energy chapter 13 sections 5-8. question of the day name three of the six types of renewable energy....

EnergyEnergy

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Sections 5-8Sections 5-8

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

Name three of the six types of Name three of the six types of Renewable Energy.Renewable Energy.

Or all six for two monkey faces.Or all six for two monkey faces.

Answer of the DayAnswer of the Day

The six types of Renewable Energy are.The six types of Renewable Energy are.

SolarSolarFlowing waterFlowing waterWindWindBiomassBiomassHydrogenHydrogenGeothermalGeothermal

Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy Sustainability (Fig. 6-18, p. 126) mostly depends on solar Sustainability (Fig. 6-18, p. 126) mostly depends on solar

energyenergy

Why renewable energy is not more widely usedWhy renewable energy is not more widely used

Passive and active solar heatingPassive and active solar heating

Cooling homes with less energyCooling homes with less energy

PASSIVE

Stone floor and wall for heat storage

SuperwindowWinter sun

Summer sun

Superwindow

Heavyinsulation

Passive and Active Solar Heating Passive and Active Solar Heating

Fig. 13-29a, p. 313

Fig. 13-29b, p. 313

Hot water tank

Pump

Heatexchanger

Superwindow

Heat to house(radiators orforced air duct)

ACTIVE

Heavy insulation

Passive and Active Solar Heating Passive and Active Solar Heating

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

What is the difference between primary What is the difference between primary and secondary/tertiary oil recovery?and secondary/tertiary oil recovery?

Answer of the DayAnswer of the Day

Primary recovery - natural pressure of Primary recovery - natural pressure of the reservoir, combined with pumping the reservoir, combined with pumping equipment, brings oil to the surface. equipment, brings oil to the surface. (10% of oil recovered)(10% of oil recovered)

Secondary - water or gas is injected to Secondary - water or gas is injected to displace oil. (20-40% of original oil) displace oil. (20-40% of original oil)

Tertiary - other gases, CO2, and Tertiary - other gases, CO2, and chemicals, along with heat.chemicals, along with heat.

Fig. 13-30a, p. 314

Direct Gain

Ceiling and north wall heavily insulated

Hot air

Super insulated windows

Cool air

Warmair

Summersun

Wintersun

Earth tubesEarth tubes

Passive Solar Designs Passive Solar Designs

Fig. 13-30b, p. 314

Greenhouse, Sunspace, orAttached Solarium

Insulated windows

Cool air

Warm air


Summer cooling vent

Fig. 13-30c, p. 314

Earth Sheltered

EarthTriple-paned or superwindows

Flagstone floorfor heat storage

Reinforced concrete,carefully waterproofedwalls and roof


Energy is free Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive) Quick installation No CO2 emissions Very low air and water pollution Very low land disturbance (built into roof or window) Moderate cost (passive)

Need access to sun 60% of time Blockage of sun access byother structures Need heat storage system High cost (active) Active system needs maintenance and repair Active collectors unattractive

Advantages Disadvantages

Trade-offs

Passive or Active Solar Heating

Fig. 13-31, p. 314

Tradeoffs of Passive and Active Tradeoffs of Passive and Active Solar Heating Solar Heating

Solar Energy for High-Solar Energy for High-Temperature Heat and ElectricityTemperature Heat and Electricity

Solar thermal systemsSolar thermal systems

Central receiver system (power tower)Central receiver system (power tower)

HeliostatsHeliostats

Solar thermal plantSolar thermal plant

Solar cookersSolar cookers

Photovoltaic (solar) cellsPhotovoltaic (solar) cells

Moderate net energy

Moderate environmentalImpact

No CO2 emissions

Fast construction (1-2 years)

Costs reduced with natural gasturbine backup

Low efficiency

High costs

Needs backup or storage system

Need access to sunmost of the time

High land use

May disturb desert areas


Trade-Offs

Solar Energy for High-TemperatureHeat and Electricity

Fig. 13-32, p. 315

Tradeoffs of Solar Energy for High-Tradeoffs of Solar Energy for High-Temperature Heat and ElectricTemperature Heat and Electric

Fig. 13-33, p. 315


Fig. 13-33a, p. 315

Single Solar Cell

Boron-enriched silicon

Junction

Phosphorus-enriched silicon


Solar Cells Provide Electricity Solar Cells Provide Electricity for a Villagefor a Village

Fig. 13-34, p. 316

Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20-40 years Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows)

Reduce dependence on fossil fuels

Need access to sun Low efficiency Need electricity storage system or backup

High land use (solar cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas High costs (but should becompetitive in 5-15 years) DC current must be converted to AC


Trade-Offs

Solar Cells

Fig. 13-35, p. 316

Tradeoffs of Solar CellsTradeoffs of Solar Cells

Producing Electricity from Producing Electricity from Flowing WaterFlowing Water

Dams and reservoirsDams and reservoirs

Greenhouse emissionsGreenhouse emissions

Large- and small-scale hydropowerLarge- and small-scale hydropower

Tidal and wave energyTidal and wave energy

Moderate to high net energy High efficiency (80%)

Large untapped potential

Low-cost electricity

Long life span

No CO2 emissions during operation May provide flood control below dam

Provides water for year-roundirrigation of crop land

Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation

High construction costs

High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoir

High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs

Floods natural areas behind dam

Converts land habitat to lake habitat

Danger of collapse

Uproots people

Decreases fish harvest below dam

Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam


Trade-OffsLarge-Scale Hydropower

Fig. 13-36, p. 317

Tradeoffs of Large-Scale Tradeoffs of Large-Scale HydropowerHydropower

Producing Electricity from Producing Electricity from WindWind

Becoming more popular, especially in EuropeBecoming more popular, especially in Europe

Indirect form of solar energyIndirect form of solar energy

Great potential in the Great Plains statesGreat potential in the Great Plains states

Fig. 13-37, p. 318

Wind TurbinesWind Turbines

Fig. 13-37a, p. 318

Wind Turbine

Power cable

Electricalgenerator

Gearbox

Wind TurbinesWind Turbines

Fig. 13-37b, p. 318

Wind TurbinesWind TurbinesWind Farm

Moderate to highnet energy High efficiency

Moderate capital cost

Low electricity cost(and falling)

Very low environmentalimpact

No CO2 emissions Quick construction Easily expanded

Land below turbinescan be used to growcrops or graze livestock

Steady winds needed

Backup systems whenneeded winds are low

High land use for wind farm

Visual pollution

Noise when locatednear populated areas

May interfere in flights of migratory birds and killbirds of prey


Trade-Offs

Wind Power

Fig. 13-38, p. 318

Tradeoffs of Wind PowerTradeoffs of Wind Power

Fig. 13-38, p. 318

Biomass Biomass FuelFuel

Stepped Art

Solid Biomass FuelsWood logs and pellets

CharcoalAgricultural waste

(stalks and other plant debris)Timbering wastes

(branches, treetops, and wood chips)Animal wastes (dung)

Aquatic plants (kelp and water hyacinths)Urban wastes (paper, cardboard),And other combustible materials

Direct burningConversion to gaseous

and liquid biofuels

Gaseous Biofuels

Synthetic natural gas(biogas)

Wood gas

Liquid Biofuels

EthanolMethanolGasonol

Producing Electricity from Producing Electricity from BiomassBiomass

Wood, crop residues, and animal wastesWood, crop residues, and animal wastes

Liquid and gas biofuelsLiquid and gas biofuels

Biomass plantationsBiomass plantations

No net carbon dioxide emissionsNo net carbon dioxide emissions

BiogasBiogas

Ethanol, gasohol, and methanol fuelsEthanol, gasohol, and methanol fuels

Methanol economy?Methanol economy?

Fuel from Animal ManureFuel from Animal Manure

Fig. 13-40, p. 319

Large potential supply in some areas

Moderate costs

No net CO2 increase if harvested and burnedsustainably

Plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops

Plantation can help restoredegraded lands

Can make use of agricultural,timber, and urban wastes

Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably Moderate to high environmental impact CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably Low photosynthetic efficiency Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat Plantations could compete withcropland Often burned in inefficientand polluting open fires and stoves


Trade-Offs

Solid Biomass

Fig. 13-41, p. 320

Tradeoffs of Solid Biomass FuelsTradeoffs of Solid Biomass Fuels

High octane

Some reduction in CO2 emission

Reduced CO emissions

Can be sold as gasohol

Potentially renewable

Large fuel tank needed

Lower driving range

Net energy loss

Much higher cost

Corn supply limited

May compete with growingfood on cropland

Higher NO emission

Corrosive

Hard to start incolder weather


Trade-Offs

Ethanol Fuel

Fig. 13-42, p. 320

Tradeoffs of Ethanol FuelTradeoffs of Ethanol Fuel

High octane

Some reduction in CO2 emissions

Lower total airPollution (30-40%)

Can be made from natural gas, agriculturalwastes, sewage sludge, and garbage

Can be used to produceH2 for fuel cells

Large fuel tank needed

Half the driving range

Corrodes metal, rubber, plastic

High CO2 emissions if madefrom coal

Expensive to produce

Hard to start in cold weather


Trade-Offs

Methanol Fuel

Fig. 13-43, p. 321

Tradeoffs of Methanol FuelTradeoffs of Methanol Fuel

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy Earth’s internal heatEarth’s internal heat

Geothermal heat pumpsGeothermal heat pumps

Geothermal exchange (geoexchange)Geothermal exchange (geoexchange)

Dry and wet steamDry and wet steam

Hot waterHot water

Molten rock (magma)Molten rock (magma)

Hot dry-rock zonesHot dry-rock zones

Warm-rock reservoir depositsWarm-rock reservoir deposits

““The Geysers”The Geysers”

Very high efficiency

Moderate net energy at accessible sites

Lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels

Low cost at favorable sites

Low land use

Low land disturbance

Moderate environmental impact

Scarcity of suitable sites

Depleted if used too rapidly

CO2 emissions

Moderate to high local air pollution

Noise and odor (H2S)

Cost too high except at the most concentrated and accessible source


Trade-Offs

Geothermal Fuel

Fig. 13-44, p. 322

Tradeoffs of Geothermal PowerTradeoffs of Geothermal Power

Hydrogen PowerHydrogen Power

Realistic alternative to petroleum?Realistic alternative to petroleum?

Hydrogen is environmentally friendlyHydrogen is environmentally friendly

Hydrogen takes energy to produceHydrogen takes energy to produce

Fuel cells are expensiveFuel cells are expensive

Science SpotlightScience Spotlight, p. 323: , p. 323: Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond ScumFound in Pond Scum

IcelandIceland

Storing hydrogenStoring hydrogen

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Can be produced from plentiful water

Low environmental impact

Renewable if producedFrom renewable energyresources

No CO2 emissions if produced from water Good substitute for oil Competitive price if environmental and social costs are included incost comparisons Easier to store than electricity Safer than gasoline and natural gas

Nontoxic

High efficiency (65-95%) in fuel cells

Not found in nature

Energy is needed to produce fuel

Negative net energy

CO2 emissions if produced fromcarbon-containing compounds

Nonrenewable if generated byfossil fuels or nuclear power

High costs (but expected to come down)

Will take 25 to 50 years to phase in

Short driving range for current fuel cell cars

No distribution system in place

Excessive H2 leaks may deplete ozone


Trade-OffsHydrogen

Fig. 13-45, p. 322

Tradeoffs of Hydrogen PowerTradeoffs of Hydrogen Power

A Sustainable Energy StrategyA Sustainable Energy Strategy

Improve energy efficiencyImprove energy efficiency

Rely more on renewable sourcesRely more on renewable sources

Shift to decentralized micropower systemsShift to decentralized micropower systems

Natural gas and possibly nuclear fusionNatural gas and possibly nuclear fusion

Reduce harmful environmental effects of fossil fuel useReduce harmful environmental effects of fossil fuel use

Role of government in developing sustainable energyRole of government in developing sustainable energy

Political and economic issuesPolitical and economic issues

© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

Fig. 13-46, p. 324

BioenergyPowerplants

Wind farm Small solar cellpower plants

Fuel cells

Solar cellrooftop systems

Commercial

MicroturbinesIndustrial

Transmissionand distributionsystem

Residential

Smallwindturbine

Rooftop solarcell arrays

Decentralized Power SystemDecentralized Power System

More Sustainable Energy FutureMore Sustainable Energy FutureMore Renewable Energy

Increase renewable energy to 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050

Provide large subsidies and tax credits for renewable energy

Use full-cost accounting and life cycle cost for comparing all energy alternatives

Encourage government purchase of renewable energy devices

Greatly increase renewableenergy research and development

Reduce Pollution andHealth Risk

Cut coal use 50% by 2020

Phase out coal subsidies

Levy taxes on coal and oil use

Phase out nuclear power or put it on hold until 2020

Phase out nuclear power subsidies

Fig. 13-47, p. 325

Improve Energy Efficiency

Increase fuel-efficiencystandards for vehicles,buildings, and appliances

Mandate governmentpurchases of efficient vehicles and other devices

Provide large tax credits for buying efficient cars, houses, and appliances

Offer large tax credits for investments in efficiency

Reward utilities forreducing demand

Encourage independentpower producers

Greatly increase efficiencyresearch and development

What Can We Do?What Can We Do?

• Drive a car that gets at least 15 kilometers per liter (35 miles per gallon) and join a carpool.

• Use mass transit, walking, and bicycling.

• Superinsulate your house and plug all air leaks.

• Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, and other electronic equipment when they are not in use.

• Wash laundry in warm or cold water.

• Use passive solar heating.

• For cooling, open windows and use ceiling fans or whole-house attic or window fans.

• Turn thermostats down in winter and up in summer.

• Buy the most energy-efficient homes, lights, cars, and appliances available.

• Turn down the thermostat on water heaters to 43-49ºC (110-120ºF) and insulate hot water heaters and pipes.

What Can You Do?

Energy Use ad Waste

Fig. 13-48, p. 326© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson

energy chapter 13 sections 5-8. question of the day name three of the six types of renewable energy....

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