energy and coenergy and co analysis ofanalysis of ... study/scott cronin... · energy and coenergy...

Energy and CO2 analysis ofEnergy and CO2 analysis of drinking cupsg p

Scott CroninScott CroninDavid Bierschenk

Alex Adler

OutlineOutline

• Objective• Analysis by Phasey y

– Production– Manufacturingg– Use– Disposalp

• Life Cycle Assessments• Comparison (energy and CO2)• Comparison (energy and CO2)• Conclusion

ObjectiveObjective

• Compare Energy and CO2 footprints for coffee drinking cups

• Studied:– Polystyreney y– Paper– Stainless steel– Glass– Polyethyleney y

• Coffee hour- is it best to bring your own dishes?

Embedded Energy and CO2Embedded Energy and CO2

A ti• Assumptions-– CES embedded energy and CO2 for all

materials– 10 oz cup weights (experimentally determined)

• Paper 7 g• Polystyrene 2 g• Stainless Steel 120 g• Glass 370 g

P l th l 40• Polyethylene 40 g

ManufacturingManufacturing

• Polystyrene- Expanded foam molding1

• Paper- from source 1,2p• Stainless Steel- cast (calculated)• Polyethylene- Melting energy negligible CO• Polyethylene- Melting energy, negligible CO2

• Glass- cast/blown1

1 "Reusable and Disposable Cups: An Energy-Based Evaluation" Environmental Management. Vol 18. No.6 pp 889-899.2 American Paper Institute. 1990. US pulp and paperboard industry's energy use, calendar year 1989, New York; cited by Wells

(1991).

UseUse• Average DishwasherAverage Dishwasher

– Reusable cups washed after every use– Energy use: ~80% water, 20% Drying1gy , y g– Model uses average household water consumption

and drying energy per load2

– 0.06 gCO2 / kJ (electric)3

assume all energy consumed is electrical

– Assume 50 dishes / load– Assume 50 dishes / load

• Average Wash by hand• Average Wash by hand– Heat 1/5 gallon of water and air dry

1. http://www.bchydro.com/powersmart/elibrary/elibrary705.html2. http://www.flatheadelectric.com/energy/appliancewattage.htm3. source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/faq.html

DisposalDisposal

• Two Options:– 100% to landfill%– 50% incinerated (η = 30%), 50% to landfill

S f l d CO i i• Sources of energy loss and CO2 emission– Transport to landfill/incinerator– Energy/CO2 extracted by incineration1

– CO2 released by decomposition (based onCO2 released by decomposition (based on molecular formulas)

1 Hocking, M.B. 1991. Paper versus polystyrene: A complex choice. Science 251 p. 504.

Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Assessment

Manufacturing

Use

DisposalStyrofoam

Paper

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal Styrofoam

Paper

‐20 0 20 40

Production

Manufacturing

0 200 400 600

Production

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup)

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal

P l th lManufacturing

Use

Disposal

Polyethylene

0 5000 10000

Production

Manufacturing Polyethylene

Glass

Stainless Steel

0 200000

Production


Glass

Stainless Steel

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup)

Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle AssessmentDisposables:

Manufacturing

Use

DisposalStyrofoam

Paper

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal Styrofoam

Paper

Energy Use (kJ/cup)

Landfill Styrofoam

‐20 0 20 40

Production

Manufacturing

0 200 400 600

Production

Burning Paper

Landfill Paper

Burning Styrofoam

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup) ‐20 ‐10 0 10

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal


Use

Disposal

Polyethylene

CO2 Emissions (g/cup)

Landfill Styrofoam

0 5000 10000

Production


Glass

Stainless Steel

0 200000

Production


Glass

Stainless SteelBurning Paper

Landfill Paper

Burning Styrofoam

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup) 0 5 10 15 20

Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle AssessmentDisposables:

Manufacturing

Use

DisposalStyrofoam

Paper

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal Styrofoam

Paper

Energy Use (kJ/cup)

Landfill Styrofoam

‐20 0 20 40

Production

Manufacturing

0 200 400 600

Production

Burning Paper

Landfill Paper

Burning Styrofoam

Take home message for Disposables

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup) ‐20 ‐10 0 10Incinerating has LITTLE effect on energy/cupand LARGE effect on CO2/cup

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal


Use

Disposal

Polyethylene


Landfill Styrofoam

0 5000 10000

Production


Glass

Stainless Steel

0 200000

Production


Glass

Stainless SteelBurning Paper

Landfill Paper

Burning Styrofoam


Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle AssessmentReusables:

Manufacturing

Use

DisposalStyrofoam

Paper

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal Styrofoam

Paper

Energy Use (kJ/cup)

Dishwashing

‐20 0 20 40

Production

Manufacturing

0 200 400 600

ProductionHand

Washing

g

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup)0 50000 100000 150000

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal


Use

Disposal

Polyethylene


Dishwashing

0 5000 10000

Production


Glass

Stainless Steel

0 200000

Production


Glass

Stainless SteelHand

Washing


Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle AssessmentReusables:

Manufacturing

Use

DisposalStyrofoam

Paper

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal Styrofoam

Paper

Energy Use (kJ/cup)

Dishwashing

‐20 0 20 40

Production

Manufacturing

0 200 400 600

ProductionHand

Washing

g

Take home message for Reusables

CO2 (g/cup)energy (kJ/cup)0 50000 100000 150000Washing has large effect on energy/cup

and LARGE effect on CO2/cup

Manufacturing

Use

Disposal


Use

Disposal

Polyethylene


Dishwashing

0 5000 10000

Production


Glass

Stainless Steel

0 200000

Production


Glass

Stainless SteelHand

Washing


Break Even EnergyBreak-Even EnergyDishwasher

80000

90000

paper

ps

60000

70000

y kJ

SS wash

glasswash

30000

40000

50000

Tota

l ene

rgy

pe wash

10000

20000

30000

0

10000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

number of cups

Literature break even: glass = 15 for paper, 390 for PS

p

Break Even EnergyBreak-Even EnergyHand-washing

80000

90000paper

ps

50000

60000

70000

gy k

J

SS hand

glasshand

pe hand

Take home message for Energy

If using disposable use PS

30000

40000

50000

Tota

l ene

rg

pe hand If using disposable, use PSIF using mug, use PE

Much better to wash by hand (20 uses)

10000

20000

30000 Much better to wash by hand (20 uses)

0

0 50 100 150 200

number of cups

Literature break even: glass = 15 for paper, 390 for PS

p

Break Even CO2Break-Even CO2Dishwashing, no incineration

4000

4500

5000

paper

3000

3500

4000

O2

g

psS.S. washglass washPE wash

1500

2000

2500

Tota

l CO

500

1000

1500

00 50 100 150 200

number of cups

Break Even CO2Break-Even CO2Dishwashing, w/ 50% incineration

4000

4500

5000

paper inc

3000

3500

4000

O2

g

ps incS.S. washglass washPE wash

1500

2000

2500

Tota

l CO

500

1000

1500

00 50 100 150 200

number of cups

Break Even CO2Break-Even CO2Dishwashing, no incineration

4000

4500

5000

paper

3000

3500

4000

O2

g

psS.S. washglass washPE wash

1500

2000

2500

Tota

l CO

500

1000

1500

00 50 100 150 200

number of cups

Break Even CO2Break-Even CO2Hand-washing, no incineration

4000

4500

5000

paper

3000

3500

4000

O2

g

psS.S. handglass handPE hand

Take home message for CO2

1500

2000

2500

Tota

l CO Use hand washing to make it worth it

We should not incinerate disposables for energy

500

1000

1500

00 50 100 150 200

number of cups

Model Sensitivity to AssumptionsModel Sensitivity to Assumptions

• Model is very sensitive to assumptions• Validity:y

– Total energy in paper : 700 kJ/cup• Compared with 550 kJ/cup1

– Total energy in PS : 400 kJ/cup• Compared with 200 kJ/cup1

– From earlier, the number of cups required by reusables made sense with literature values

• We believe we were able to get reasonable quantitative data

ConclusionsConclusionsI i ti f t i l d t h• Incineration of materials does not save much energy while producing a lot of CO2– Don’t do itDon t do it

• Washing mugs more economically drastically reduces the number of uses to save energy, CO2gy,

• What types of dishes should be used for coffee yphour dishes?– First choice- bring your own mug (if use it more than 20

times)times)– Second Choice- PS

Life Cycle Assessment

0.57%

91.63%

0.00%

Polyethylene

7.80%

81.05%

0.00%

Gl

9.72%

9.23%

0.00%

Glass

16.34%

0.85%

82.81%Stainless Steel

Disposal

Use

Manufacturing

53.18%

46.65%

0.00%

0.17%

Styrofoam

Production

63.39%

0.00%

0.35%

Paper

36.26%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Assessment

0.25%

96.36%

0.00%

Polyethylene

3.39%

91.18%

0.00%

l

4.52%

4.30%

0.00%

Glass

7.52%

0.39%

92.09%

0.00%

Stainless SteelDisposal

Use

Manufacturing

Production

53.18%

46.65%

0.00%

0.17%

Styrofoam

Production

63.39%

0.00%

0.35%

Paper

36.26%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Processing Methods PaperProcessing Methods- Paper

Processing Method PolystyreneProcessing Method- Polystyrene

• Expanded Foam ldimolding

C9H12

Source: CES Edupack 2005C9H12

Processing othersProcessing- others

UseUse• Average Dishwasher

Reusable cups washed after every use– Reusable cups washed after every use– Energy use: ~80% water, 20% Drying1

– Model uses average household water consumption and drying energy per load2drying energy per load2

– 0.06 gCO2 / kJ (electric)3

assume all energy consumed is electricalAssume 50 dishes / load– Assume 50 dishes / load

• Average Wash by hand– Heat 1/5 gallon of water and air dry

• Break even calculation EBreak even calculation

washdisposable

reusable

EEE

uses−

=evenBreak #

1. http://www.bchydro.com/powersmart/elibrary/elibrary705.html2. http://www.flatheadelectric.com/energy/appliancewattage.htm3. source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/faq.html

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