Emissions from Philippine cook stoves, fuels, and meat grilling activities tested under a

wind-tunnel set-upMylene G. Cayetano1,3 and Colleen Marciel F. Rosales2

Mylene is a Balik (Returning) – Scientist Fellow of the Department of Science and Technology, currently minting her career as an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City. She had her stint as an Air Quality Specialist at Clean Air Asia, where she concentrates on local and international projects such as Dispersion modeling ofparticulate matter in Metro Manila, Air Quality programs for smaller cities, the Breathe Easy Jakarta and Air Quality Interventions project. Her work experience covers programs conducted in partnership with the U.S. Environment Protection Agency, the Asian Development Bank, Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the National Institute for Environmental Research, in South Korea, among other partner organizations. Mylene has over 12 years experience in the environment sector, having contributed her technical expertise in air quality research and monitoring through her chemistry and environmental science background. She has authored and co-authored in 46 papers for various scientific journals, technical reports and proceedings on environmental research and management. Email Address: mbgonzaga@gmail.com

I. INTRODUCTION Household pollution from solid fuels is the leading burden of disease in South Asia, #3 in South East Asia and ranked #4 globally. Lim, S., et al., 2012 | Lancet 2012; 380: 2224–60

Mylene.G. Cayetano Ph.D. mbgonzaga@gmail.com

Key Points on Air Pollution’s Global Continuum TIP Manila

GBD$2010:$outdoor$air$pollution$among$top$10$risks$worldwideRisk$factors$ranked$by$attributable$burden$of$disease,$2010

Global HighAincomeAsia$Pacific

East$Asia

Southeast$Asia

South$Asia

Central$Asia

High%blood%pressure 1 1 1 1 3 1Tobacco%smoking,%including%second8hand%smoke

2 2 2 2 2 3

Alcohol%use 3 3 6 6 8 2Household$air$pollution$from$solid$fuels

4 42 5 3 1 12

Diet%low%in%fruits 5 5 3 4 5 5High%body8mass%index 6 8 9 9 17 4High%fasting%plasma%glucose 7 7 8 5 7 7Childhood%underweight 8 39 38 13 4 25Ambient%particulate%matter%pollution

9 9 4 11 6 10Physical%inactivity%and%low% 10 4 10 8 11 9

Source:%Lim,%S.,%et%al.,%2012%|%Lancet'2012;%380:%2224–60

Air Pollution: Effects On Health Emissions from household cook stoves, fuels, meat grilling and efficiency of their use are neither monitored nor managed.

Area emission inventories in developing Asian cities generally account for biomass burning (kaingin). In most cases, emissions from household cooking are poorly accounted for in inventories due to the lack of local emission factors.

II. APPROACHSTEP 1. Test the cook stoves, fuels and simulate grilling activities in a wind tunnel set-up. Parameter:PM2.5 emissions Duration of burning: 1 hrAmount of fuel used: 1kg Number of trials: 8Apparatus: Air metrics® Minivol Sampler, PM2.5 size cut

Image source: Area emissions from Particulate matter. 2012 Emissions inventory data from Department of Environment and Natural Resources | Personal communication with DENR,2014

Hence, there is a need to:ü  generate information on emissions from

household pollution towards better protection of public health.

ü  assess the emissions of local cook stoves, fuel and cooking activity using scientific approach towards better management

ü  establish local emission factors of household air pollution from solid fuels for better emission estimates

TEST MATERIAL Emission Factor (Wind Tunnel) ,

kg PM2.5/kg fuel/yr

Emission Factor (Korat City, Thailand)*

Emission Factor, kg PM/kg fuel/yr (EMEP/EEA)**

Lechon Manok (Charcoal-roasted chicken)

1.2 x 10-2 + 0.003 1 x 10-1 --

Charcoal (Cement cookstove)

5.1 x 10-2 + 0.01 -- 2.0 x 10-2

Sawdust (Red lauan) 7.8 x 10-2 + 0.008 -- --

Fuelwood 6 x 10-2 + 0.06 -- 1.4 x 10-2

Kerosene(EF: kg PM2.5/L fuel)

1.6 x 10-1 + 0.03 -- 3.5 x 10-4

III. RESULTS

IV. SUMMARYü To address the gaps in air quality management in developing Asian cities, we conducted a research on household air pollution from cook stoves, fuels and meat grilling activities. ü A wind tunnel set-up has been designed and constructed to test cook stoves and fuel materials in order to develop local emission factorsü The local emission factors can be suggested to AQ managers for better emission estimates and reporting towards better public health protection.

COOKSTOVES and FUELS

Test material Units of EF (PM) Activity Data (AD)

Grilled chicken and other meat curing establishments

kg PM2.5/kg charcoal

mass of charcoal used

Household cooking(LPG, charcoal, kerosene, sawdust, fuelwood)

kg PM2.5/106 m3

LPGkg PM/kg fuel

mass of fuel consumed

ABOUT THE PRESENTER

EPSL WIND TUNNEL SET-UP#

S T E P 3 : C a l c u l a t e e m i s s i o n u s i n g t h e algorithm:

Notes:*Obtained without the use of a wind tunnel. Source: Suranaree University of Technology, 2012. Final Report: Emission Inventory of Major Air Pollutants in Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality (NRM). German International Cooperation (GIZ).**Source: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2009 Section 1.A.4. Table 3-6, 3-21

STEP 2: Gravimetric analysis of sampled filters

Cahn C-33 Microbalance(Fi l ter subjected to Electrostatic Remover)

#Patent application in progress

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSInternational Environmental Analysis and Education Center (IEAEC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology

“Determination of particulate and elemental emission factors from selected area and point sources in Metro Manila”

Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation through Clean Air Asia “Modelling Particulate Matter Dispersion in Metro Manila”

REFERENCESJenkins, et al., 1990. Development of Test Procedures to Determine the Emissions from open burning of Agricultural and Forestry Wastes. California Air Resource Board.Suranaree University of Technology, 2012. Final Report: Emission Inventory of Major Air Pollutants in Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality (NRM). German International Cooperation (GIZ).Cayetano, et al., 2013. Investigations of transported and local emissions on particle compositions in Korea. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2012.08.0218Kulkarni, P. Chellam, S., Flanagan, J.B., Jayanty, R.K.M. 2007. Microwave Digestion—ICP-MS for elemental analysis in ambient airborne fine particulate matter: Rare earth elements and validation using a filter borne fine particle certified reference material. Analytica Chimica Acta, 599, 170-176.

1,*Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 2Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City

3 Balik-Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City *corresponding author: mbgonzaga@gmail.com

ü  Regional Testing Center (RTC) for cook stoves and fuels in South East Asia:ü  short-lived climate

pollutants (SLCPs) i.e., black carbonü  trace elementsü  combustion gases

V. FUTURE DIRECTIONSü Elemental, PAHs analysis of sampled ilterü Look-up table for local emission factorsü Wind Tunnel Experiments for more area, point and Mobile Sources

•  Rice husk, construction materials, high grade coal, low grade coal, brownie, municipal solid waste, bunker oil•  Euro 2 and pre-Euro vehicles

A sample emission map for meat grilling activities in the National Capital Region, Philippines, showing the emissions contributed by meat grilling activities.

C e m e n t (charcoal)

Saw DustF u e l Wood

K e r o s e n e Cookstove

S a w d u s t cook stoves

F i l t e r s (PTFE)

TEST

ING

• Fernando Llano, Jr. (Fabricator, Institute of Chemistry)• Daryl Marc On (Mechanical Engineer)• Ivan Genelsa (Architect)

OBJECTIVE: Address the gaps in air quality management by testing local cook stoves, fuels and meat grilling to generate local emission factors that can be used for (1) better assessment of local emissions (2) better emission estimates (3) public health protection