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Page 1: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 2: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Energy:

• All living things must obtain and use energy E

• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

• Energy can be transformed

Page 3: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Energy (cont).

• The only constant source of energy for the earth is the sun

• Almost all living cells depend on the sun for energy either directly or indirectly.

Page 4: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Glucose and the cell:• C6H12O6

• Glucose is the final product of photosynthesis

• Glucose is used by most living cells as the primary food molecule.

Page 5: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Photosynthesis

Page 6: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Chemical Reaction of Photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Page 7: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Photosynthetic Organisms:

• Autotrophs or Producers convert the E in sunlight to chemical E in food (sugar)

Page 8: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Autotrophs:• Examples of autotrophs include: Plants, algae, and some bacteria.

algaePlantb/g

algae

Page 9: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Autotroph•Auto ---- “self”•Troph ---- “feeder”•Autotrophs produce their own food, and are the basis for the food chain.

Page 10: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Photosynthesis:

•Stores light E in the chem bonds of sugar:

6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Page 11: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Photosynthesis• The in the reaction represents

many intermediate steps.• Two main categories:

–light reactions- trapping E from sunlight

–dark reactions- storing E in sugars

Page 12: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Chlorophyll• Chlorophyll- the material that allows plants to trap the E from sunlight.

• Chlorophyll absorbs blue and UV light, and red light.

• Chlorophyll reflects green, and most yellow light

Page 13: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 14: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Photosynthesis

• Takes place in the chloroplasts

• Light Reactions occur in the thylakoids

• Dark Reactions occur in the stroma

Page 15: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 16: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Light Reactions

Dark Reactions

Glucose O2

CO2 H2O Light

Page 17: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Light Reactions

• Process by which the energy from sunlight is captured by chlorophyll. (in the thylakoid membrane)

• O2 is given off as a byproduct

Page 18: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Dark Reactions (aka Calvin

Cycle)• Process by which energy from the light reactions and CO2 are used to build glucose molecules.

• C6H12O6

Page 19: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Cellular Respiration

Page 20: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

TO PRODUCE ATP FOR USE WITHIN THE

CELL!

THE GOAL:

Page 21: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Energy Storing Compounds•Starches, sugars, even gasoline are E-storing compounds

•Principle E-storing compound for the cell is ATP

Page 22: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

ATP• “Adenosine Triphosphate“•Made up of –Adenine (nitrogenous base)

–Ribose (5-C sugar)–Three phosphates

Page 23: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

ATP• Energy is stored when phosphates are added– ADP + P (+ energy) ATP

• Energy is released when phosphates are removed – ATP ADP + P (+ energy)

Page 24: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Cellular Respiration• Catabolism is breaking down chemicals into their parts

• Cellular Respiration is catabolism that releases energy for use in the cell (ATP)

• Can be Aerobic (with O2), or Anaerobic (without O2)

Page 25: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Aerobic Respiration

C6H12O6+O2CO2+H20 + (E)

Energy is released from the sugar in the form of ATP for use within the cell.

Page 26: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

• Requires the presence of O2

• Extremely efficient – produces approx. 36 ATP per glucose molecule

Aerobic Respiration

Page 27: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Steps of Aerobic Respiration:

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Page 28: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 29: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Glycolysis• Takes place in the cytoplasm• “Glyco” meaning “sugar”• “lysis” meaning “to break”• Glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid which will then enter the Krebs cycle

Page 30: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Cytoplasm

Page 31: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 32: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Krebs Cycle• Takes place in the matrix of the

mitochondria• Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is

broken down to produce high energy molecules (NADH and FADH2 - which go to the ETC)

• CO2 is given off as a byproduct

Page 33: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Mitochondria

Page 34: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Mitochondrion

Matrix

Page 35: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 36: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• Like the Krebs Cycle, ETC takes place in the mitochondria

• Specifically, the ETC occurs in the Inner Membrane and the Intermembrane Space of the mitochondria.

Page 37: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Mitochondrion

Inner Membrane

Page 38: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Mitochondrion

Outer Membrane

Page 39: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Mitochondrion

Intermembrane Space

Page 40: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

ETC cont.•Folds and projections called crista (cristae) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria increase the surface area available for the reactions.

Page 41: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Mitochondrion

Crista

Page 42: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

• Most of the ATP from Aerobic Respiration is generated by the Electron Transport Chain

• This series of reactions converts the high energy molecules from the Krebs Cycle into ATP for use in the cell

• Oxygen is required

ETC cont.

Page 43: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed
Page 44: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed

Anaerobic Respiration

• Takes place when O2 is not present.

• Far less efficient than aerobic respiration–produces approx. 2 ATP per glucose molecule


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