endothermy and ectothermy ch. 6.7, bush. outline effects of temperature on life thermoregulation ...
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Endothermy and Ectothermy
Ch. 6.7, Bush
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Outline
Effects of temperature on life
Thermoregulation
Ecological aspects of thermoregulation
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Outline
Effects of temperature on life
Thermoregulation
Ecological aspects of thermoregulation
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Effects of extreme temperatures
Cold -- the effects of freezing– physical damage to structures caused by the formation of
ice; the membrane bound structures are destroyed or damaged.
Heat– inadequate O2 supply for metabolic demands (especially in
areas where O2 is low, such as water)
Heat and Cold– reduced activity or denaturation of proteins -- the
inactivation of certain proteins with the result that metabolic pathways are distorted.
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Optimal temperature for enzyme functioning
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Body Temperature
Law of Tolerance:– for most requirements of life, there is an
optimal quantity, above and below which the organism performs poorly
There is much variation in the range of temperatures that a species can tolerate
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Outline
Effects of temperature on life
Thermoregulation
Ecological aspects of thermoregulation
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Thermoregulation
maintenance of internal temperature within a range that allows cells to function efficiently
Two main types– ectothermy – endothermy
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Endothermy versus ectothermy
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Ectothermy
an animal that relies on external environment for temperature control instead of generating its own body heat
“cold-blooded”
e.g., invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, and most fish
the majority of animals are ectotherms
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Metabolism and temperature
ectotherms cannot move very much unless the ambient temperature allows
roughly, for each 10 degree increase in temperature, there is a 2.5 increase in metabolic activity
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Ectothermy
Desert iguanas are active only when ambient temperature is close to optimal for them
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Ectothermic animals
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Endothermy
a warm-blooded animal that controls its body temperature by producing its own heat through metabolism
evolved approximately 140 mya
E.g., birds, mammals, marsupial, some active fish like the great white shark and swordfish
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Endothermic animals
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Outline
Endothermy versus ectothermy
Behavioural adaptations to thermoregulation
Physiological adaptations to thermoregulation
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Behavioural adaptations for thermoregulation
animals often bathe in water to cool off or bask in the sun to heat up
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Shivering, sweating, and panting
honeybees survive harsh winters by clustering together and shivering, which generates metabolic heat
Inefficient – 75% of energy is lost in mechanical movement
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Torpor
metabolism decreases heart and respiratory
system slow down body temperature
decreases conserves energy when
food supplies are low and environmental temps are extreme
E.g., hummingbirds on cold nights
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Hibernation
Long-term torpor
adaptation for winter cold and food scarcity
E.g., ground squirrels
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Aestivation
summer torpor
adaptation for high temperatures and scarce water supplies
E.g., mud turtles, snails
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Endothermy and the evolution of sleep?
evolutionary remnant of torpor of our ancestors
the body needs sleep in order to offset the high energy costs of endothermy: – When animals fall asleep their metabolic
rates decrease by approximately ten percent
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Colour and Posture
Change coloration (darker colors absorb more heat)– E.g., lizards, butterflies,
crabs
Posture:– Change shape (flatten
out to heat up quickly)– Orientation changes
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Chemical adaptations
Many Canadian butterflies overwinter here and hibernate
they produce sugar-like substances as antifreeze
E.g., Mourning Cloak butterfly
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Outline
Effects of temperature on life
Thermoregulation
Ecological aspects of thermoregulation
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Endothermy
Advantages:– external temperature does not affect their
performance– allows them to live in colder habitats – muscles can provide more sustained power
– e.g., a horse can move for much longer periods than a crocodile can
Disadvantage:– energy expensive
– an endotherm will have to eat much more than an ectotherm of equivalent size
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Where can endotherms thrive?
Higher latitudes and deserts
Terrestrial environments have more variation in daily and seasonal temperature which contributes to more endotherms in terrestrial environments
endotherms (mammals and birds) generally outcompete ectotherms if they are after the same food source
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Size and thermoregulation
Small mammals (such as mice and shrews) have a greater dependence on internally-generated heat than big mammals (such as elephants and hippos)
leads to:– presence of insulation (fur - large mammals
generally have less hair) – voracious appetites of small mammals (a shrew
eats more per unit body weight than an elephant does)
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Surface area to volume ratios
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Ectothermy vs. endothermy
Many more ectotherms are small in size versus endotherms
Ectotherms typically have no insulation
Posture is different
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Where do ectotherms thrive?
Where food items are:– scarce– small
In environments low in O2
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Ecosystem functioning and ectothermy
Production Efficiency:-can be seen as the ratio of assimilation between
trophic levels
= biomass of predator
biomass of food species
Ectotherms are more efficient than endotherms (up to 15% versus 7%)
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Thermoregulation and food chains
Endotherms are often the top predator in food chains
Food chains with lots of ectotherms are often longer in length
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Summary
Endothermic animals regulate their body heat to stay within the optimal range for performance while the temperature of ectothermic animals fluctuates with that of the surrounding environment
Both endotherms and ectotherms have a variety of behavioural and physiological adaptations to deal with environmental extremes
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Climate
Ch. 4, Bush
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Outline
Climate and ecology
Solar energy and air circulation
Oceanic influences
Cycles of climate change
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Outline
Climate and ecology
Solar energy and air circulation
Oceanic influences
Cycles of climate change
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Climate affects ecology
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Temperature and precipitation
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Outline
Climate and ecology
Solar energy and air circulation
Oceanic influences
Cycles of climate change
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Solar energy
Solar energy distribution is not balanced across the globe in– intensity– constancy
Together, these differences explain the distribution of tropical and temperate climates
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Intensity of Solar energy
Solar energy is more intense at lower latitudes (that is, closer to the equator) because:
• the “footprint” of the beam of energy is smaller at tropical latitudes
• beams have shorter passage through the atmosphere
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Intensity of solar energy
more energy per square meter in the tropics than at the poles
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Differences in daylength
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Differences in Day Length
caused by the constant tilt of Earth as it orbits around the sun
the reason why temperate environments have four seasons while tropical environments do not
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Heat and air circulation
The disparity in energy input across the globe drives all our weather systems
This is because heat energy must flow from warm to cold
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Hadley cells – the effect of heat transfer
Hot air rises and, as it rises, it cools
Cool air cannot hold as much moisture as heated air, so it rains
This cool, dry air must go somewhere so it pushes towards the poles, where it slows and descends
As it descends, it is warmed
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Hadley cells
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Hadley cells and climate
The downdraft of hot dry air causes the formation of the desert regions of Earth:
E.g., SaharaSonoranAustralianGobiAtacama
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Equatorial rainforest
Average temp:– 20-34 ° C
Average rainfall:– 124-660 cm
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Deserts – caused by downdrafts of hot, dry air
Average temp:– 20 to 25° C
Average rainfall:– under 15 cm a year
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Movement of the thermal equator
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Hadley cells
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Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
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Movement of the ITCZ
responsible for wet and dry seasons of the tropics
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Seasonality and ITZC
In temperate latitudes, seasonality is closely related to day length
In tropical latitudes, seasonality is closely associated with rainfall.
Tropical rainfall influences:– Germination, flowering, and fruiting in plants– Breeding, feeding, migration, and life history
strategies in animals
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Movement of the ITCZ
hurricanes are spawned at the most northerly edge of the ITCZ
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Outline
Climate and ecology
Solar energy and air circulation
Oceanic influences
Cycles of climate change
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Ocean and heat transfer
water takes more energy to heat than land or air
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Water moderates climate
The ocean makes coastal regions havemilder climates
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Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
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Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream comes up from Gulf of Mexico, across Atlantic Ocean, to moderate climate of Western Europe
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Effects of the Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream makes snow rare in London but common in Toronto:
Altitude Ave. Temp (Jan)
London 51 N 6 C
Toronto 43 N -4 C
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Earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis effect
Both objects A and B make one rotation on the Earth’s axis per day
An object located at the equator is rotating faster than an object at the pole
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Coriolis Effect
Earth rotates eastward making all object deflect in this direction
http://www.eoascientific.com/campus/earth/multimedia/coriolis/view_interactive
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Coriolis Effect and air circulation
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Trade winds and the Gulf Stream
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Major water currents
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Outline
Climate and ecology
Solar energy and air circulation
Oceanic influences
Cycles of climate change
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Cycles of Climate Change
There are two main cycles of climate change that are natural:
– El Nino Oscillation
– Glaciation
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Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream comes up from Gulf of Mexico, across Atlantic Ocean, to moderate climate of Western Europe
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Gulf Stream causes ocean currents
Warm water evaporates Ocean becomes more salty Loses heat as it moves towards pole Water becomes more dense as it becomes
more salty and/or loses heat This dense, cold, salty water sinking off the
coast of Greenland sets in motion an immense flow of water through the oceans
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Ocean currents
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El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
A decrease in wind speed of the Trade Winds off Tahiti is observed every 3-7 years
causes less warm surface water being piled up around Indonesia
Instead, warm surface water piles up off Peru in South America
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El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
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El Nino Effects
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El Nino and Hurricane Pauline
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El Nino and ecology
Evidence indicates that Galapagos marine iguanas actually shrink during El Nino events
El Nino reduces food supply (green and red algae)
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El Nino and Insect outbreaks
In a dry lowland forest near Panama's Pacific coast, moth larvae devoured 250 percent more leaf material than usual
Bartonellosis, an insect-borne disease highly fatal to humans, are closely related to the climate event El Niño
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Glacial and Interglacial periods
In the last 4 million years there have been at least 22 ice ages (= glacial periods)
Warm periods between glacial periods (interglacial) periods have been brief
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In general…
Interglacial periods – mild in temperature and with more precipitation--
periods of diversification and range expansion in organisms adapted to warmer conditions
Glacial periods – fragmentation of plant and animal ranges (except
for arctic or cold-desert adapted organisms)
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Glaciation and water level changes
About 3 million years ago, a major Ice Age began when the sea level dropped enough to expose the Isthmus of Panama
The Panama land bridge made possible one of the great events in biology-the interchange of species of two continents.
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Glaciation and land changes
Moving into South America were:– fox; deer; tapir;
spectacled bear; spotted cat; llama.
Moving into North America were: – parrot; toucan,
armadillo; giant sloth; howler monkey; anteater; and capybara
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Last glacial period ended 11,000 years ago
90% of last 2 million years has been glacial
For the last 10,000 years, plants and animals have been living in an unusually warm environment
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Summary
Most weather patterns are ultimately caused by the fact that equatorial regions receive more solar energy than polar regions
– Location of tropical, temperate and desert ecosystems
– Wind and water currents– Seasonality of the tropics
Weather and climate fluctuate over relatively short time frames and relatively long ones
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