energy & carbon in buildings: are we measuring the right ......natural ventilation air...
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy & carbon in buildings:
are we measuring the right things?
David [email protected]
What we do
Building services engineering
Acoustic engineering
Fire engineering
Survey Solutions
Civil engineering Structural engineering Sustainability
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Geotechnical and geoenvironmental
Transportation
Building automation
ICT and AV
Vertical transportation
CDM coordination
Lighting design
Data Centre Infrastructure Management (DCIM)
Planning
2
Where we are
Benchmarking energy
3
• Energy– Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)
– Display Energy Certificate (DEC)
• Environmental– BREEAM
– BREEAM-in-Use
– LEED
– LEED EBOM
– SKA
– CEEQUAL
Measurement tools in the UK
Which is the lowest carbon building?
A rated EPCAlnwick
BREEAM ExcellentLondon
D rated DECManchester
Don’t know – different benchmarks
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Based on A/C only – no mixed mode (C rating with)
H 176-200
I 201-225
J 226-250
K 251-275 269
Energy ratings - spot the difference?Computer Model
C / D
Actual Energy
G ++
65% energy reduction required to get 100 points (D rating )
EPC v DEC (virtual v reality)
EPC Ratings
Actual energy consumption
No correlation between EPC and
actual energy consumption
Source: A Tale of Two Buildings, JLL / BBP, 2012
5
• Legislation uses modelled energy– No correlation with metered energy
– Are we trying to save energy on paper or in real life?
• Real energy data required– To turn theory into reality
– To focus on what actually works
– To replicate success
– To avoid repeating mistakes
• Limited data available– DEC database not public
– Private sector rarely publishes data
The need for real data
An ‘A’ rated DEC?
Benchmarking needs to include occupancy
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Will this motivate people to act?
123 office buildings in London
Ratings not adjusted for hours of operation or seperables
Occupancy rates or density not considered
60% get a ‘G’
Source: BBP Draft DEC analysis (2009-10)
no. of buildings532
2,3111,367167266152359
138196455
57,2476,0001,023
1,074
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Cundall UK Offices 2010
Natural Ventilation
Air Conditioning
DEC Database 2010
Heating & Natural Ventilation
Mixed Mode & Natural Ventilation
Heating & Mechanical Ventilation
Mixed Mode & Mechanical Ventilation
Air Conditioned
Better Buildings Partnership 2012
Non Air Conditioned
Air Conditioned ‐ Standard
Air Conditioned ‐ Prestige
Energy Star Portfolio Manager 2012
US Commercial Building Survey 2003
New York Offices 2011
Greenprint Index 2011
kgCO2e/m2 of GIA
100kgCO2e/m2 of GIA
The DEC scale needs fixing
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
D rated DEC
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Performance of green buildings
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Beaufort Court, Kings Langley
Pool Innovation Centre, Pool
Powys County Council Learning Centre, Powys
60L Green Building, Melbourne
Wessex Water, Bath
Lion House (ZEBRA), Alnwick
BRE Environment Building, Garston
Elizabeth II court, Winchester
Eden Foundation, St Austel
Woodland Trust, Grantham
South Cambridge District Offices, Cambourne
Environment Agency, Wallingford
Commerzbank HQ, Frankfurt
Heelis, NT HQ, Swindon
Mid Beds Council Offices, Shefford
Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge
Arup Campus, Solihull
Barclaycard HQ, London
Eland House, London
St Pauls Place, Sheffield
7 More London *
50 Queen Annes Gate, London
One First Street, Manchester
Vulcan House, Sheffield
201 Bishopsgate, London
DEC rating scale
kgCO2e per m2 of GIA
Electricity Nat Gas Electricity offset by renewables Nat Gas offset by renewables
100kgCO2e/m2
of GIA
Nat
Vent / Mixed M
ode
A/C
A B C D E F G
* ‐ nat gas total includes biofuel used in CHP
A to G scale is not cast in stone
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A fairer rating scale for DECs?
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
A+
A
B+
B
C+
C
D+
D
E+
E
F+
F
G+
G
H > 175
100 would be typical
+ ratings added to upper end
Range at lower end extended to H (175) and + ratings added
• Energy Performance Certificate– Minimum E rating for landlords from 2018
– Used in Green Deal
• Display Energy Certificate– Mandatory for public buildings
– Government reneged on promise to roll out to private sector in 2012
Energy rating tools
EPC
DEC
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• Started out as– Carbon trading scheme – financial incentive
– Public league table of portfolios – reputational driver
– Bureaucratic – fees for lawyers / financial advisers
• Has become– Carbon tax
– No league table
– Still too much bureaucracy
• Why not?– Mandatory DEC ratings – visible to occupants & in
public database
– Add £12/tCO2 on half hourly meter bills = 0.6p/kWh
CRC-EES
Is energy too cheap to drive change?
60%
64%
13%
19%
15%
10%
10%
6%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
UK
LondonRent
Rates
Service Charge
Energy Consumption
Utilities / Standing Charges
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
Energy costs 5 to 10% of office occupancy cost
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But biggest cost is people
£0
£1,000
£2,000
£3,000
£4,000
£5,000
£6,000
EmployeeCosts
Rent Rates ServiceCharge
EnergyConsumption
Utilities /StandingCharges
Annual cost per m
2of NLA
AssumptionsAverage salary = £43,000Employment cost (training, etc) = 30%Occupancy Density = 1 per 10m2 of NLA
7% 0.6%2% 1%
89%
< 0.5%
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
Tenants just aren’t interested in energy
“Between 2001 and 2011 not one prospective tenant enquired about the
energy performance of a building before signing a lease, and only a handful asked about energy after the lease was signed.”
Head of lettings, de-brief pending his retirement from amajor quoted property company (>1 million m2)
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• DEC rating in foyer
• DEC database freely available on line
• Landlords to report energy consumption to tenants (with service charge)
• Make it easy to turn stuff off and to see the benefit of doing so
Need to make energy visible
Building renewables in perspective
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PV on London office building
10 storeys, 10,000m2
105kgCO2e/m2 of GIA
466m2 of PV panels
No overshadowing
How much carbon does this save?
4.5kgCO2e/m2 of GIA
4% of carbon
Zero carbon office?
15,000m2 of PV panels = 105kgCO2e/m2
1.5m2 of panel per 1m2 of floor
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Micro Urban Wind Turbines
=
Wind turbines
1% reduction100 year payback
1% reduction300 year payback
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Natural gas
Diesel / petrol
Biofuel
Recycled cooking oil
kgCO2e / kWh
Not all biofuels are low carbon
Source: “Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation: Technical Guidance Part Two - Carbon Reporting – Default Values and Fuel Chains” version 2.1 published in July 2010 by UK Renewable Fuel Agency.
Average biodiesel factor from DEFRA = 0.12
Renewables in green buildings
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Beaufort Court, Kings Langley
Pool Innovation Centre, Pool
Powys County Council Learning Centre, Powys
60L Green Building, Melbourne
Wessex Water, Bath
Lion House (ZEBRA), Alnwick
BRE Environment Building, Garston
Elizabeth II court, Winchester
Eden Foundation, St Austel
Woodland Trust, Grantham
South Cambridge District Offices, Cambourne
Environment Agency, Wallingford
Commerzbank HQ, Frankfurt
Heelis, NT HQ, Swindon
Mid Beds Council Offices, Shefford
Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge
Arup Campus, Solihull
Barclaycard HQ, London
Eland House, London
St Pauls Place, Sheffield
7 More London *
50 Queen Annes Gate, London
One First Street, Manchester
Vulcan House, Sheffield
201 Bishopsgate, London
DEC rating scale
kgCO2e per m2 of GIA
Electricity Nat Gas Electricity offset by renewables Nat Gas offset by renewables
100kgCO2e/m2
of GIA
Nat
Vent / Mixed M
ode
A/C
A B C D E F G
* ‐ nat gas total includes biofuel used in CHP
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Biofuel in buildings v vehicles
10 litres of recycled cooking oil
CHP Truck
23kgCO2eCO2e saving 27kgCO2e
£2.25Extra fuel cost £0
LotsCapital cost Zero
Biofuel works better in transport
Why waste it in buildings?
We can’t have wood chip cars!
Recycled oil = 0.05kgCO2e/kWh70p/litre
1 litre = 10kWh
Whole carbon footprint
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The whole carbon footprint of buildings
Embodied carbon
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
kgCO2e/m
2of GIA per year
Construction Fitout / Refurb Operating
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
kgCO2e/m
2of GIA (cumulative)
Construction Fitout / Refurb Operating Cumultive Footprint
kgCO2e/m2 %Construction 700 12%Fitout & Refurb 450 7%Operating Energy 4900 81%TOTAL 6050
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
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kgCO2 / person by location
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
London City / Town Business Park
kgCO2 / person
Low
Medium
High
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
67%9%
24%
Operating
Embodied
Transport
Operating: 150kgCO2e/m2/year
Embodied (initial): 700kgCO2e/m2
Embodied (in‐use): 550kgCO2e/m2
Commuting: 800kgCO2e/person/year
60 year periodNo energy supply
decarbonisation included
Typical London air con office
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
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14%
15%
71% Operating
Embodied
Transport
Operating: 20kgCO2e/m2/year
Embodied (initial): 700kgCO2e/m2
Embodied (in‐use): 550kgCO2e/m2
Commuting: 1500kgCO2e/person/year
60 year periodNo energy supply
decarbonisation included
Nearly zero energy office - rural
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Hypothetical Examples
Almost zero carbon office in rural location
Low energy building in business park
New air conditioned office in business park
New air conditioned office in Manchester
New air conditioned office in London
New "prestige" office in London
Refurbished office in London
Existing “prestige” office in London
Cundall Offices
Birmingham
Edinburgh
London
Manchester
Newcastle
kgCO2e / m2 of GIA per annum
Operating Embodied (initial) Embodied (fitout/refurb) Transport
Low Typical High
Refurb typical office in central London
Almost zero carbon rural office
Whole carbon footprint
Source: What Colour Is Your Building, David Clark, RIBA Publishing 2013
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We need to reduce the whole footprint
Its not just about energy
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• Many new schools designed under BSF– High energy consumption
– Issues with noise
– Overheating
– Glare
• Why?– Designed to tick boxes in rating tools
– Standards wrong (e.g. Daylight Factor v Useful Daylight Index)
• Solution– Change the rules
Unintended Consequences
Example - good daylight factor
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• Lots of glass– High solar gain leading to
thermal discomfort
– Glare
• Blinds closed – No daylight anymore
– Lights switched on (energy used & heat generated)
– Blinds block natural ventilation air flows
– Solar gain still enters space
– Overheating & higher energy consumption
but consequences are
Change the rules = better design
North Façade Glazing is 30% of the internal wall
where no external obstructions exist.
The acoustic baffles are located away from the window
openings.
Internal Glazing is 25% of the internal wall façade. This
provides secondary light into the space.
The ground floor opening is 1.2m wide to provide daylight to the
ground floor spaces.
The first floor opening is 1.8m
wide to allow daylight to the lower
floors..
Open / translucent balustrade design is
required to allow light to distribute to
the lower floors.
South façade glazing requires a light shelf or light
redirecting component.
Roof lights are placed over the
corridor openings to maximise the
internal daylight.
Floor to ceiling height is 3m where
no external obstructions exist.
Internal reflections must be 70/50/20 as
a minimum.
Source: EFA Baseline Design, 2012
To be built for < £1,500/m2
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Summary
• Legislation is focused on energy efficiency but consumption is ignored
• Large gap between design and actual energy
• Energy cost is small in offices - need to make energy visible to motivate action
• Whole carbon footprint should be considered in planning future built environment
• Change the rules & ratings to get the desired outcomes
In conclusion
ECO2
Transport
Regulated energy
Operatingenergy
Whole carbon footprint
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Integrated future planning?
Electric vehicles only in city centres
Green roofs on buildings
Less noiseLess air pollution
Lower local temperatures
Breathe in the fresh airOpen the windows in buildings
Turn off air con