emotion, stress, and health chapter 13. overview nature of emotion emotion and culture nature of...
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Emotion, Stress,and Health
chapter 13
OverviewNature of emotion
Emotion and culture
Nature of stress
Stress and emotion
How to cope
chapter 13
Objectives- Nature of Emotion
• Explain emotion and give examples• Compare and contrast primary and secondary
emotions • Who is Paul Ekman? What are his 2 terms?• Describe the PHYSICOLOGICAL , Brain and
body component, of emotion including amygdala and sympathetic and parasympathetic parts
Emotion- ob-#1
• Emotion- a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation ,cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action
• Physiological changes – face, brain, body• Cognitive process- interpretation of events• Culture – influences shape experience and
expression• If Human emotions =tree-bio capacity =trunk, root
system;, thoughts explanations =branches; culture, the gardener that shapes, forms, prunes
Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules
chapter 13
Emotion and the body
• Primary emotions- are biologically based• Thought to be universal• Born with them: fear, anger, sadness, joy,
surprise, disgust, contempt• Each has physiological pattern & corresponding
facial expression and the situations that invoke them
• Sadness follows loss; fear follows threat of bodily harm; anger follows injustice or insult
On the other hand
• Secondary emotions- include all the variations and blends of emotions that vary from culture to culture
• Develop gradually• Increased cognitive maturity
The body
Primary emotionsEmotions considered to be universal and biologically based, usually thought to include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt
Secondary emotionEmotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures
chapter 13
Your turn
Which of the following is a primary emotion?1. Love
2. Suspicion
3. Joy
4. Jealousy
chapter 13
Your turn
Which of the following is a primary emotion?1. Love
2. Suspicion
3. Joy
4. Jealousy
chapter 13
The Face of Emotion
• Facial expressions across cultures:• Anger, fear, sadness, happiness(joy), disgust,
surprise, contempt, (possibly pride)• 1872 Charles Darwin said facial expression allowed
to tell friend from foe• Paul Ekman- gathered evidence for 7 facial features
with emotions• Studied cultures Brazil, Estonia, Germany, Greece,
Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, U.S. = most recognized facial features (Lab)
Universal expressions of emotion
Facial expressions for primary emotions are universal.
Even members of remote cultures can recognize facial expressions in people who are foreign to them.
Facial feedbackProcess by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
chapter 13
The Functions of facial expressions
Not only reflect internal feelings BUT influence them• Facial feedback- the process by which the facial
muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
• Told to look happy (family pic) positive feelings increase
• Told to look mean “ sports pic) pos. feelings decrease• Signaling function- when you’re a baby “come get
me…go away”
Functions cont
• Generate emotions in others= moods are contagious
• Mood cognition- likely to start imitating peoples moods around you
• Creating a rapport; could be either way• Starting end of first year= infants imitate
parents• Alter behavior to parents in reaction to parents
facial expression of emotion
The brain and emotion
The amygdalaResponsible for assessing threat
Damage to the amygdala results in abnormality in processing fear.
chapter 13
Emotion and the Brain
• Identify parts of the brain involved in emotions
• Prefrontal region :Right- withdraw or escape• Flee from danger, withdraw from disgusting
scene• Prefrontal region: Left – approach others• Happiness= approach (positive) anger=
Negative
Emotions Brain cont…
• Amygdala- small structure in limbic system (anger and fear)
• Evaluates sensory information• Emotional importance- fight or flight• Jump when feel hand on back in dark alley• Damaged= problems with recognizing fear or
displaying it
The brain and emotion
Mirror neuronsA class of neurons, distributed throughout the brain, that fire when an animal sees or hears an action and carries out the same action on its own
Far more evolved and varied in humans than in other animals
Help us recognize others’ intentions
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Emotion and brain cont..
• Mirror neurons- brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action
• Involved in empathy, imitation and reading emotions
• M.R.I. confirms key areas of brain activated when witness actions, emotions, feelings
The Energy of Emotion- Speed up or slow down
• sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system sends adrenal glands to 2 HORMONS
• Epinephrine• Norepinephrine• Dilate pupils, increased heart beat, dry mouth,
urinate uncontrollably• Parasympathetic- slows down heart beat,
saliva, genital stimulation
Hormones and emotion
When experiencing an intense emotion, two hormones are released.Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Results in increased alertness and arousal
At high levels, can create sensation of being out of control emotionally
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The autonomic nervous system
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Summary
• Emotions• Primary/secondary• Paul Ekman• Brain/ Body and emotion