasar%an# yang memili%i nilai output 1%;,
). Determine the typical capital cost o$ this machine5igure * and ' show typical capital costs for small conventional windmachines, Karger wind machines# such as the one &eing considered here#are estimated to have cost of L 1* # for a 1 %; unit# or L 1* per
%ilowatt, Such cost may &e safely used in :rst appro)imations with the&ase year cost given in the illustration &eing suita&ly ad3usted &y a factorfor in6ation,
Melated calculation 4 use this genral produce to choose windmachines for other duties-pumping# &attery charging# supplying power toutility lines#etc, De certain to chec% with manufacturers to determinewhether the calculate results agree with actual practice in the :eld ingeneral# good agreement will &e found to e)ist,
.he ilustrastions and much of the data in this procedure are thewro% of frit> hirschfeld# as reported in 2echanical engineering maga>ine,
lso reported in the maga>ine is a proposal &y N,S
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ites avoid the use of high capital cost components such as windmill towerand large rotors, 5uther# a %ite can utuliti>e the full availa&le potential of the wind, s :g 9 shows# the earth s &oundary layer e)tend up to * ft(1* m" a&ove sea level, Gn this &oundary layer the average wind velocityincreases while the air density decreases with altitude, Consequently# they
total availa&le wind poer area per unit area (71
2 PI $" increases with
altitude until at an altitude of * ft (1* m" a ma)imum is reached, .he ratio of availa&le wind power in new england at * ft (1* m" and1* ft Q many wind systems operate at an altitude of 1* ft (* m" or lessRis *, .his is a large factor which ma%es it very attractive to employsystems that use an energy e)traction device located at an altitude of * ft (1* m ", Even at an altitude of 1 ft ($ m"# this ratio is largeappro)imately equal to 1 ,
).Menentukan biaya modal khas mesin ini
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angin, Kayang-layang menghindari penggunaan %omponen &iaya
modal yang tinggi seperti menara %incir angin dan rotor &esar,
Selan3utnya# layang-layang dapat memanfaat%an potensi penuh
yang tersedia dari angin, Se&agaimana ditun3u%%an gam&ar 9#lapisan &atas &umi memperpan3ang hingga * ft (1* m" di atas
permu%aan laut, alam &atas ini lapisan %ecepatan angin
mening%at rata-rata sementara %erapatan udara &er%urang dengan
%etinggian, %i&atnya# mere%a total luas %e%uatan angin tersedia
per satuan luas (7 1/ ( " PI$" mening%at dengan %etinggian sampai
pada %etinggian * ft (1* m" ma%simum tercapai, Masio tenaga
angin yang tersedia di new england di * ft (1* m" dan 1* ft
Q&anya% sistem angin &eroperasi pada %etinggian 1* ft (* m" atau
%urangR adalah *, Gni merupa%an fa%tor &esar yang mem&uatnya
sangat menari% untu% mengguna%an sistem yang mengguna%an
perang%at e%stra%si energi yang terleta% pada %etinggian * ft
(1* m", Dah%an pada %etinggian 1 ft ($ m"# rasio ini adalah
&esar %urang le&ih sama dengan 1 ,
FIG. ) ypical per$ormance curves $or di*erenttypes o$ wind machines.&Mechanical'ngineering(.
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Jntu% memahami &agaimana s%ema yang diusul%an a%anmenge%stra% energi dari angin# sima% &eri%ut ini,
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FIG ,. "apital "ost- per rated kilowatt- $or smallconventional wind machines.&mechanical
Fig. /ariation o$ mean annual $ree0airwind velocity and total avaible wind power
er unit area &1
/ ! ( with altitude in
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.he most important application of %ite &ased energy system in developingcountries where these systems can &e used pump water form wells# grind
grain and generate electricity, ma3ority of the developing countries donot have an adequate supply of indigenous oil and gas# nor can they a ordto &uy su&tantial quantities of fossil fuel at international prices, ;hatthese countries prefer is a system that cloud generate useful energy &yusing as imputs resources that are availa&le within country, .he simplescheme proposed here is ideally suited for the &eeds of developingcountries,
pli%asi yang paling penting dari sistem energi &er&asis layang-layang di negara-negara &er%em&ang di mana sistem ini dapat diguna%ansumur &entu% pompa air# menggiling gandum dan menghasil%an listri%,
2ayoritas negara-negara &er%em&ang tida% memili%i paso%an yang cu%updari minya% adat dan gas# dan tida% dapat mere%a mampu mem&eli dalam 3umlah &esar &ahan &a%ar fosil dengan harga internasional, pa negara inile&ih memilih adalah sistem yang awan menghasil%an energi yang&erguna dengan mengguna%an sum&er daya se&agai input yang tersediadi dalam negeri, S%ema sederhana diusul%an di sini coco% untu%%e&utuhan negara-negara &er%em&ang,
.he %ite &ased system many also &e economically attractive incomparison to a small windmill of less than 1 hp (9* ;" which was has&een used in rural and farm areas in the western united states to pumpwater# generate electricity and irigate land, nother application of theproposed scheme is to generate au)iliary power in large sail&oats# motor&oats# adn ship where conventional used as a fuel saver in con3uction withalready e)isting transmission line,
Sistem &er&asis layang-layang &anya% 3uga secara e%onomismenari% di&anding%an dengan %incir angin %ecil %urang dari 1 hp (9* ;"yang telah diguna%an di daerah pedesaan dan pertanian di &arat negara&ersatu untu% memompa air# menghasil%an listri% dan mengairi lahan,
pli%asi lain dari s%ema yang diusul%an adalah untu% menghasil%an tenagatam&ahan di perahu layar &esar# motor# dan %apal di mana %onvensionalyang diguna%an se&agai penghemat &ahan &a%ar dalam hu&ungannya
dengan saluran transmisi yang sudah ada, %ite 6ying at an altitude of * ft (1* m " may present a
ha>ard to low 6ing airplanes one way to avoid a collison with the %ite or anentanglement with the %ite lines is enhance their vsi&ility &y providing6ashing lights around the %ite structure and along its retaining line,
nother approach is to 6y the %ites at lower altitudes, 5or instance even atan altitude of 1 ft ($ m"# the total availa&le wind power is large &y afactor of 1 in comparison with that at 1* ft (* m ", 5ig9,
Se&uah layang-layang ter&ang pada %etinggian * %a%i (1,* m"
dapat menim&ul%an &ahaya &agi pesawat ter&ang melempar%an rendahsalah satu cara untu% menghindari Collison dengan layang-layang atau
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%eteri%atan dengan garis layang-layang adalah mening%at%an %redi&ilitasmere%a dengan menyedia%an lampu &er%edip se%itar stru%tur layang-layang dan sepan3ang garis penahan nya, 0ende%atan lain adalah untu%ter&ang layang-layang di %etinggian rendah, 2isalnya &ah%an pada%etinggian 1 ft ($ m"# total tenaga angin yang tersedia adalah &esardengan fa%tor 1 di&anding%an dengan yang di 1* ft (* m",