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Emissions during Drilling, Production,

Storage and LPG Plant Operation

PRESENTED BY: Mazhar Ali Soomro (K-

13PG43)

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2Contents Emissions in different phases Drilling, Production, Storage and LPG Plant Operation Key Facts of Emissions in Drilling and Control Measures Types of Emissions and Effects Emission Reduction Techniques Factors affecting emissions

3Emissions Emission….?? Emissions are caused due to some reactions either on the surface or underground. Sometimes these emissions are harmful and dangerous to the environment and

create a pollute environment which further results in health problems.

4Emissions Associated with DrillingOil and gas drilling activities require equipment and materials to perform different operations. Generally, drilling involves the road construction and other infrastructure. The essential activities: Pad, Impoundment and Road Construction(truck traffic) Drilling Rigs Fracturing Flaring Condensate Tanks Compressor Stations Pipeline Leakage

5Explosions and Fires Explosion : due to the ignition of flammable gases or vapors. Emissions : well gases, vapors and hydrogen sulfide. Sources: Wells, trucks production equipment or surface equipment i.e. shale shakers and

tanks.

6Key Facts of Drilling Phase• Fracking Provides Many Opportunities For The Release Of Air Pollutants.

• Pipeline Leaks Are Main Contributor For Methane Emissions; Fracking Growing Contributor.

• EPA: Emissions From Drilling, Including Fracking, And Leaks From Transmission Pipes, Totaled 225 Million Metric Tons Of Carbon-Dioxide Equivalents During 2011, Second Only To Power Plants.

• Truck Emissions Carrying Materials To And From Sites Increase Air Pollution Around Fracking Operations.

• Increased Emissions Caused By More Fracking Could Speed Climate Change.

7Some Drilling Activities

8Emissions Likelihood Depends upon field characteristics, well depth, density and geological surrounding of

the producing formation. Venting releases methane and other hydrocarbons, including volatile organic

compounds and hazardous air pollutants. Methane has approximately 21 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide.

9Planning and PreventionEach company should have its own safety programme : Know the Hazard Establish ways/methods Provide PPE’s Communicate the hazards

10Emissions from Production facilities Oil and natural gas production facilities emit pollutants such as hazardous air

pollutants (HAPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). These pollutants can contribute to health problems that may affect facility employees and the community. While Federal, state, local, and Tribal regulations limit the amount of emissions from oil and natural gas production facilities, dangerous releases of HAPs can occur if an oil and natural gas production facility does not operate in compliance with regulations.

11Emissions during O&G Production

Oil and natural gas production emits benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) as well as n-hexane and VOC.

Benzene Exposure to benzene may cause

Irritation of the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract.Blisters on the skin.

Exposure to benzene over a long period of time may cause blood disorders, reproductive and developmental disorders, and cancer.

12Other Pollutants and EffectsEmissions Effects

Toluene Irritation of skin, respiratory tract, headaches

Ethyl Benzene Throat and eye irritation, chest constriction

Xylenes Irritation of the nose and throat, vomiting

N-Hexane Dizziness, giddiness, and headache

VOC’s Breathing difficulties (asthma)

13Emission Reduction Techniques

Make Connections Make a Plan Locate Resources Reward Facilities

14Emissions during Storage

15LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) A Clean Fuel. Mixture of Propane, Propylene, Butane and Butylene. Three Grades of LPG: Commercial grade propane Engine fuel-grade propane Commercial grade butane

16Emissions during LPG Plant Operation NOx, CO, Volatile Organic Compounds and SO2.Methane (CH4), CO2, and Nitrous oxide (N2O).

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are all produced during LPG combustion.

17Factors affecting emissions Burner design Burner Adjustment Boiler Operating Parameters, and flue gas venting Improper design, blocking and clogging of the flue vent, and insufficient combustion air result in improper combustion and the emission of

aldehydes, CO, hydrocarbons, and other organics.

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Thank U!!!For yours kind attention.