emma idiart pakistan - crater high school

Emma Idiart Pakistan

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Table of Contents

Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2

Issue – Education for Women ......................................................................................................... 3

Educate to Empower (E2E) ............................................................................................................. 4

Geographical Area Analysis............................................................................................................. 5

Economic Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 7

Political System ............................................................................................................................. 14

Trade Laws .................................................................................................................................... 16

Population ..................................................................................................................................... 17

Diet and Nutrition ......................................................................................................................... 20

Housing and Communication ........................................................................................................ 22

Transportation .............................................................................................................................. 24

Labor ............................................................................................................................................. 26

Education ...................................................................................................................................... 27

Clothing ......................................................................................................................................... 29

Recreation and Leisure ................................................................................................................. 30

Language ....................................................................................................................................... 32

Religion.......................................................................................................................................... 34

Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 35

Non-Profit Print Ad ....................................................................................................................... 39

Issue Brochure .............................................................................................................................. 40

Recipes .......................................................................................................................................... 41

Etiquette ....................................................................................................................................... 43

Country Selection Letter ............................................................................................................... 45


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Introduction Pakistan is located in the Middle East. Terrorism, government corruption, and religion manipulate the lives of most Pakistani. Women in Pakistan are treated as second class citizens. Men are viewed as superior in their society. Education is an area where women are of no concern; only 40% of women are literate. This may seem high but compared to the United States literacy rate of 99% it is inexcusable. Educate to Empower is an organization that is concerned with the quality and quantity of education women are receiving, from young girls to old matrons. Our goal is to empower women through education to improve the conditions for current and future generations. Pakistan is bordered by India, China, and Afghanistan. Many Hindi Pakistanis live near the India-Pakistan border. Contention between Muslim and Hindi Pakistanis has been quiet for years but could resurface at any time. Pakistan also gathers many of their cuisine styles from India. They cook with many spices. China and Pakistan work closely together in trade and land access is a benefit of the trade. Heavy influences from Afghan Taliban groups, like Al Qaeda, control life along the Afghan-Pakistan border and mountain range. Because of Taliban control, the economy of Pakistan faced a serious depression. Since those years, Pakistan has never fully recovered. However, their natural resources and industrial growth have helped bring up the value of the Rupee in recent years. Pakistan’s largest trade partner is the United States. Their trade and legal system laws are very relaxed. Their desire to have strong relationships with their investors forces them to have friendly laws. Western influences along with Islamic law have shaped the Pakistan government. Since the invasion of Al Qaeda, government officials have corrupted the political and legal system. There are close to 200 million people living in Pakistan. Poverty is not a large issue, but less than half of the population lives in developed cities. Urban houses are two to three bedrooms, with updated amenities. Rural houses are usually one room and have no amenities. Pakistan is home to some of the great Cricket players in the world. They are also known for their impressive mountain ranges and beautiful mountain scenery. Ninety-seven percent of Pakistan is Muslim. Religion impacts the lives of every Pakistani person. Many of their laws, traditions, and customs are a result of the Islamic faith. Pakistan is a developing country, held back by conservative views. Women are not treated as equals. The basis of strong generations depends on women. Education is key to Pakistani women’s independence and empowerment.


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Issue – Education for Women

Middle Eastern countries are always on the news for Taliban attacks. Why? Women do not have to opportunity to become educated and cannot rear educated children. Because they cannot raise children who value education, their sons join the Taliban and their daughters continue the cycle of never receiving an education. Pakistani women need to have the opportunity to become educated to be able to positively influence the future generations. Literacy by definition is “the ability to read and write (Literacy)”. The world’s literacy rate is 84.1%. A high 79.9% of women are literate (Adult and Youth Literacy). However, only 40.3% of Pakistani women are literate. Education in general is put on the back burner in Pakistan; education for women is not a priority at all. Pakistan spends 2.1% of their GDP on education. They are ranked 164 out of the 173 countries that spend a percentage of their GDP on education, proving that education isn’t important. Uneducated women lead to poor economies and high poverty levels, when based on external circumstances. Educated mothers play a crucial role in the stability of a country. The value of education decreases for future generations if education is not valued in the home, based on the mother’s education. Education links to gender oppression. Women in Pakistan are treated as second class citizens because they aren’t as knowledgeable as men. When one group is targeted based on circumstantial issues, it is easier for other groups to be targeted as well. Women are not a part of the business world. A women’s wage is severely lower than a men’s wage, as displayed in the graph:

Women’s wages make up 18% of the money earned, while 82% of the wages are allotted to men (Adnan). Education must be valued world-wide. Pakistan is highly influenced by the Taliban. Education was important for all Pakistanis before the Taliban’s rule of Middle Eastern countries. Pakistan flourished in economics, government, and education. Pakistan was a prime contributor to the world’s wealth and prosperity. All of before stated factors lost meaning when women weren’t


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allowed to become educated. All human beings should have to right to attend school, without the threat of harm. The world would once again benefit from educated Pakistani women. World peace and prosperity depend on women and the education they receive. Pakistan is a developing country, yet their education lacks. The development into a first-world country will be hindered until women receive an education.

Educate to Empower (E2E) Mission Statement Empowering females of all ages, through education, to shape future generations.

What We Do E2E, Educate to Empower, believes women play a crucial role in society; they are most influential when they are educated. E2E realizes the importance of educating women living in countries where terrorism and war are rampant. Brigham Young, a powerful frontiersman in the 1800’s, once said, “You educate a woman; you educate a generation.” Children are led by example. When both of their parents have sought out an education, they are inclined to receive an education of their own. E2E builds secure, female only schools. These schools act as a second home, a sanctuary, for their students of varying ages. E2E provides the school houses with skilled teachers who are able to accommodate to all learning styles and levels. Teachers are both domestic to the particular country as well as foreign; however, each foreign teacher has a basic knowledge of the culture, language, and customs of said country. E2E caters to every student’s financial needs by donating supplies, books, and uniforms. Students learn required subjects and then apply them to everyday life. Extracurricular activities are offered to expand the minds of their students.

Ways You Can Help 1. Sponsorships

o $500 – your name and country engraved on a brass plaque, on a brick, used to build the sponsorship wall

o $100 – books, uniform, and supplies for one girl, for a year 2. Friendship Bracelet

o $35 – handmade bracelet from a student with a thank you note written in Arabic and translated into English.

o Pays for books OR uniform OR supplies for one girl, for a year


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3. Volunteer your time

o Social media – spread the world about our cause by posting on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, blogs, YouTube, etc.

o Supplies Drives – host supplies drives in local schools, churches, and stores to collect the necessary supplies and clothing for students

Partnerships UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund – This organization is helping women and young children around the world. Their help ranges from human rights to HIV/AIDS prevention. Their focus on women and young children coincides with our desire to help women and young girls. Their goal is to influence future generations, as is ours. World Education – This organization is focused on educating children and adults in poverty stricken areas. They work on building a strong sense of community and teach life skills as educating their students. Their schools are built in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and in the United States. Women’s Global Education Project – This organization focuses on building schools in rural Africa where girls are held back from receiving an education because of high poverty levels. They have linked up with many local community organizations as well as international organizations.

Geographical Area Analysis Pakistan is divided into five major geographic areas: the northern highlands; the Indus River plain; the Desert areas; the Potwar Plateau, the Balouchistan Plateau, the Salt range; and the Sistan Basin. Each of these areas has distinct climates as well as beautiful topographical locations. Pakistan is located in a superb trade market and reaps many economic benefits. The location, climate, and typography of Pakistan make it a good investment for future businesses.

Pakistan is located in a superb area of trade. Bordered by India, to the east;


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China, to the north; Afghanistan, to the northwest; Iran, to the west; and the Arabian Sea, to the south, Pakistan is impacted by Asian, Middle Easters, African, and European trade. The Arabian Sea allows easy access for trade by water. The Khyber Pass, Pakistan’s largest mountain pass, provides transportation routes from Pakistan to Afghanistan. This pass has increased the influence the Afghanistan Taliban has on the Pakistani Taliban. Al Qaeda has a strong impact on the decisions the Pakistani Taliban makes. Due to the fact that Pakistan is located in the Middle East, it is a Theocracy/Islamic Republic. It’s relativeness to the Horn of Africa poses a threat of piracy. The increase of piracy since the 1990’s has affected the security and amount of trade and aid from the United Nations to countries like India and China. The amounts of trade that India and China receive directly affect the percentage increase/decrease of profits made from exports and imports. There are three distinct seasons in Pakistan. Winter lasts from October to February and is cool and dry. Winter hits hard in the Karakoram Range, where most mountains are only accessible during May and June due to tremendous and violent snow falls. Spring lasts from March to May and is very hot and dry. However, some parts of Pakistan are frequented by hailstorms in the spring despite the hot, dry weather. Summer lasts from June to September and is rainy. The overall description of the country’s climate is said to be temperate and arid. As you venture towards the coast, the winters are mild and the summers are warm. Pakistan is full of beautiful mountain ranges that feature some of the most famous and highest mountains in the world. The primary mountain ranges include the Hindu Kish, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas. These mountain ranges become impossible to navigate during the winter months due to large quantities of snow. However, the government is working along-side with locals to make trade and casual travel, to neighboring countries, through the mountains possible. The Indus River is the major source of water that spouts to all the smaller rivers in Pakistan. Like much of the Middle East, Pakistan has large oil deposits. Many naturally occurring elements have increased the Chemical Industry in Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideal location for trade because of the powerhouse countries that surround it. Its access to the Arabian Sea allows convenient trade as well as sublime weather, along the coast. The versatility of the climate allows for many different industries to flourish. The topography, which includes many mountain ranges and rivers, brings in tourists from around the world. Geographical Benefits

Bordered by India and China makes for a prime trade location

Land by Arabian Sea has a warm, pleasant climate; good for tourist vacations

Karakoram Range has both easy and challenging climbs that bring in tourists Oil refining industry is strong in Northern Pakistan as well as near the coast


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Economic Analysis Classification Pakistan is capitalist.

Description Pakistan is defined as a parliamentary democratic republic with a capitalist economy. However, strong influences from the Taliban have turned Pakistan into what seems like a socialist/communist regime. Many businesses are run by individuals, but those individuals usually are controlled in some aspect by the Taliban. The government of Pakistan is unstable, resulting in an unstable economy.

Economic Statistics and Activity Pakistan does not have a stable economy. Years of war and poor governing have left Pakistan’s economy is shambles. Their unemployment rate seems low, but their underemployment rate is high. The nation is struggling as a whole.

Resources

Coal

Coal reserves are estimated at 175 billion tons, which equals about 618 billion barrels oil. This is more than twice the amount of the top four oil producing countries and would last more than 200 years.

Oil and Gas Gas fields are expected to last for another 20 years while there are also many untouched oil and gas reserves in the mountains of Balochistan.

Forestry Main source of food, lumber, paper, fuel wood, latex, and medicine.

Mining

Large gold/copper ore deposits at Saindak, large deposits of rock salt, gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore, rock salt, silver, precious stones, gems, marbles, tiles, sulfur, fire clay, and silica sand.

Land

Fertile land that grows cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fruits, and vegetables. Located in high priority land between India, China, Afghanistan, and Iran.

Uranium Pakistan has a long history of exporting small amounts of uranium. In 2006 Pakistan produced about 45 tons of uranium.

Fish 814km and fishery resources along the coast. A major source of export earnings.


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Industries Textiles and apparel – brought in $13.1 billion in 2013, accounts for over half of the exports,

major companies: AS Textile Links, Donor Industries, COLD WELL, Pakzaib, and Usman Interlining.

Food processing – major companies: Hussain Trade International, Sheikh Junaid Bin Younus (Pvt) Ltd., Saleem Grinding Works, Sana Foods, and Natural Gum Industries (Pvt) Ltd.

Pharmaceuticals – exported about $500 million, major companies: about 400 pharmaceutical manufacturing units

GDP Official Exchange Rate There are 100.4 Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar.

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

In comparison to population, location, and size Pakistan is a leader in its GDP purchasing power parity. Nigeria and Bangladesh have very similar population sizes as well as economies. There is a very large jump between Brazil and Pakistan, who share similar population sizes and economies. However, Brazil is much larger that all of the countries being compared.

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Pakistan - $574.1billion

Brazil - $2.422trillion

Nigeria - $478.5billion

Bangladesh -$324.6 billion


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A Cut Above the Rest: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh are the Provinces with the highest income per capita, income per person.

GDP Real Growth Rate

Pakistan has a relatively low inflation rate, which is indicated in this graph. It is significantly lower than two of the countries with similar economies. Pakistan is the most stable of the three.

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Pakistan - 3.6% Brazil - 2.5% Nigeria - 6.2% Bangladesh - 5.8%


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Gross National Income per Capita

International Trade Statistics The following Trade Statistics explain where Pakistan’s money comes from as well as the overall stability of the country’s economy.

Major Exports Textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn)

Rice

Carpets and rugs

Description of Exports

Dollar Value of Exports Exports roughly bring $25.05 billion dollars into the Pakistani economy.

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Export Partners

Major Imports Petroleum products

Machinery

Transportation equipment

Edible oils

Description of Imports

US - 13.6%

China -11.1%

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Dollar Value of Imports The imports of Pakistan amount to $39.27 billion dollars.

Import Partners

Problems of Scarcity Pakistan does not have a large scarcity problem, in regards to fabrics and agriculture. However, they do lack in the oil industry. Their fishing industry is small, but they do have the natural resource to obtain fish since they border an ocean.

Balance of Payments Pakistan has a trade deficit; the import value is larger than the export value by $14.22 billion dollars.

Trade Balance Understanding a countries trade balance is a key factor in understanding everything about the economics. Pakistan has to pay $14.22 billion dollars to import goods that they do not have nationally. This makes the economy susceptible to collapse. It also shows how dependent Pakistan is on other countries.

Exchange Rates An exchange rate is the conversion value of money. For example, one United States dollar is worth 100.4 Pakistani Rupees. This is good news for American companies doing trade with Pakistani’s because it takes fewer dollars to buy Pakistani products. For a Pakistani trying to buy American products, it can cost a fortune.

China - 19.7%

Saudi Arabia - 12.3%

UAE - 12.1%

Kuwait - 6.3%


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Name of Currency Pakistani currency is called the Rupee.

Current Rate of Exchange The exchange rate of rupees per US dollar is 100.4 rupees.

Inflation Rate

All of the countries, aside from the United States, have questionable economic stability because they have an inflation rate higher than 5%.

Unemployment Rate

Aside from Nigeria, these countries all have relatively low unemployment rates. However Bangladesh and Pakistan have a high underemployment rate, which is not categorized as

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Pakistan - 6.6% Brazil - 5.7% Nigeria - 23.9% Bangladesh - 5% United States -7.3%


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unemployment. Over 30% of the workforce in Bangladesh and Pakistan are working less than 30 hours a week and are making less than the minimum wage (Central Intelligence Agency).

Political System Introduction Pakistan’s government is organized in a way that would seem very familiar to any other modern western country. There is a centralized federal government but it also appears that there is great influence in the regional politics. Since the vast majority of Pakistan is Muslim it makes perfect sense that the regional and/or tribal structure throughout the country would heavily control federal elections. There are three branches of government that are elected from every five to six years. Pakistan has been relatively stable since its transition from being ruled by a military general post-coup era. Human rights, including voting and most criminal laws, are controlled so much by Islam beliefs that to us they might seem overly antiquated and restrictive (Central Intelligence Agency).

Government Type/Political Structure Pakistan is a federal republic. A federal republic is a government with a division of power between the national "federal" government and the government of the individual subdivisions. National issues such as national security and defense, monetary policy are controlled by the federal government where local issues like road maintenance and education policies are handled by the local officials. The federal government has control over most issues but not everything. Because the federal government doesn’t have total control, they are not a unitary republic (Federal Republic).

Branches of Government Pakistan seems to be set up similarly to our three branches—The Executive Branch, The Legislative Branch and the Judicial Branch. The Executive Branch is comprised of the President, also referred to as the Chief of State, the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet whose members are appointed by the President with the advice of the Prime Minster. The Legislative Branch is bicameral with a Senate and a National Assembly. The Senate has 104 seats while the National Assembly has 342 seats. One interesting fact is that in the National Assembly they designate a minimum number of seats to certain classes of people: 60 seats reserved for women and 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims. The Judicial Branch consists of the Pakistan Supreme Court, High Courts, Federal Shariats, and provincial lower courts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justices and 16 associate justices (Central Intelligence Agency).

Political Parties There are twenty-two political parties in Pakistan today. Many of those parties are very small and hold no significant influence in the country. Currently the Pakistan Muslim League holds the most seats in parliament with more than four times as many as the next party, the Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarians. As its name indicates, the ruling party is heavily influenced by Muslim beliefs and religious hierarchy. All the minority parties emphasize more liberal ideals of governance. But since 96% of the country declares itself to be Muslim even the minority parties appear to lean towards Muslim rule (Central Intelligence Agency).


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Leadership Chief of State: President Mamnoon Hussain

Head of government: Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif

Important Parliament Members: Minister of Defense – Khawaja Muhammad Asif : Minister of Foreign Affairs – Mohammad Nawaz Sharif : Minister of Law & Justice – Pervaiz Rashid : Minister of National Food Security & Research – Sikandar Hayat Khan Bosan : Minister of Religious Affairs – Sardar Muhammad Yousaf Zaman

Ambassador to the US: Jalil Abbas Jilani

Ambassador from the US: Ambassador Richard Olson

Stability of Government The president of Pakistan serves for a five year term. Most of the members of parliament serve six year terms. The prime minister is a member of parliament and is chosen from amongst the majority party. The last presidential election occurred in the fall of 2013 after many years of being ruled by General Musharraf. General Musharraf arrived to power through military coup in 1999. He is now being tried for his unlawful treatment of several citizen populations that he reportedly mistreated. Pakistan has been at the center of world politics for more than a decade since Al-Queda has been suspected of harboring its members within its borders (Central Intelligence Agency).

Legal System Pakistan uses a common law system with Islamic law influences.

Suffrage Pakistanis are able to vote at 18 years of age who have not been disqualified by the laws of the country, universal. Women and non-Muslims are allowed to run for positions in parliament and there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for them (Central Intelligence Agency).

Flag

(www.flagladyusa.com)

“The flag of Pakistan was officially adopted on August 14, 1947. The symbolic flag of

Pakistan uses white to represent non-Muslims within the country; green and white

combined represent peace and economic success; the white crescent represents future

progress, and the star is symbolic of knowledge”(Pakistan Flag and Description).

http://www.flagladyusa.com/


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Trade Laws Introduction Pakistan’s largest trade partner is the United States. Because of this relationship, Pakistan has very few trade restrictions, tarrifs or other service barriers to interrupt the free flow of commerce between the two countries. Where there are restrictions it usually seems to be for legitimate national security and/or strong Islamic religion beliefs. For the most part though, restrictions are limited to only certain specified industries. Tariffs or Taxes Pakistan’s overall tariff average with the United States is almost 15%. The highest tariff rate is 150%. Around 400 classes of nonessential and luxury products are taxed at the 35% range. These can include cosmetics, cigarettes, household appliances and luxury foods. Automobiles are taxed from 90% to 150%. In an effort to protect its own automobile part industry, Pakistan imposes taxes of 50% on any foreign imported part. The lowest tariffed products seem to be pharmaceutical drugs ever since the imposition of the Pakistan 1976 Drug Act because of the need for foreign made drugs (Foreign Trade). Trade Laws Service Barriers – Pakistan generally does not like to impose many barriers on foreign investment in the service industry. There is however a minimum investment requirement for all foreign companies wishing to offer services in the amount of $150,000. This applies to most sectors. Two service industries in particular, telecommunications and banking/insurance, have been deregulated to some extent, while still requiring strict rules as to the maximum amount which can be controlled by foreign groups. For example, in telecommunications, Pakistan really wanted to improve upon its telephone infrastructure to encourage investment in its internet and cellular technologies, so since 2003 it has issued 14 licenses to long distance companies, 84 licenses to regional companies, 93 licenses to wireless companies, and 199 internet service companies. With regards to banking, if a foreign bank wishes to do business in Pakistan, and it is not from one of the regionally approved countries, which the United States in not included, then the bank can hold no more than 49% of the shares in the bank. For insurance, Pakistan has the exclusive authority to underwrite all policies. If a private company wants to be insured by a foreign provider it can only insure up to 65% of its business through foreign insurance (Doing Business). Labeling and Marketing Requirements – Pakistan does not have a uniform system to label or market products. For the most part there are no restrictions or requirements. You can label and market products the way you like. There is an exception in certain industries. For example, there are requirements set by the Ministry of National Health Services on the pharmaceutical industry. This ensures that the end users will be protected from dangerous side effects without being warned. Also pesticides and other products that you can eat are regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture (Doing Business).


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Prohibited and Restricted Imports – Because Pakistan generally has an open trade policy and wants to encourage the free flow of products into and out of the country, it does not prohibit or restrict the import of many products into its country. There are some products however that really dangerous or against its national religious tendencies that lead to some restrictions. For example, Pakistan does not allow the import of arms or ammunition. This makes sense as you watch what has happened in Syria when arms get into the hands of groups opposing the government. Explosives and radioactive substances fall into the same category and are prohibited. Interesting that security printing for both currency and any kind of mint production are also prohibited. It seems like the country is worried about its money being reproduced at such a high level that counterfeiting needs to be protected against. Finally, importing alcoholic beverages is also prohibited because of the strong Muslim beliefs (Foreign Trade).

Population Introduction There are close to 200 million people living in Pakistan. Only 54.9% of the population can read and write. Less than half, 36.2%, of their people live in developed cities. Pakistan has a -2.6% migration rate meaning that more Pakistanis are leaving the country than foreigners are entering Pakistan. However, most of the indigenous Pakistanis never leave their villages, so the migration rate comes from urbanized children wishing to leave their home country.

Total Population There are currently 196,174,380 Pakistanis living on planet Earth.

Growth Rates

Pakistan has a population that is right in the middle of the numbers of Brazil and Nigeria. In Brazil, there is not much room to expand, whereas in Nigeria there is room to expand. Pakistan is at a good growth rate of 1.49% per year.

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Birth Rates

This data is determined from the amount of births/deaths for every 1,000 people. Once again, Pakistan is in between Brazil and Nigeria for their birth and death rates. Pakistan is more developed than Nigeria and has access to more modern medicine; Brazil is more developed and has better medicine resources than Pakistan.

Life Expectancy Rates

Pakistan is in the middle of Brazil and Nigeria, again. The average person in Pakistan is expected to live for 67 years. This is due, again, to the technological advanced in medicine that are present in each country. Nigeria is an extremely underdeveloped country compared to Brazil and Pakistan. Medicine is the key factor to life expectancy rate.

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Distribution of Population

There are more Pakistani men than women; however, women live longer. There is a high peak in the difference between men and women between the ages 25-54 because these are the prime child bearing years. Due to insufficient hospitals and medicine, women still die during child birth.

Most Populated Cities

Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad are all cities located in the Punjab province. Punjab is land locked and borders India. Most of Pakistan’s rivers run through Punjab and through many of these cities. Punjab has three distinct seasons: a hot summer, a rainy fall, and a cold winter. This is a desirable climate for many Pakistanis because in the northern provinces it is always cold and near the sea it is always humid. Because Punjab is bordered by India, it is a desirable place for many of the Pakistani Hindus.

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Diet and Nutrition Typical Meals Pork and alcohol are forbidden to consume for those who follow Islamic law. Instead, their main source of protein comes from other meats like beef, chicken, vegetables and fish. However, Pakistanis do not eat much meat. They also gather necessary protein from grains. The cooking style is very similar to Indian cuisine and the cuisine of South Asian countries. Pakistanis cook with a variety of spices. The style of cooking greatly varies between each region. In large cities, fast food is common (History and Food).

Meat Consumption per Capita (in kilograms)

(Information taken from ChartsBin)

As you can see, Pakistanis do not consume much meat. This is due to a highly vegetarian lifestyle. Both Nigeria and Bangladesh are relatively close in proximity to Pakistan, which explains the similar amount of meat consumption. However, Brazil is on the Western Hemisphere. Westerners tend to eat more meat because they are more developed countries.

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Percent of Children Underweight

Pakistan has a rate of about 31% children who are underweight, younger than the age of five. This rate is common in developing countries. This rate is extremely high compared to the rate of the United States: 1.3%. A low underweight percentage is common in developed nations.

Daily Calorie Intake per Capita

Pakistani adults consume 2,250 calories a day. Pakistan is lower than the other comparative countries because they consume less meat. Brazilians eat meat, rice, and beans, all of which have high caloric values. Bangladesh and Pakistan eat about the same amount of calories a day because their diets are similar: vegetables, noodles, rice, and lean meat. Pakistan compared to the United States caloric intake is extremely low. Citizens of the United States eat roughly 3,770 calories a day. The recommended caloric intake for adults is 2,500 calories a day. Pakistan is just below that value and the United States is well above.

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Housing and Communication Introduction Pakistan is a developing country, rich with diversity in living arrangements. In rural areas, electricity and common amenities have yet to be installed. Many mountain villagers live in simple one room clay huts. Very few rural dwellers own a car. In the city, houses can range from humble one bedroom flats to mansions that have seven rooms. Cars are driven in the city, and most families own one car. Rickshaws, or taxis, are a cheap form of transportation within the city and many take them to work.

Typical Housing Structures In urban areas, houses are generally composed of brick or cement blocks. Many have updated amenities and electricity. Slanted and flat roofs are common styles, although flat roofs are most common. Homes in Pakistan are not as spacious as American homes, however most have a kitchen, living room, family room, bathrooms, and two to three bedrooms. In more rural areas, the houses are far more conservative. A one room hut made out of mud or clay is the typical architecture on farms and in villages. Most do not have electricity or indoor plumbing.

Housing Statistics

In the average Pakistani house, there will be three people living in every one room. Compared to the United States, this is a high number. For every room in the United States, a half of a person lives. This interprets to more space in American homes than in Pakistani homes. Pakistani homes are much smaller than American houses (Persons per Room).

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Urbanization is the development of towns into cities and the expansion of the central working area as well as the population (Urbanization; Merriam-Webster). Pakistan is less than half urbanized. There are many mountain villages, deserts, and rural land.

Communications Pakistan has seen a large jump in electronic use, as it has become popularized around the world. It is ranked 9th in the world for cell-phone use with 125 million citizens owning and using a cell-phone. Landlines are declining in popularity, as is seen around the world. Only 5.803 million Pakistanis own a landline. Internet use in popular in Pakistan, with it’s ranking at 20th in the world. Over 20 million Pakistanis use the internet. Many cell-phones do not have internet like American phones do, which is reason to believe internet usage would be less than cell-phone usage. Media is government regulated in Pakistan, so there are strict controls on television and radio. There are five channels run by the Pakistan Television Corporation. There are 40 privately owned television networks, which are still monitored by the government. The 100 radio stations in Pakistan are limited to music and talk shows.

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Urbanization

Pakistan

India

Nicaragua

United States


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Transportation Overview Transportation in Pakistan is still developing. Many of the roadways and railways were constructed under the British Regime. Airports, seaports, highways, and motorways have been built since the independence of Pakistan (Transport in Pakistan). The recent development of these forms of transportation has helped create jobs for many citizens in urbanized areas. Because Pakistan is a developing country, the government has large plans to expand the forms of transportation, including different types of monorails. One of the most popular forms of transportation includes the auto rickshaw. Due to the issue of pollution, the government has tried to ban auto rickshaws, without success. These small tri-wheeled vehicles are common in most cities, in Pakistan. However, in more rural areas, Pakistanis still lack basic access to transportation. Few families own cars or motorized vehicles; even fewer have access to cars, due to the unpaved roads in more rural areas. Common forms of transportations include carts, donkey, horse, and biking.

Transport Analysis

In Pakistan 189,218 km, 117,574 miles, of the roads are paved while 73, 038 km, 45,383 miles, are unpaved (Field Listings: Roadways).

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100,000

200,000

Paved Unpaved

Transportation - Roadways (km)


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Railways contribute to 7,791 km, 4,841 miles, of transportation means (Field Listing: Railways). Currently there are no government acknowledged waterways, although there are plans to create transportation along the Indus River and Arabian Sea.

There are 151 airports in Pakistan, 108 paved and 43 unpaved (Field Listing: Airports). Pakistan has 11 ships: five bulk carrier, three cargo, and 3 petroleum tanker ships (Country Comparison: Merchant Marine).

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Transportation - Railways (km) and Waterways

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Transportation - Airports and Ships


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Labor Job Market and Availability In Pakistan anyone can apply for a job, but many jobs are obtained because of family ties. In most cases, the son will take over the family business, if he doesn’t pursue other interests. Tertiary rates are low in Pakistan, with only 10% of the population having gone to college (School Enrollment). That 10% comes from those living in urban areas. Family acquired businesses are typical in more rural parts of Pakistan because a low amount of people further their education in their interests. Starting at 16, Pakistanis can work. However, there are limitations from ages 16-18. Teenagers are not allowed to work in factories, mines, or other hazardous places (Child Labour and Pakistan). It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to have a job, but child labor isn’t completely uncommon in Pakistan. There are not heavy punishments for employers who employ children. Pakistanis value having personal relationships with those they work with. Employees and employers work hard, together, to make their relationships stable. This allows the employees to be open with their employers. There are very few strikes, due to the fact that employees have a lot of say in the rules and regulations of their work.

The work force of Pakistan is primarily composed of men. Women contribute, but they tend to work in agriculture and more domestic style jobs.

Industries The top three types of jobs that are in heavy demand in Pakistan include technologies/software programmers and designers, marketing and sales, and call center agents. Technology and software programmers require more schooling and training than marketers and call center employees; however it is the most in demand (Jobs in Pakistan). Industrial jobs can range from textile production to pharmaceutical packaging. Along the coastline there is a large fish industry. In the mountains there are tour guide companies.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

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50%

Women Men

Work Force


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Workday The typical work schedule is eight hours per day, seven days a week. Pakistanis roughly work 56 hours in a week (Working Hours and Holidays). Business is conducted during those seven days, Monday through Saturday. Most businesses will not be open on Sunday and is a day that is reserved for rest and family time. Depending on the setting of the workplace, employees will wear business suits or salwar kameezes. It is most common for employers and employees to wear salwar kemeezes. Corporate businesses who deal with Westerners will require employees to wear suits, but most businesses are not corporations. There are many holidays that are observed throughout all of Pakistan, due to the majority of Pakistan being Muslim. The longest of these holidays is Ramadan. Ramadan takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. The time frame will vary from year to year. Pakistanis will not take a whole month of work off; businesses will close at the end of Ramadan during the festival of Eid al-Fitr to celebrate their beliefs (Ramadan Information)

Education General Description Pakistan lacks in education. The government poorly funds the education sector or wastes the money on inadequate educational resources. Education is left to be handled by the province, rather than federal government officials. The literacy rates and enrollment rates are some of the worst in the world. Women and girls in Pakistan are the least important in terms of education and 2 out of 3 girls are not receiving a formal education at all. As a developing country, Pakistan is in an educational crisis (The State of Education in Pakistan).

Literacy Rates

Pakistan has a 54.9% literacy rate for their total population. The United States, Germany, and China are some of the top countries concerning the literacy rate. The United States spends 5.4% of their GDP on education, Germany spends 5.1% of their GDP on education, China spends an unknown amount of their GDP of education, and Pakistan spends 2.1% of their GDP on

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120.00%

Pakistan United States Germany China


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education. The more a country spends on education the higher the literacy rate (Central Intelligence Agency).

Enrollment Levels

Pakistan has a 36.6% secondary enrollment rate. This means that only 36.6% of youth are enrolled in high school. Compared to the 93.6% enrollment rate that the United States has, Pakistan is an undereducated country (Central Intelligence Agency).

Pakistan has a tertiary enrollment rate of 10%. This means that 10% of the citizens in Pakistan are enrolled in a university. Compared to the United States’ 95% enrollment rate, Pakistan lacks in comparison (Central Intelligence Agency).

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20.00%

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60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

Pakistan United States

Secondary Enrollment Rate

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10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

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100%

Pakistan United States

Tertiary Enrollment Rate


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Chosen Statistic – Years of Enrollment: Women

The enrollment years for women are substantially less than the United States, Germany, and China. Women are not given an equal opportunity to learn in Pakistan as women are given on a global scale (Central Intelligence Agency).

Evaluation Pakistan is a country that has put education on the backburner; however they are a growing, economically stable developing country. Growing countries tend to have good education plans but it’s not so for Pakistan. Education as a whole is terrible in Pakistan but the inequality in education with men and women is more horrific. Women are treated as second class citizens in regards to education, and most areas of life. The United States beats Pakistan by a large margin in all education categories.

Clothing

Business Attire In a formal business setting, like an office, men and women wear business suits in dark or neutral colors. Women don’t wear tight clothing, as it is immodest. Not all business is conducted in an office. Pakistanis tend to wear their best salwar kameezes when conducting business, if they own their own business (King).

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Pakistan United States Germany China


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Native BURQA – Burqa is an Arabian word that derives from the Persian word meaning curtain or veil. There are many teachings in the Qur’ran that speak of women covering their whole bodies, including their faces. Because Pakistan has a high Islamic population, women tend to wear Burqas. However, the popularity and necessity of women wearing Burqas has gone down, except in cities and areas near the Pakistan-Afghan border. The Burqa is a sign of modesty for

oneself and those around you. Women wear Burqas in public. Women are not required to wear

Burqas in the presence of male family members, a-sexual men, or homosexual men (Pakistan:

Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Casual SALWAR KAMEEZ – Salwar kameez are pajama like pants that are commonly worn by both men and women in Pakistan, young and old. They are typically part of school uniforms and are part of work uniforms. Salwar kameez are made from cotton or silk. Women’s salwar kameez tend to have intricate embroidery patterns; men’s salwar kameezes are plain (Pakistan: Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette).

Recreation and Leisure Pakistan is often in the news for Al-Qaeda activity and government corruption. The world has not yet capitalized on the many amazing aspects of Pakistan. For example, the world acclaimed sports, the breathtaking sights, and the Holi Festival are all notable features of the Pakistani culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan, although it is not one of the national sports. The game of Cricket is very similar to baseball. The field is between 100-160 yards long. There are two teams on the field, and each team has eleven players. All eleven players on the defense play in the field while two players from the offense go up to bat. There are three major


31

positions in Cricket: the Bowlers, the Batters, and the Fielders. The Bowler is the pitcher. When the batsman hits the ball he and the other player from his team run to the other side of the field. Each run is a point. If the Bowler hits one or all of the three stumps behind the batter, that is the end of that batters turn. Women and men are allowed to play Cricket (An Explanation of Cricket). Groups of mountaineers flock Pakistan every year to trek to the base of K2, the second highest mountain on earth. This is no leisurely activity. Locals from the Karakoram Range take foreigners on this 14 day summit, where limits are tested. Only 306 people have successfully summited K2 (K2 Calling). This hike is considered one of the most dangerous hikes with a death rate of 29/100. Only five women have successfully climbed K2 (Shared Summits). However, the breathtaking sites of this climb are well worth the work and danger. The sense of accomplishment to the few climbers who completed the hike is rare. Holi is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus. The Holi Festival signifies the victory of good over evil. It originally started in India, so Pakistanis follow most of the rituals and traditions that the Indians perform. During the festival people prepare special meals which include gujiyas, papri and dahi badas. Each of these dishes is a delicacy and are only eaten during the Holi Festival. The greatest Hindu populations in Pakistan are in the Lahore and Singh region. Many Hindus celebrate the Holi with family and friends in nearby temples. Another popular activity during the Holi is the color festival. People gather together and throw powdered colors onto one another near a temple.


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Basic entry and exit requirements if you’re entering Pakistan from the United States or if you’re leaving Pakistan and traveling to the United States.

Entry Exit

Passport – must be valid for at least 6 months beyond arrival date and have two blank pages

Tourist visa – visa violations can be treated as a criminal offense

Electronic copies of both passport and visa, in the case they are stolen

Vaccinations – not required but suggested

Visitor visa – must be interviewed is 14-79

Passport – must be valid 6 months beyond your stay

Nonimmigrant visa

Language Introduction The languages of Pakistan depend on region. Almost all Pakistanis speak English, and it is especially common for businessmen. Urdu is the national language. Each region speaks Urdu, with different dialects. Many Hindus who reside in Pakistan speak Hindi as well as Urdu. Hindi and Urdu are similar languages.

Official and National Language The official language of Pakistan is English; the national language of Pakistan is Urdu, “a mixture of Persian, Arabic, and various local languages” (The Language of Pakistan).

Dialects or Minor Languages All of the minor languages in Pakistan are derivatives of Urdu. Urdu and English are taught in school, but the languages spoken in the home are distinct in each province or the surrounding area.

Punjabi – spoken in the province of Punjab (The Languages of Pakistan)

Sindhi – spoken in the province of Sind (The Languages of Pakistan)

Pashtu – spoken in the North-West Frontier Province (The Languages of Pakistan)

Balochi – spoken in the province of Baluchistan (The Languages of Pakistan)


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World Languages

Listed above are the 10 most spoken languages around the world. The data is listed in millions. Mandarin Chinese is the most spoken in the world with over one billion speakers.

Top Most Influential Languages Mandarin – China equates for 1/7 of the world’s population. Mandarin is the most spoke

language in the world because there are so many native speakers. The increase of China’s influence in trade and business has caused a sudden demand for business men around the world to learn Mandarin.

Spanish – Spanish is the official language of 20 countries (Spanish Speaking Countries). It is the most common language offered in American high schools and is taught in most European countries.

English – English has been the language of business for hundreds of years, until the recent uproar in the Chinese market.

Hindi – Hinduism is one of the most practiced religions in the world. Naturally, many people would speak Hindi. Most of the countries in the Middle East speak Hindi.

Arabic – Arabic is a language that grows daily due to the influence of the Islamic religion. Similarly to Hindi, Arabic is spoken in countries of the Middle East.

Portuguese – Portuguese is most commonly spoken in Portugal and Brazil. Brazil is the largest country in South America and has the fastest growing population in South America.

Bengali – Bengali originates from Bangladesh. It is a fast-growing language in the surrounding countries as Bangladeshis branch out of their small country.

Russian – Russia is the largest country in area. It borders European, Asian, and Middle Eastern countries.

0

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1,000,000,000

1,500,000,000

2,000,000,000

2,500,000,000


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Japanese – For the little land area that Japan is composed of, it has a large population, which landed Japanese a spot on the top spoken languages.

Javanese – Javanese is spoken in Indonesia, one of the largest island based countries. It is the official and native language of Indonesia.

Religion General Description Islam is the primary religion of Pakistan. Those who follow the teachings of Islam are called Muslims. Their government is not a theocracy, but religion plays a large role in every aspect of society. Pakistanis have the right to religious freedom, but there are strict laws and punishments for anyone who openly defiles the Islamic prophet Muhammad or their sacred book, the Quran. The news is often filled with stories of Islamic extremists harming non-Muslims. The teachings of Islam do not promote violence. Not all Muslims are extremists and most are continually working to become one with Allah, also known as God (Islam).

Types of Religions

The most practiced religion in Pakistan is Muslim. The two most prominent sects of the Islamic religion in Pakistan are Sunni and Shi’a. In fact, Sunni and Shi’a are the most practiced denominations in the Islamic religion. Sunni is the most popular practiced Muslim sect; however, there are many more divisions in the Sunni sect than the Shi’a sect. The more radical, conservative groups are branches of the Sunni sect (Islam).

Sunni - 77%

Shi'a - 20%

Chrisitan, Hindu, and Parish - 3%

Muslim

Other


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Effects of Religion Religion plays a large role in the everyday lives of Pakistanis. Before sunrise, Muslims begin their day with a routine prayer. They perform the same prayer four additional times throughout the day: “in the middle of the day, in the afternoon, at sunset, and at night” (Stacey). Because 97% of the population is Muslim, work places allow time for the mid-day and afternoon prayer. Businesses also close down for the many religious holidays and festivals. The most significant effect religion has had on Pakistan is the dedication extremists have to jihad, the war or struggle against unbelievers. The extreme Muslims affect everyone in Pakistan. The conservative beliefs of these extremists promote a patriarch dominant society, limiting education, employment, and progress for women (Sadar).

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Recipes Punjabi Chicken in Thick Gravy (makes 8 servings) Ingredients

2 tablespoons vegetable oil

2 tablespoons ghee (clarified butter)

8 chicken legs, skin removed

1 teaspoon cumin seeds

1 onion, minced

5 cloves garlic, minced

2 tablespoons minced fresh ginger root

1 small tomato, coarsely chopped

1 tablespoon tomato paste

1 tablespoon garam masala

1 tablespoon ground turmeric

1 serrano chile pepper, seeded and minced

1 cup water

1/4 cup chopped fresh cilantro

Directions Heat the oil and ghee in a large pot over medium heat. Cook the cumin seeds in the oil until the seeds begin to change color. Add the onion; cook and stir until translucent, about 5 minutes. Stir in the garlic and ginger; cook until the onions brown, about 5 minutes. Stir in the tomato, tomato paste, garam masala, turmeric, serrano pepper, and water; cook another 5 minutes. Lay the chicken into the sauce; mix to coat the legs. Cover; reduce heat to medium-low; cook until chicken is no longer pink near the bone, about 40 minutes. Garnish with cilantro to serve.

Besan Ladoo (makes 10 Ladoo Balls) Ingredients

3/4 cup ghee (clarified butter)

2 cups chickpea flour (besan)

1/2 cup shredded sweetened coconut (optional)

3 tablespoons ground almonds

1/2 cup superfine (castor) sugar

1/2 teaspoon ground cardamom

Directions 1. Heat the ghee in a wok over low heat. Stir in the chickpea flour and cook over low heat until

the chickpea flour is toasted and the mixture smells fragrant, about 10 minutes. The mixture should be pasty, not powdery.

2. Remove the mixture from the heat and cool slightly until it is warm, not hot. Grind the coconut, if using, in a coffee grinder until fine. Add the ground almonds, superfine sugar, ground coconut, and ground cardamom to the wok and mix thoroughly.

3. While the mixture is warm, shape it into round balls that are about 1- to 1 1/4 inches in diameter. Store the ladoos in an airtight container and let them sit for 2 to 3 hours to cool completely. They can be eaten immediately, but taste better after several hours.

Rice Pudding Ingredients


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1/2 cup uncooked white rice

2 quarts milk

1 1/2 cups white sugar

4 pods cardamom

2 teaspoons rose water

1/4 cup finely chopped almonds

Directions 1. Place the rice in a small bowl and cover with water. Soak for one hour. 2. Drain the rice and place it in a large, heavy saucepan with the milk over low heat. Cook,

covered 50 minutes, stirring occasionally, until tender. Stir in sugar and cardamom and cook 20 minutes more.

3. Remove from the heat and stir in the rose water. Serve topped with almonds.

Curry Pasta (makes 4 servings) Ingredients

1/4 cup chickpea flour (besan)

4 red bell peppers, seeded and diced

3 fresh curry leaves

1 pound cubed skinless, boneless chicken

1 tablespoon ginger garlic paste

1 teaspoon ground turmeric

2 teaspoons hot paprika

1/4 cup water

1 (2 ounce) package coconut milk powder

1 cup water

1 (16 ounce) package spaghetti

3 green chile peppers, sliced into thin rings

1/2 cup chopped fresh cilantro

1 lemon, cut into thin slices


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Directions 1. Heat a small skillet over medium heat. Add the chickpea flour and cook, stirring frequently, until

the flour darkens slightly and smells fragrant, about five minutes. Remove the pan from the heat and pour the toasted chickpea flour into a bowl to cool.

2. Heat a nonstick skillet over medium-high heat. Add the red bell peppers and curry leaves and cook for 2 minutes, stirring constantly. Mix in the cubed chicken and cook, stirring frequently, until no longer pink, about 5 minutes. Stir in the ginger-garlic paste and fry for 30 seconds.

3. Combine the turmeric, cayenne pepper, and chickpea flour. Sprinkle the spice mixture over the chicken mixture and cook, stirring constantly, for 2 minutes. Pour in 1/4 cup of water to prevent the spices from sticking to the bottom of the pan. Dissolve the coconut powder in 1 cup of water. Pour it over the chicken mixture and reduce the heat to low. Stir the mixture occasionally while you prepare the pasta.

4. Fill a large pot with well-salted water and bring to a rolling boil over high heat. Once the water is boiling, stir in the spaghetti, and return to a boil. Cook the pasta uncovered, stirring occasionally, until the pasta has cooked through but is still firm to the bite, about 12 minutes. Drain well in a colander set in the sink.

5. Transfer the hot spaghetti to a serving bowl and pour the chicken mixture over the pasta. Garnish with sliced green chilies, cilantro, and lemon slices. All recipes found on allrecipes.com

Etiquette 1. Names (Pakistan: Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette) a. Pakistani names often denote a person's class, tribe, occupation, or other status indicator. b. It is best to ask a person how they wish to be addressed. c. First names are not commonly used unless speaking to a close friend.

2. Business meetings (Pakistan: Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette)

a. Appointments are necessary and should be made, in writing, 3 to 4 weeks in advance, although meetings with private companies can often be arranged with less notice.

b. The best time to schedule meetings is in the late morning or early afternoon because of the strict prayer schedule they follow.

c. Business meetings start after prolonged inquiries about health, family, etc. but one should never inquire about a colleague's wife or daughters.

3. Business cards (Pakistan: Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette) a. Business cards are exchanged after the initial introduction. b. Include any advanced university degrees or professional honors on your card because status

is a key factor in Pakistan. c. Business cards are exchanged using the right hand only or with two hands. d. Study any business cards you receive before putting it into your business card holder.


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4. Gift giving (Pakistan: Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette) a. Men should not give gifts to women. If a man must give a gift to a woman, he should say

that it is from his wife, mother, sister, or some other female relative. b. Do not give alcohol. c. Gifts are not opened when received. d. Gifts are given with two hands.

5. Negotiating (Pakistan: Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette) a. Pakistanis are highly skilled negotiators. b. Price is often a determining factor in closing a deal. c. Pakistanis strive for win-win outcomes. d. Maintain indirect eye contact while speaking. e. Pakistanis often become very emotional while negotiating and will revert to Urdu, the

national language, when they are heated.


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Country Selection Letter Emma Idiart BIS Inc. 655 North Third Central Point, OR 97502 Phone (541) 494-6300 International Market Research Specialist February 10, 2014 Dr. Johnny Allen Hendrix Human Resources Director BIS Inc. 845 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 Dear Dr. Hendrix: In our last meeting we discussed the possibility of expanding our non-profit sector to countries with increasing problems. Upon further research, three countries stood out: Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Thailand. These countries have problems that envelop what our company strives to erase. I would love the chance to improve the livelihood in these countries while expanding our company on a global scale. I hope to gain better knowledge on the problems these countries face by traveling to each country and interacting with their citizens and government officials. In Pakistan, only 12-16% of women are literate. The 12-16% comes from prosperous families who live in large cities. To have a successful life, one must be educated. The education of women will lead to a stronger economy and an optimistic future for future generations. After reading Three Cups of Tea by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin as well as I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban by Malala Yousafzai, the problems of education in Middle Eastern countries have been brought to my awareness. I am incredibly fortunate to live in a country where my education is free, and I am able to think for myself. I want to be able to give these opportunities to young girls and women in a safe environment. I intend to improve the quality of life for the women of Pakistan by building schools designed for young girls and women in rural cities and provinces. This will increase the literacy rate and quality of life. Raising awareness on the lack and inability women have to become educated is a key factor to change the situation for these women. I plan to travel to Pakistan to learn about the issues their government faces that prevent women from receiving an education. However, Pakistan is not the only country that has problems affecting the country as a whole. Bangladesh has the highest human trafficking rate in the world. Less than 10% of children are registered at birth, making it difficult to ensure basic human rights for these children. As they grow into adulthood, they go unnoticed. I intend to improve the conditions for the children, teenagers, and adults who are directly affected by this increasing problem, as well as increase prevention. Setting up multiple safe homes and organizing awareness lectures, both in Bangladesh and countries who are part of the UN, will help to eradicate the problem at hand. My passion to eliminate human trafficking from our globe is the reason I am also considering Bangladesh as a country to study. My last country to introduce is Thailand. A major problem Thailand faces is water quality. The water quality in Thailand is horrid and causes thousands of deaths per year from diseases contracted from drinking or using the water. Thailand has faced multiple droughts in the last decade due to irregular rain fall. I propose to improve the water quality and water supply by installing water sanitation houses, filtration plants, and large reservoirs in all urban and rural areas. Thailand is a country I am considering because my friend is serving a mission in Bangkok. I would be pleased to represent any of these countries and am appreciative for your time and consideration. Directing our focus to these countries would contribute to our world in a positive way. I look forward to hearing from you with your decision. I can be contacted via e-mail at [email protected]. Sincerely, Emma Idiart

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