emf safety workshop - kara · emf safety workshop marnus van wyk emss consulting, south africa...
TRANSCRIPT
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EMF safety WorkshopMarnus van Wyk
EMSS Consulting, South Africa
Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016
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Aim
• Is this site safe?
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Aim
• Is this site safe?
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Aim
• Is this site safe?
• Maxwell’s Equations (from Wikipedia)
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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EMSS Overview
• Based in Stellenbosch, South Africa
• Focus on electromagnetics since 1994
• Products and services in the field of EMF Safety
– Ixus – Compliance Software
– fieldSENSE – personal RF safety meter
– Site assessment and certification
– EMF Measurements
– RF awareness training
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EMSS Overview
• Non EMF safety activities
– Radio Astronomy Karoo Array Telescope
– KAT 7
– Meerkat
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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Introduction to Electromagnetics
• RF Sources?TV
Microwave Ovens
Comms in Vehicles
Cellphones
Base StationsRadio
WiFi
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Introduction to Electromagnetics
1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100
Hz kHz MHz GHz THz
Radio frequency
radiation
AM
radio
FM
radio
Mobile
Phones
TV
Satellite
X rays Gamma rays
Ionising
radiation
Lasers
Non-ionising radiation Ionising radiation
Can Cause Cancer
Can Cause Heating
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Introduction to Electromagnetics
RF Exposure
Base Station
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Introduction to Electromagnetics
• Cellular communications
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Typical Cellphone Base stations
Introduction to Electromagnetics
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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Guidelines for Safe Exposure
• De facto standard for RF safety
• Endorsed by World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous other international health bodies
• Thousands of Research Studies (since 1950s)
• Intense periods of research: 1970s (Microwave
Oven), 1990s (Mobiles)
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Guidelines for Safe Exposure
• Network limits (124 ICNIRP, 11 FCC)
• Incl Kenya
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Guidelines for Safe Exposure
• Handset limits (147 ICNIRP, 19 FCC)
• Incl Kenya
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Guidelines for Safe Exposure
• Based on scientific research in the field, considering various outcomes.
• Protect against known possible negative health effects – Overheating at this frequency range
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
SA
R [
W/k
g]
Excessive Heating
Occupational Limit
General Public Limit
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Guidelines for Safe Exposure
• At mobile
frequencies:
– Basic restrictions
• SAR (W/kg)
• Energy absorbed
per unit mass
• Two tiers
• Details not covered
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
![Page 23: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Research and reviews
• WHO Fact sheet N°193• Reviewed October 2014
• “A large number of studies have been performed
over the last two decades to assess whether mobile
phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no
adverse health effects have been established as
being caused by mobile phone use.”
• This is the general conclusion reached by numerous international medical bodies
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Recent reviews
– SCENIHR 2015• Final opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), Scientific Committee on Emerging
and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), adopted on 27 January 2015.
– Swedish Radiation Safety Authority 2015• Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk – Tenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields,
Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority), March, 2015.
– New Zealand 2015• New Zealand Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-Ionising Fields: Report to Ministers 2015, Interagency
Committee on the Health Effects of Non ionising Fields, May 2015.
– ARPANZA 2014• Review of Radiofrequency Health Effects Research – Scientific Literature 2000-2012, Report by the ARPANSA
Radiofrequency Expert Panel, TR164, March 2014.
– Austria 2014• WBF Expertenforum 2014, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2014 (Austria).
– Belgium 2014• Téléphonie mobile et santé avec en point d’attention la 4G, Avis du Conseil supérieur de la Santé (CSS) [Superior
Health Council of Belgium], No. 8927, 1 October 2014. Published 16 December 2014.
– Canada 2014 • Review of Safety Code 6 (2013): Health Canada’s Safety Limits for Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields, An Expert Panel
Report prepared at the request of the Royal Society of Canada for Health Canada, April 2014.
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Current / future reviews
• WHO
– Thorough review of latest science
– WHO currently conducting a formal risk assessment
of all studied health outcomes from radiofrequency
fields exposure. Results expected soon.
• ICNIRP
– Workshop in Cape Town May 2016.
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Research and reviews : Research
• Further research:
• Long term health monitoring of a large group of people
so that we can identify if there are any health issues
linked to long term mobile phone use.
• Assess the potential link between the risk of brain
tumors and environmental risk factors, including use of
communication devices.
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Research and reviews
• Incidence rates
• From http://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/presentations/rf/RFWshop_Feychting.pdf
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Summary
What does all this mean?
• Science based guidelines exist for EMF
• Regular reviews of latest science by international bodies
• General consensus is that the guidelines are sufficient to protect us against known potential health risks.
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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Mobile phone networks
• First mobile phone?
• 1924?
• Analog 1970’s
• Digital 1990’s
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Mobile phone networks
• Which technologies are used in Kenya?
• Fairly “standardized” world wide
• GSM900 and DCS1800 (2G in 900 and 1800 MHz bands)
• UMTS900 (3G in 900 MHz band)
• LTE800 and LTE1800 (4G in 800 and 1800 MHz bands)1
• Microwave links for backhaul
• Wimax
• 1 Info from Safaricom
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Mobile phone networks
Making a call & Handovers
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Mobile phone networks
Handovers
• Mobile phone looks for best signal from base
station as mobile phone moves from cell to cell
• Complex handover scheme to ensure continuous
communication
Adaptive power control
• Transmit minimum power required for connection,
based on signal strength
• Advantages?
– Saves battery power
– Reduces interference
• Both directions
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
![Page 35: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Application to mobile phones and networks
• ICNIRP refresher
– Basic restrictions – to protect against known
negative health effects
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
SA
R [
W/k
g]
Excessive Heating
Occupational Limit
General Public Limit
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Application to mobile phones and networks
• At mobile
frequencies:
– Basic restrictions
• SAR (W/kg)
• Energy absorbed
per unit mass
• 2 Tiers
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Application to mobile phones and networks
• Show application to phones
• Show application to base stations
• Many technical details not covered
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
SA
R [
W/k
g]
Excessive Heating
Occupational Limit
General Public Limit
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Application to mobile phones
• Is your phone’s SAR below these levels?
• How is this measured?
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Application to mobile phones
• How is this measured?
• Reported value is “worst case”
– Multiple technologies
– Maximum transmit power (no Adaptive power control)
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Application to mobile networks
• At mobile frequencies:
– Basic restrictions
• SAR (W/kg)
• Energy absorbed per unit mass
• Not easily measured in field
– ICNIRP specifies “reference levels”
– Conservative approximation of Basic restrictions
– Can do computer simulation or measurement
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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Aim
• Is this site compliant?
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Antennas at a Base Station
• Various antennas at a BTS site
• They all transmit RF waves
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Antennas at a Base Station
• Example “exclusion zones”
• Yellow: ICNIRP General public
• Red: ICNIRP Occupational
• Dimensions affected by?
– Antenna characteristics
– Transmit power level
– etc
Side view
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Antennas at a Base Station: Panel (Typical)
Top view
Side view
8m18m
14m
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Antennas at a Base Station: Omni (Typical)
Top view
Side view2.2m
0.4m
2.8m
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Antennas at a Base Station
• Exclusion zones for typical site
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Aim
• Is this site compliant?
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Base station Compliance
• To answer that question:
• Determine the location of any EMF exclusion
zones
• Computer simulation
• Measurement
• Consider accessibility of such zones
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Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Computer simulation
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Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Computer simulation
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Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Computer simulation
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Administrative Controls
• Examples: Mast site
53
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Aim
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
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Aim
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
• Building occupants?
– Measures?
• Not sure, but not
easily accessible
![Page 56: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
![Page 57: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Aim
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
• Building occupants?
– Measures?
• Not sure, but not easily accessible
![Page 58: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
![Page 59: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
![Page 60: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Where is the closest site to our current
location?
• On rooftop
• In building?
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Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
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Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
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Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
![Page 64: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Exclusion zone and accessibility
• Is this site compliant?
– Zone?
– Accessibility?
– Measures?
![Page 65: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Summary
• Science based guidelines exist for EMF
• Regular reviews of latest science by international bodies
• General consensus is that the guidelines are sufficient to protect us against known potential health risks.
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Summary
• Applied these guidelines to mobile base
stations, considering
– Where is the Exclusion Zone?
– How Accessible is the Zone?
– Administrative Measures?
66
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
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Why EMF Measurements?
• Measure at publicly accessible areas around cellular
base stations
– Public concern
• Cellular exclusion zone determination
– Measurements normally not required or used to
determine compliance boundary
– Not covered here
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EMF Measurements
• Use Narda portable spectrum analyzer
• Follow established measurement procedure (IEC
62232, CENELEC, etc)
• Automated
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Measurement Methodology
• Example positions
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Measurement Methodology
• Example positions
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Measurement Methodology
• Example positions
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EMF Measurements
• Example positions
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Measurement Methodology
• Example positions
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Typical Results
• Example site: Report
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Typical Results
• “Mobile” Results (>200 000 measurements)
• Comparable to other international surveys
Ken H. Joyner et al. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2013;rpd.nct222
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Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
![Page 78: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Further reading
• http://www.who.int/peh-emf/
• www.emfexplained.info
• http://www.mobilemastinfo.com
![Page 79: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Content
• EMSS Overview
• Introduction to Electromagnetics
• EMF safety guidelines
• Latest research and reviews
• Introduction to mobile phone networks
• Applying guidelines to mobile phones and
networks
• Practical mobile phone network
compliance
• EMF measurements around mobile phone
base stations
• Sources for further reading
• Summary
![Page 80: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Summary
• Science based guidelines exist for EMF
• Regular reviews of latest science by international bodies
• General consensus is that the guidelines are sufficient to protect us against known potential health risks.
![Page 81: EMF safety Workshop - KARA · EMF safety Workshop Marnus van Wyk EMSS Consulting, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya, 19 August 2016. Aim ... Microwave Ovens Comms in Vehicles Cellphones](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070717/5edda8a9ad6a402d6668cfb5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Summary
• Applied these guidelines to mobile base
stations, considering
– Where is the Exclusion Zone?
– How Accessible is the Zone?
– Administrative Measures?
81
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Summary
• EMF measurements to inform public
• Results similar to rest of the world
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Conclusion
• Is this site safe?
– Covered EMF guidelines
– Applied to Mobile networks