Building Regional Earth and Marine Observation Systems to Safeguard APEC Resources and Communities

WORKSHOP MANUAL

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Table of Contents

1 Welcome...................................................................................................................3

2 AboutEarthandMarineObserving............................................................................42.1 Whatisearthandmarineobservation?............................................................................42.2 Whatismeantby“EarthandMarineObserving”(EMO)systems?....................................42.3 TheroleEMOcanplayinsafeguardingresourcesandcommunities..................................52.4 Whatbenefitscouldanintegrated,regionalapproachbringtomyeconomy?..................72.5 Whataboutinternationalearthandmarineobservingforums?......................................10

3 Workshoppurposeandobjectives...........................................................................13

4 Contacts...................................................................................................................15

5 IndividualEconomyStatement................................................................................16

6 Acronyms.................................................................................................................17

7 Figures.....................................................................................................................22

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1 Welcome

On behalf of the project team and the Australian government, welcome to Australia and our workshop on Building Regional Earth and Marine Observation Systems to Safeguard APEC Resources and Communities, 26-30 September 2016.

We would like participants to take an active role in achieving workshop objectives, and in particular, contributing to the development of the statement and work plan.

Participants can prepare for this event by:

1. discussing with their ministry responsible for Earth observing research: • infrastructure to determine current needs, systems, opportunities and • challenges at a national level; • discuss with potential government, industry and community end users • what they would like from a regionally integrated Earth and Marine • observing system; and • what are the special challenges in getting there (data, gender equity, • inclusive innovation, other).

2. complete the EMO survey, available via the website; and 3. familiarise themselves with this manual ahead of the workshop.

During the workshop, through the break out sessions, workshop participants will identify opportunities to:

• collaborate in the development of regional systems; • outline the infrastructure required to support the circulation and analysis of resulting

data; and • build capacity and capability needs (training and infrastructure).

We hope you find the information in this manual useful.

Please note that information regarding transport, travel and other administrative arrangements can be found in the Administrative Circular which you should have received already. You can download a copy of this Circular on the Earth and Marine Observing Workshop Website: earthmarineobserving.org

Also please note that any individual opinions expressed in this Manual are those of the individuals and not necessarily reflective of the organisations with which they are affiliated.

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2 About Earth and Marine Observing

2.1 What is earth and marine observation?

Earth and marine observation is the gathering of information about planet Earth's physical, chemical and biological systems via remote sensing technologies together with in-situ earth surveying techniques.

Earth and marine observation includes the collection, analysis and presentation of data. Earth and marine observations include:

• numerical measurements taken by a thermometer, wind gauge, ocean buoy, altimeter or seismometer;

• photos and radar or sonar images taken from ground or ocean-based instruments; • photos and radar images taken from remote-sensing satellites; and • decision-support tools based on processed information, such as maps and models.

Earth and marine observations have a broad and ever increasing range of applications, for example:

• forecasting weather; • tracking biodiversity and wildlife trends; • measuring land-use change (such as deforestation); • monitoring and responding to natural disasters, including fires, floods, earthquakes

and tsunamis; • managing natural resources, such as energy, freshwater and agriculture; • addressing emerging diseases and other health risks; and • predicting, adapting to and mitigating climate change.

In fact, technological advances have resulted in a rapid increase in collection and storage of information. We are now only limited by our imagination as to how we use earth and marine observation information.

In an age of unlimited methods and ways to collect and use data, two important questions remain:

• where should collection efforts be focussed (it is expensive to collect, measure and analyse everything, as well as maintain the research infrastructure and human capital required to collect the information); and given this

• what questions are most important for earth and marine observing to answer?

Through this workshop, we will explore how better use of the collective expertise, methods, infrastructure in earth and marine observing that exists across our region to deliver end use benefits to government, industry and community.

2.2 What is meant by “Earth and Marine Observing” (EMO) systems?

Owing to the magnitude of the topic, this project is focused on a subset of earth and marine observations:

• Land/Earth: through in particular remote sensing via Earth observing from space.

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• Marine (coastal and blue water): both in-situ (buoys, argo floats, gliders, moorings) and remote sensing (from space via satellites, drones, aerial surveys).

This is with a view to identifying some achievable outcomes in the short term, and expanding the scope of regional cooperation in earth and marine observing over the longer term. Land/Earth and marine observing have the potential to directly benefit our region owing to the importance of the blue economy and the frequency of natural disasters.

For the purpose of this workshop, we have termed this “EMO”, however this an informal term and not officially recognised by established earth and marine observing fora.

2.3 The role EMO can play in safeguarding resources and communities

The information generated from “earth and marine observation systems” can provide a powerful tool to support emergency preparedness and the sustainable management of natural resources. These areas are not only relevant to APEC but also many other regional and global efforts such as the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.

The combination of historical information, remote and in-situ real time observations together with modelling can provide governments, businesses and communities with a sophisticated ability to answer questions such as:

• how well are coral reefs recovering from recent bleaching? • given current ocean circulation patterns and water temperature, where is the best

place for my fishers to concentrate fishing effort? • should national emergency response teams be on standby to handle a possible

typhoon event given certain atmospheric variables, and if so, where should they wait?

• how well does my environmental model for a certain scenario match what is happening in real time?

• how do I know whether the environmental management measures in effect are working to promote reef health?

Currently a multitude of EMO data is being collected across the 21 APEC economies through a wide range of platforms. However, much of this information may remain within the agency collecting the information, thus limiting broader application of the data.

The technological boom has created countless collection methods and potentially endless applications of EMO data. Ongoing challenges include deciding what data should be collected (and how frequently), how the infrastructure will be resourced over the longer term, how large data sets can be most effectively and securely stored and what is the best means to process large datasets to deliver useful information.

Where observation data is collected and held at an institutional or national level, its extent and power of application are limited. A regional approach towards observation systems and supporting data infrastructure would enable nations to pool resources, expertise, infrastructure and information. At the same time, duplication of effort and costs associated with data collection can be reduced. As a result, a regional approach would deliver superior information quality and timeliness thus improving economies’ capacity to work effectively together to tackle regional problems.

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The Pacific Island Region:

Enormous Ocean Observations for Enormous Challenges

Tommy Moore

Pacific Island – Global Ocean Observing System

The large ocean states of the Pacific are particularly dependent upon the ecosystem services provided by their coastal oceans and are particularly vulnerable to disasters related to them. Coastal fisheries in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories account for ~USD 200 million in subsistence value and another USD 165 million in commercial value, including serving as a principal protein source for many communities. Coastal oceans are integral part of the cultural identity of many Pacific island communities, and the ecosystem services they provide through the dampening of wave energy and the provision of safe harbors is essential for their way of life. However, the Pacific Islands region is also particularly vulnerable to weather related disasters, which account for more than 70% of all disasters in the region, and the impacts of climate change.

Coastal communities are at risk to storm surges and tsunamis, and maritime safety for small craft is a constant worry. Compounding this are the impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, increased storm severity, warming oceans, and ocean acidification, which are putting the region at greater risk. Current forecasts and early warning systems are insufficient to address the needs of vulnerable communities, and this is largely due to a lack of baseline data and insufficient ocean observing.

For example in the Pacific Islands region, which covers an area greater than the surface of the moon and is 98% ocean, there are only 3 wave buoys currently in operation. Adequate bathymetry, essential for the construction of wave run-up models, is lacking for most of the region. Additionally, while there is good data across the region for sea level rise (through the Australian Pacific Sea Level Monitoring Program and the US GLOSS program), there is little data collected on other climate change stressors such as temperature and acidification. While the challenges in addressing these issues are large, they are manageable, and doing so will greatly improve the adaptive capacity of the region, helping to ensure future sustainable development.

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2.4 What benefits could an integrated, regional approach bring to my economy?

As earth and marine observation information is more usually collected and held at local (institutional/national levels), thus limiting both the extent and power of application. A regional approach towards observation systems and supporting data infrastructure could enable nations to pool resources, expertise, infrastructure and information resulting in superior information quality and timeliness thus improving economies’ capacity to work effectively together to tackle regional problems. In working together, we have the opportunity to streamline collection efforts and make our datasets more complete and inclusive, and therefore more useful.

Many economies have or are now seeking to regionalise national observing systems, with the Pan Pacific area of particular interest due to the value of its blue economy and the frequency disasters. It is important the development of such systems is led by the Pan-Pacific to ensure that its interests, needs and priorities are met. The development should build on existing national systems with data freely available for use in a format that is immediately transferable and useable for governments working together to tackle regional challenges.

For example, the provision of timely, quality data that can be used immediately is critical to emergency response decision processes, thus supporting the objectives of the new international framework for disaster risk reduction, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, negotiated at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction March 2015. This framework explicitly supports the role for earth and marine observation in reducing the impact of disasters, in particular through Sections 24 and 25, which support the development and dissemination of science methodologies on disaster losses and disaster risk management, and promote and enhance technology transfer via international cooperation.

Regional datasets also have significant promise for entrepreneurial SMEs seeking to develop innovative products, a significant area of growth over the next decade, with the full value of earth and marine observation systems contribution to GDP yet to be recognised (ACIL Allen Study, 2010).

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Realising the Potential of Satellite Data Capability

Contributed by Geoscience Australia

Realising the full potential of satellite data capability will provide cost-effective information and insights of our environment that will transform natural resource management across the Asia-Pacific region.

Dr Trevor Dhu, the Programme Director for the Australian Geoscience Data Cube, believes that “Earth observation data will one day provide a local-resolution ‘sensor’ network with complete national coverage and repeat measurements every week.”

“This capability positions our region to fundamentally change how we monitor our landscapes and better target the billions of dollars that are collectively spent to protect and enhance our environments.” said Dr Dhu.

Consider the case of Australia, a continent covering more than 7.5 million square kilometres that is simply too vast to effectively monitor using traditional, in-situ sensor networks. Consequently, the Australian Government’s understanding of our land and marine assets comes from data that while often highly-precise is collected at only a limited number of sites, - often years if not decades out of date.

The sparsity of baseline environmental information impacts on almost every aspect of Australia’s natural resource management. For example, governmental reporting such as the State of the Environment report took years of effort to provide a snapshot in time. Similarly, a lack of reliable and consistent environmental information has been identified as a significant constraint against attracting investment for economic development in regions such as Northern Australia.

The Earth observation data now available can provide policy makers, regulators, key industries and the general public with a comprehensive and near real-time picture of where and how the entire Australian landscape is changing. New satellites have the ability to provide us with a weekly update of Australia at a 10 m resolution. This information is already transforming how the Australian Government designs, implements and monitors programmes trying to effect change in the landscape.

One of the clearest examples of both the challenge and the opportunity offered by Earth observation data is the issue of water quality. Understanding water quality is critical to almost every sector of Australia’s economy. Its importance has also been recognised through the Sustainable Development Goals with one of the associated targets being:

By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.

Global efforts to monitor progress against this target are heavily focused on the use of the United Nations Global Environmental Monitoring System. This system contains only 11 water monitoring sites across Australia. While these sites undoubtedly provide precise and comprehensive information they are all located in southeast Australia and as such, cannot realistically provide a representative measurement.

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Through satellite technology there are now numerous tools that have the capability to extract water quality information from Earth observation data. The animation below shows the total suspended sediments (TSS) estimated from almost 30 years of Landsat data for a cross-section of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, Australia. It is important to acknowledge that TSS is only one aspect of water quality. However, unlike more comprehensive but site-specific sampling techniques, it is able to be derived for every 25 x 25 square meter of Lake Burley Griffin. More importantly, it could equally be derived for every major water body across Australia.

Access to this style of information could provide us with rapid environmental alerting systems for hazards such as blue-green algae through to new ways to monitor the effectiveness of programs designed to improve the health of waterways. It could equally provide a globally consistent metric that we could use to provide realistic and actionable information for measuring our progress against global targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals.

Water quality is only one example from an almost endless list of possibilities. “In Australia, we envisage a new approach to using Earth observation data that will provide information on issues as diverse as soil erosion risk, vegetation health, crop growth and natural hazards such as flood and fire” said Dr Dhu. “We believe that there is the opportunity to completely transform how the government manages critical national policy issues ranging from managing the catchments of the Great Barrier Reef, efficiently using water to achieve environmental outcomes in the Murray Darling Basin, and providing more efficient and better quality land accounts and agricultural productivity surveys.”

The potential for Earth observation data to dramatically improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Australian government initiatives is unquestioned. The challenge is how to ensure that we are able to effectively turn this underutilised resource into a standardised and routine source of insight for natural resource management.

We are currently working to solve complex technical issues as capabilities evolve. For example, Earth observation data is complex and has unprecedented storage requirements. New approaches to the preparation and management of these datasets is essential and is currently underway in Geoscience Australia’s National Earth and Marine Observations Branch. Similarly, groups such as Australia’s Joint Remote Sensing Research Program have demonstrated innovative approaches to analysing and exploiting this data. New ‘big data’ technologies offer much potential, and our region is well positioned with the skills and expertise to put them to work.

Coordination of our observatory networks is also critical to access the comprehensive and integrated view of the Earth system, and how it is changing. Natural processes do not typically respect borders, and it is more efficient for economies to plan their networks in a complementary way. From Australia’s point of view, there is great value in economies doing this together.

This is very much in the spirit of APEC.

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2.5 What about international earth and marine observing forums?

There are many established international fora representing the interests of earth and marine observing, including in particular:

• GEOSS – Global Earth Observation System of Systems • GEO – Group on Earth Observations • GOOS – Global Oceans Observing System • CEOS – Committee on Earth Observing from Space • JCOMM - the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine

Meteorology • WMO – World Meteorological Organization

Some focus on an individual earth and marine system/ sphere (e.g. atmosphere), others a given form of earth and marine observing (e.g. earth and marine observing from space).

These fora have well defined structures that include further subgroupings that consider, for example, regional matters (e.g. the African Earth Observation community, AfriGEOSS), technical matters (data, observation standards), thematic interests or end-use focus (Blue Planet). Membership of these fora usually comprise technical experts closely affiliated with science and technology agencies, academia and universities.

All groups acknowledge the importance of earth and marine observing to support evidence- based policy, including in particular the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2016). Increasingly, the importance of earth and marine observing is being reflected in international policy, with two recent examples including:

• The United Nation’s Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015- 2030), Priority 1: 24 (f) and 25 (c); and

• The G7 Science and Technology Minister’s Meeting Tsukuba Communique (15-17 May 2016), Item 3: The Future of the Seas and Oceans

For earth and marine observing information to successfully underpin high level international policy goals through science based solutions will require cross sector cooperation between the custodians of earth and marine observing infrastructure and information (research & development providers, service providers together with the government agencies with research infrastructure policy responsibility) and potential end users (government, industry):

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Modified from the Australian Forum for Operational Oceanography, 2015

An example of a current cross-sectoral Earth-observing forum is the Australian Forum for Operational Oceanography. Government agencies, R&D providers and marine industries are realising the potential advantages of creating a systematic focus on operational ocean observing, short-range prediction, and delivery of services - covering marine and coastal environments, and physical and biogeochemical properties As an island nation deriving massive social, economic and environmental benefits from its coasts and oceans, a team of scientists and managers from across Australian industry, government and academia have therefore come together and formed a steering committee to bring an Australian Forum for Operational Oceanography (FOO) into existence.

One of the missions of the APEC Policy Partnership on Science, Technology and Innovation (PPSTI) is to “support the development of effective science, technology, and innovation policy recommendations in APEC through collaboration between government, academia, private sector and other APEC fora”. With its strong geographic focus, cross sector membership, non-binding agreement process and its emphasis on end use of science for societal gain, the APEC PPSTI could provide the right framework conditions to formally articulate and subsequently foster the development of an end-use approach to earth and marine Observing systems across the region.

Please note: This project does not seek to establish an additional formal earth and marine observing fora but to obtain a regional level imprimatur on EMO to safeguard resources and livelihoods through a regional from a forum with strong government, research and development, industry and end-user/service provider sectors that is closely aligned to international development goals. In doing so, this project aspires to prioritise EMO activities in the region, promote cross-fora/cross-sector collaboration in EMO, encourage EMO end use uptake and leverage/share EMO resources (funding, capital, knowledge, information or other).

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Ocean Observing Development Projects for Common Good

Tim Moltmann Chair of the GOOS Regional Alliance Council Director of Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)

The ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface, and is linked to human livelihoods in numerous ways. From its role in modulating the climate to how it provides a variety of socio-economic, cultural and environmental benefits, the ocean contributes greatly to human wellbeing.

A better understanding of ocean climate and ecosystems, as well as human impacts and vulnerabilities, requires the coordination of a continuous and long-term system of ocean observations through the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).

The implementation of GOOS is undertaken by coalitions of nations and institutions, including many APEC economies. Thirteen GOOS Regional Alliances have been formed globally, of which seven are active in Asia-Pacific - in Northeast Asia, North America, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, the Pacific Islands and Australia.

Although we are connected by the ocean, economic, social and cultural differences can sometimes be a barrier to gaining a broader, collective understanding of our ocean environment. Different governance systems, different methodologies, and vastly different capacities lead to gaps in our knowledge. These differences are not insurmountable.

Focused, finite lifetime, development projects have been identified as an effective way to improve GOOS for common good. This includes both redesigning mature observing systems to make them more useful, and expanding the observing system into new areas.

The Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020 (TPOS 2020) project is one example. Its goal is to better observe diversity of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and build a robust observing system that will be ready to detect and diagnose ENSO which is the largest interannual climate signal, with massive socio-economic impacts on APEC economies.

GOOS Regional Alliance (GRA) pilot projects are another example. Here we aim to identify issues of common interest across multiple regions, such as tsunami and coastal inundation monitoring. The benefits of such an approach mean that individual GRAs can put aside differences in capacity and focus to seek mutually beneficial ocean observation projects. One GRA pilot project has been established so far. The MEditerranean Sea-level Change and Tsunamis (MESCAT) project aims to focus on filling data gaps in sea level variability along the North African coastline so as to address the potentially devastating impact of sea-level rise and storm surges in the region.

APEC economies are no strangers to such issues. The Asia-Pacific is also a region with different GRAs, broad areas of concern, and greatly varied capacity. Taking the time to identify priority issues and mutually beneficial solutions can deliver benefits for all.

As the Chair of the GOOS Regional Alliance Council, I hope that the Earth and Marine Observation Workshop can lead to strong economic alliances, built on a common concern for the safeguarding of our region.

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3 Workshop purpose and objectives

The objective of the project is to develop a framework to strengthen cooperation in earth and marine Observing to safeguard APEC resources and communities.

This project pools the collective EMO APEC superpowers expertise, information and infrastructure to leverage earth and marine observing capacity across the region, thereby promote inclusive innovation through a whole is greater than the sum of parts approach. Through the successful completion of the project, EMO science and research capacity of the region will be enhanced to:

1. safeguard sustainable resource management, including the blue economy, agricultural and extractive industries;

2. improve regional disaster resilience; and

3. monitor and protect Indo-Pacific reef health.

Project objectives will be achieved through two inter-related activities: a workshop and the development of a high level policy statement on building regional EMO systems to safeguard APEC resources and communities, underpinned by a 5 and 10 year proposed work plan.

The workshop will include representation from government, technical experts, academia and private sector with a strong interest in the Asia-Pacific region, to:

• educate APEC government and industry on the benefits of using EMO information to support APEC policy and industry priorities; and

• seek regional agreement on EMO priorities and an approach, including identifying funding opportunities and agreement on principles and next steps.

Workshop outputs will form the basis of the key project deliverable: the APEC Workshop Statement, together which will framework for the development of a Pan-Pacific integrated observing system.

The intent is for the Workshop Statement to be presented at APEC PPSTI 9 (and other relevant APEC groups) in 2017 and endorsed at a subsequent APEC Senior Officials Meeting.

The project encourages collaboration and uses the research excellence and infrastructure of APEC innovative nations to contribute towards science capacity building with all APEC economies. The strengths of APEC’s innovative nations will leverage APECs science capacity overall. Long term sustainability will be achieved through the development of a dedicated community closely linked in to the peak international earth and marine observation fora.

The aim of this workshop is to:

1. stocktake needs, challenges, stakeholders, priorities;

2. develop a regionally-focussed statement on Earth and Marine Observation to support APEC resources and communities, for endorsement at a future meeting of the APEC Policy Partnership on Science, Technology and Innovation; and

3. identify funding options, and next steps (5 and 10 year proposed work plans).

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The focus of the workshop will be on discussions, guided by short presentations. The key topics include:

• The importance of science to underpin APEC policy objectives; • Overview of Earth Observation fora and linkages to international development policy; • Potential applications of earth and marine Observation information; • Measuring so we can manage — applications of EMO information; • From data to informed decision making — case studies; • Individual economy and regional strengths and needs; and • Common issues and challenges (data challenges, promoting women in science, capacity

building needs).

Reference Diagrams

We have provided you with two conceptual diagrams to enhance your understanding of the Workshop material. The ‘Earth and Marine Observing Value Chain’ and the ‘Framework for Ocean Observing Process Diagram’ are contained in Appendix 1.

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4 Contacts

A full list of contacts will be distributed during the Workshop. If you need any information until then, please contact one of the following people:

• Ms Emma Luke, APEC Earth and Marine Observing Project Lead, Australian Institute of Marine Science: E.Luke@aims.gov.au (enquiries about the workshop and official enquiries)

• Ms Shannon Owen, International Events Co-ordinator, Australian Academy of Science: Shannon.owen@science.org.au (enquiries about event registration, logistics and support)

• Ms Indi Hodgson-Johnston, Facilitator, Integrated Marine Observing System: indiah.hodgsonjohnston@utas.edu.au (Technical content and submissions)

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5 Individual Economy Statement

The Individual Economy Statement is designed to identify and express economy priorities in regards to Earth and marine observing systems. This will be the focus of Session 4 (Wednesday morning).

Please take some time prior to this session to consider the following questions and points in relation to your economy.

• What are your relevant national level EMO fora? • Relevant regional level EMO fora • What are your economy’s EMO priorities (e.g. coast inundation, flooding) • What would the key outputs, products or services of an EMO system be for your

economy? • Brief plan of action of how your economy intends to achieve identified voluntary goals • Are there gender issues (women working in EMO-related fields, women as users of EMO

information)in your economy and if so, how could these issues be addressed • Project management/administration – how could your plan be implemented in your

economy? Which agency would take the lead, and which agencies would they consult with?

• Potential EMO funding support avenues, both national and international (consider public and private sector, public private partnerships, loan schemes etc)

• Capacity issues (infrastructure, knowledge, other) in your economy

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6 Acronyms

Earth and marine observing has many acronyms and abbreviations associated with them. We hope you find this list useful, and that you are easily able to find information about the organisations lists.

Acronym Name Website/More Info

AAS Australian Academy of Science https://www.science.org.au/

AATAMS Australian Acoustic Tagging and Monitoring System http://imos.org.au/animaltracking.html

ACCESS Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator

http://www.csiro.au/en/Research/OandA/Areas/Assessing-our-climate/CAWCR/ACCESS

AEM airborne electromagnetic http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/disciplines/geophysics/airborne-electromagnetics

AGDC Australian Geoscience Data Cube http://www.datacube.org.au/

AIMS Australian Institute for Marine Science http://www.aims.gov.au/

ANGKASA Malaysian National Space Agency http://www.angkasa.gov.my/?q=en

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation http://www.apec.org/

Argo Argo float - type of instrument http://imos.org.au/argo.html

AtlantOS Atlantic Observing System https://www.atlantos-h2020.eu/ Black Sea GOOS

Black Sea Global Ocean Observing System (GRA)

http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/black_sea_goos/

Blue Planet Blue Planet Oceans and Society http://geoblueplanet.com/

Bluelink A global ocean forecasting system by CSIRO, BOM and RAN http://wp.csiro.au/bluelink/

BOM Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) http://www.bom.gov.au/

BPPT Indonesian Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology

http://sinas-kindonesia.org/institution/agency-for-technology-assessment-and-application/

CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites http://ceos.org/

CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability http://www.clivar.org/

COPERNICUS Copernicus: Europe's Eyes on the World http://www.copernicus.eu/

CRESDA Chinese Resources Satellite Application Centre http://www.cresda.com/EN/

CSA Canadian Space Agency http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia) http://www.csiro.au/

CZCP GEO Coastal Zone Community of Practice http://www.czcp.org/

DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) http://dfat.gov.au/

DIIS Department of Innovation, Industry and Science (Australia) http://www.industry.gov.au/

DIPSR Frameworks

Drivers, Impact, Responses, Pressures, State

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-059-6-sum/page002.html

DMAC Data Management and Communications Plan for Research and Operational Integrated Ocean Observing Systems

ECVs essential climate variables http://ioc-goos-oopc.org/obs/ecv.php

EMO Earth and Marine Observing http://www.earthmarineobserving.org/about/

ENSO El-Nino Southern Oscillation http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/elnino.shtml

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Acronym Name Website/More Info

EO earth observation http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/earth-obs

EOV Essential ocean variables http://goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=114

eReefs information system about the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) http://ereefs.org.au/ereefs

ESA CCI European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_s_Climate_Change_Initiative_CCI

EURO-GOOS European Global Ocean Observing System (GRA) http://eurogoos.eu/

FOO Australian Forum for Ocean Observing http://www.foo.org.au/forum/

GA Geoscience Australia http://www.ga.gov.au/

GCOS Global Climate Observing System http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=AboutGCOS

GEO Group on Earth Observing https://www.earthobservations.org/index.php

GEOCAPE Geo-stationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events

http://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/geostationary-coastal-and-air-pollution-events

GEOGLAM Global Earth Observing: Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative

https://www.earthobservations.org/geoglam.php

GEOSS Global Earth Observing System of Systems

http://www.earthobservations.org/geoss.php

GFOI Global Forest Observations Initiative http://www.gfoi.org/

GLOSS Global Sea Level Observing System http://www.gloss-sealevel.org/

GO SHIP Global Ocean Ship Based Hydrographic Investigations Program

http://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewGroupRecord&groupID=295

GOCI-Z Geostationary Ocean Colour Imager http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/data/goci

GODAE Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment https://www.godae.org/

GODAE OCEANVIEW

Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment Oceanview Forum https://www.godae-oceanview.org/

GOES-R Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite - R http://www.goes-r.gov/

GOOS The Global Ocean Observing System http://www.goosocean.org/

GOOS Africa Global Ocean Observing System Regional Alliance in Africa

http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43&Itemid=143

GOOS BGC PANEL

Global Ocean Observing System Biogeochemical Panel

http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80&Itemid=275

GRA GOOS Regional Alliance http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=121

GRASP GOOS Regional Alliance for the South East Pacific

http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=147

GSOP Global Synthesis and Observations Panel http://www.clivar.org/clivar-panels/gsop

ICAN International Coastal Atlas Network http://ican.iode.org/

ICSU International Council for Science http://www.icsu.org/

IMOS Integrated Marine Observing System http://www.imos.org.au/

IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission http://ioc-unesco.org/

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Acronym Name Website/More Info

IOCARIBE IOC Subcommission for Caribbean and Adjacent Regions - GOOS Regional Alliance

http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42&Itemid=142

IOCCP International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project http://www.ioccp.org/

IODE International Data and Information Exchange http://www.iode.org/

IndOOS Indian Ocean Observing System http://www.incois.gov.in/portal/iogoos/home.jsp

IOGOOS Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System Regional Alliance

http://www.incois.gov.in/portal/iogoos/home.jsp

IORA Indian Ocean Rim Association http://www.iora.net/

JAMSTEC Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/

JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency http://global.jaxa.jp/

JCOMM Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology http://www.jcomm.info/

KIOST Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology http://eng.kiost.ac/

LAPAN National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Indonesia) http://www.lapan.go.id/

MAPPS project Association of Photogrammetry, Mapping and Geospatial Firms http://www.mapps.org/

MeteoSAT Meteorology satellite http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer

http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/earth-obs/satellites-and-sensors/modis

MONGOOS Mediterranean Operational Network Global Ocean Observing System http://www.mongoos.eu/

MYOCEAN MyOcean is GMES Project (now Copernicus) http://marine.copernicus.eu/

NEAR-GOOS North-East Asian (Global Ocean Observing System)

http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/goos/data/database.html

NEPTUNE Network

North East Pacific Time-series Underwater Networked Experiments

http://www.oceannetworks.ca/installations/observatories/neptune-ne-pacific

NESDIS NOAA's Satellite and Information Service http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/

NIWA National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NZ) https://www.niwa.co.nz/

NMEA National Marine Educators Association http://www.marine-ed.org/

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration http://www.noaa.gov/

OCEANSITES Ocean Sustained Interdisciplinary Timeseries Environment observation System

http://www.ioc-cd.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewGroupRecord&groupID=170

OCEATLAN Regional Alliance for the Upper Southwest and Tropical Atlantic http://www.oceatlan.org/

ONC Ocean Networks Canada http://www.oceannetworks.ca/

OOPC Ocean Observations Panel for Climate http://ioc-goos-oopc.org/

OSEval-TT OceanView Observing System Evaluation Task Team (GEOS)

https://www.godae-oceanview.org/science/task-teams/observing-system-evaluation-tt-oseval-tt/

PACOOS Pacific Coast Ocean Observing System http://www.pacoos.org/

PacIOOS Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System http://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/

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Acronym Name Website/More Info

PI-GOOS Pacific Islands Global Ocean Observing System Regional Alliance https://www.sprep.org/pi-goos

PICES North Pacific Marine Science Organisation https://www.pices.int/

PICO Platform and Instrumentation for Continuous Observations http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pico/

PIRATA Pilot Research Moored Array in the Atlantic http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pirata/

POAMA Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/poama2.4/about-POAMA-outlooks.shtml

POCO Pools of Carbon in the Ocean http://wwwdev.oceancarbon.net/

POGO Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans http://www.ocean-partners.org/

PPSTI APEC Policy Partnership in Science, Technology and Innovation

http://www.apec.org/groups/som-steering-committee-on-economic-and-technical-cooperation/working-groups/policy-partnership-on-science-technology-and-innovation.aspx

R&D Research and development

RADI Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (China) http://english.ceode.cas.cn/

RAMA Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/rama/

RAN Royal Australian Navy http://www.navy.gov.au/

RCOOS Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System http://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/

ROOS A regional Ocean Observing System https://ioos.noaa.gov/regions/

SAFARI Southern African Regional Science Initiative

http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgg/projectmg/projmg2.html

SAON Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks http://www.arcticobserving.org/

SBAS satellite-based augmentation system https://www.egnos-portal.eu/discover-egnos/about-egnos/what-sbas

SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research http://www.scor-int.org/

SDGs Sustainable development goals (UN) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

SEAGOOS South East Asian (Global Ocean Observing System) http://iocwestpac.org/

SIMS Sydney Institute for Marine Science http://sims.org.au/

SOOP Ship of Opportunity Programme https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/amp/mmop/JCOMM/OPA/SOT/soop.html

SOOS Southern Ocean Observation System http://www.soos.aq/

SPGs Solar and Galactic Proton Sensors http://www.goes-r.gov/products/baseline-solar-galactic-protons.html

SPICE Solid Precipitation Inter-comparison Experiment

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/intercomparisons/SPICE/SPICE.html

SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme http://www.sprep.org/

TAO Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network

http://www.oco.noaa.gov/tropicalMooredBuoys.html

TPOS Tropical Pacific Observing System 2020 http://tpos2020.org/

TRITON Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network

http://www.oco.noaa.gov/tropicalMooredBuoys.html

UN GGIM United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management http://ggim.un.org/

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme http://unhabitat.org/

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Acronym Name Website/More Info

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme http://www.unep.org/

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change http://unfccc.int/2860.php

UNSTAT United Nation Statistics Divisions http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm

US-IOOS United States Integrated Ocean Observing System https://ioos.noaa.gov/

USGS United States Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/

VOS Voluntary Observing Ship Programme http://www.vos.noaa.gov/

WCRP World Climate Research Programme http://www.wcrp-climate.org/

WESTPAC IOC Subcommission for the Western Pacific http://iocwestpac.org/

WMO World Meteorological Organisation http://www.wmo.int/

WOA World Ocean Assessment http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/

XBT SOOP eXpendable BathyThermographs (instrument)

http://www.oco.noaa.gov/xBTsSOOPS.html

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7 Figures

The Framework for Ocean Observing Process Diagram

(adapted from GOOS: http://www.ioc-goos.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=411:applying-the-framework-for-ocean-observing-building-a-strategic-mapping-of-goos&catid=95&Itemid=100204&lang=en )

23

The Earth and Marine Observing Value Chain

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Your Notes

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Your Notes

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Your Notes