embodiedenergyinelectro mechanical(installa6ons(of ... · embodiedenergyinelectro...

Embodied Energy in Electro-‐Mechanical Installa6ons of Hellenic

Dwellings Dimitrios Koubogiannis1, Costas Balaras2

[email protected]

1 Department of Energy Technology Engineering, Technological Educa<onal Ins<tute of Athens, Greece

2 Group Energy Conserva<on, Ins<tute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, Na<onal Observatory of Athens, Greece

EinB2014 -‐ 3rd Interna<onal Conference “ENERGY in BUILDINGS 2014”

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION •  Introduc6on •  Mo6va6on-‐Aim •  Categoriza6on

–  … of buildings –  … of building materials and equipment

•  The buildings – case studies •  Material Analysis

–  Methodology –  Examples –  Mass Analysis

•  Embodied Energy Analysis –  Materials’ Database –  Assump<ons –  Components’ Database

•  Results & Discussion •  Energy Es6ma6on for boiler manufacturing …

–  … as an example of item for Components’ Database

•  Conclusions –  Ongoing & future research –  Acknowledgments


2

INTRODUCTION •  Total Energy during life cycle of a building:

-‐ Opera6onal Energy (OE): energy consumed by the building during its opera<on (for hea<ng, cooling, ven<la<on ligh<ng and opera<on of various appliances and equipment). -‐ Embodied Energy (EE): energy consumed for the excava<on, machining, construc<on, transporta<on of the building materials and equipment, i.e. for manufacturing, transporta<on and disposal ac<vi<es.

•  -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐> D u r i n g b u i l d i n g l i f e c y c l e -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐>

Ini6al Stage (during building construc6on) q  Ini6al Embodied Energy (IEE)

ü  Indirect EE: extrac<on of materials and manufacturing (cradle to factory gate) ü  Direct EE: transport on-‐site (factory to construc<on site), on-‐site construc<on and

assembly

Opera6on stage (during building opera6on) q  Opera6onal Energy: hea<ng, cooling, ligh<ng, ven<la<on, appliances, equipment q  Recurring EE: refurbishment and maintenance

Final stage (building demoli6on) q  Embodied Energy: demoli<on, waste and disposal / recycling of materials

•  Companion concept: embodied emissions or Embodied CO2 (ECO2): the amount of CO2 emi]ed to the atmosphere due to the EE consump<on.


3

MOTIVATION -‐ AIM ü  Buildings are responsible for about the 40% of the total energy consump<on in Europe and about

a third of the total energy related CO2 emissions. ü  Main legisla<ve instrument: EPBD recast (2010/31/EC) on the energy performance of buildings.

Focus towards NZEBs by the end of the decade. •  Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB): a building that has a very high energy performance, while the

nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from RES (on-‐site or nearby).

•  Life Cycle Zero Energy Building (LC-‐ZEB): the building where the primary energy used in the building in opera<on plus the energy embodied within its cons<tuent materials and systems, including energy genera<ng ones, over the life cycle of the building is equal to or less than the energy produced by RES within the building over their life<me (Hernandez and Kenny, 2010).

Ø  Assess building energy consump<on and environmental impact during its life-‐cycle, instead of only its opera<onal period of <me.

Ø  Building Embodied Energy (EE) and Embodied CO2 (ECO2) become increasingly important data for the overall analysis. Such data could also be considered to assess future policies or various energy conserva<on measures implemented in exis<ng buildings.

AIM OF THIS WORK: To perform material analysis and es<mate the Ini6al Indirect EE of the basic electro-‐mechanical installa<ons of typical urban Hellenic residen<al buildings. (Hernandez, P. and P. Kenny. 2010. From net energy to zero energy buildings: Defining life cycle zero energy buildings (LC-‐ZEB). Energy and Buildings, 42: 815-‐821).


4

CATEGORIZATION ... OF BUILDINGS •  Building construc<on depends on type and use of

the building (e.g. residen<al, offices, hospitals, schools, hotels), as well as on the clima<c zone it belongs to (4 zones in Greece: A, B, C, D).

•  Hellenic residen6al building typologies are categorized according to their date of construc<on in the following periods (Dascalaki et al. 2011) : (a) pre-‐1980, (b) during 1981-‐2000, (c) during 2001-‐2010 and (d) aier 2010 that marks the EPBD implementa<on in Greece (Dascalaki et al. 2012).

... OF BUILDING MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT •  Construc6on Materials (CM) set mainly consis<ng

of subsets of either finished products or raw materials (materials for bearing the structure, masonry–coa<ngs, flooring, integra<on and insula<on, heat protec<on, waterproof, soundproof, etc).

•  Electro-‐Mechanical Installa6ons (EMI) set generally consis<ng of materials and equipment for space hea<ng, hydraulic and hot water network, cooling, ven<la<on, fire protec<on, electrical and ligh<ng installa<ons, automa<on systems.


5

Dascalaki, E.G., Droutsa, K.G., Balaras, C.A. and S. Kontoyiannidis. 2011. Building Typologies as a Tool for Assessing the Energy Performance of ResidenSal Buildings – A Case Study for the Hellenic Building Stock, Energy & Buildings, 43(12): 3400-‐3409. Dascalaki, E.G., Balaras, C.A., Gaglia, A.G., Droutsa, K.G. and S. Kontoyiannidis. 2012. Energy Performance of Buildings -‐ EPBD in Greece, Energy Policy, 45: 469–477.

THE BUILDINGS – CASE STUDIES •  Two representa<ve buildings were selected, a Single-‐Family Dwelling (SFD) and a

Mul<-‐Family Dwelling (MFD), constructed aier 2000 and located in clima<c zone B (Koubogiannis et al. 2013 and 2014).

•  Both buildings have a single-‐pipe hydronic central hea<ng system connected to room space radiators. MFD: 3-‐story building, each floor being an apartment, with ground floor and a

basement, having a total floor area of 435.6 m2. Natural gas steel boiler of 34.8 kW connected to the city natural gas network.

SFD: 2-‐story building (mezone]e), with a total floor area of 152 m2. Oil-‐fired cast-‐iron boiler with a hea<ng capacity of 26.7 kW coupled to a metallic oil tank.

•  For domes<c hot water produc<on, both buildings include triple-‐energy hot water storage tanks (that use either central hea<ng system or solar power or electricity).

•  An energy audit was performed in both buildings. The corresponding technical reports, drawings and detailed data concerning EMI were released by two different professional engineering offices.

Koubogiannis, D.G, Daskalaki A. and C.A. Balaras. 2013. A contribuSon to Building Lifecycle Analysis: Embodied energy analysis of mechanical installaSons for a typical urban Greek dwelling. 3rd InternaSonal Exergy, Life Cycle Assessment, and Sustainability Workshop & Symposium (ELCAS3), 7-‐9 July, Nisyros–Greece.

Koubogiannis, D.G., Lavoutas A., Lekkas A. and C.A. Balaras. 2014. EsSmaSon of Embodied CO2 in Electro-‐Mechanical InstallaSons for an Urban Hellenic Dwelling. InternaSonal Conference on Buildings Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources 2014 (BEE RES 2014), 1-‐3 June, Kozani–Greece.


6

MATERIAL ANALYSIS (METHODOLOGY)

•  Cascading concept was followed: Set à Groups à Item Analysis

•  Item Analysis: Items à sub-‐items à sub-‐sub-‐items à … à basic items (bitems) à cons<tu<ve single materials

•  EMI Set was divided into 4 Groups:

1.   Space Hea6ng (SH) (boiler, oil burner, fuel tank, flue gas exhaust, pump, radiators, pipe network, expansion tank, valves, and other components like magnesium anode, thermostats, deaerators, etc).

2.   Hydraulic and Hot Water (HHW) (solar collectors, hot water storage tank, support base, various fiqngs and accessories, hot water pipe network).

3.   Air Condi6oning (AC) (split unit heat pumps, evaporator, fan, motor, support materials, condenser, compressor, fan, motor, four-‐way valve, connec<ng pipes, support and drainage materials).

4.   Electrical (EL) (control panels, cables, pipes and wall plugs for SH, for HW and for the ligh<ng network).

•  Material analysis is described by the sequence: EMI à Groups (SH, HW, AC, EL) à Items (e.g. boiler, radiators, etc) à sub-‐items à (e.g. burner breakdown) à … à bitems à cons<tu<ve single materials (steel, iron, copper, aluminum, glass, etc).

•  Mass analysis: (a) weigh<ng of individual components, (b) obtained by the manufacturer manuals and commercial leaflets (accessed on the internet or by personal communica<on), (c) [Mass]=[Volume]*[material-‐density], where volume was es<mated using data extracted from technical reports and drawings (e.g. floor plans were used to determine the length of piping) (d) logical engineering assump<ons and es<ma<ons whenever needed.


7

MATERIAL ANALYSIS (EXAMPLES)


8

EMBODIED ENERGY ANALYSIS •  Ini<al Embodied Energy [MJ]= mass [kg] * EE coefficient [MJ/kg] •  MATERIALS’ DATABASE: … EE coefficients … to account for the extrac<on and

manufacturing of materials (e.g. of 1 kg of aluminum). No naSonal database! •  Available databases in the literature. EE coefficients are na<onally dependent. •  UK database (Hammond and Jones, 2008) was used herein: Aluminium has the higher

EE coefficient, the “synthe<c” materials (PP, rubber, …, PEF) have high EE values, while copper, brass, …, glass have rela<vely lower EE values.

•  COMPONENTS’ DATABASE: EE values … to account for the manufacturing of components (e.g. of a boiler). Not exisSng!


9

Hammond, G.P and C.I. Jones. 2008. Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) Version 1.6a. Sustainable Energy Research Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath. Available from: hgp://per igordvacance. typepad.com/files/inventoryofcarbonandenergy.pdf (accessed on 27/03/2014).

RESULTS-‐1


10

RESULTS-‐2


11

RESULTS-‐3


12

RESULTS-‐4


13


14

RESULTS-‐5

ENERGY ESTIMATION FOR BOILER MANUFACTURING


15


16

EE OF BOILER-‐BURNER SET

AN INDICATIVE APPLICATION OF THE PRESENT RESULTS ... •  Assessment of energy conserva<on measures, e.g. the replacement of an oil-‐fired boiler in old SFD

central hea6ng installa6on with a new units. •  Such a replacement would result to 17% annual opera<onal thermal energy savings for the en<re

Hellenic SFD stock, which results to an es<ma<on of about 19.6 kWh/m2 annual energy savings per SFD (Balaras et al. 2007).

•  According to the present study the EE of the SFD boiler-‐burner set is 11.8kWh/m2. The total EE involved in the replacement is doubled (to account for both old-‐unit-‐output/new-‐unit-‐input) EErepl=23.6 kWh/m2. Thus, the opera6onal energy savings would compensate EErepl in about 14.5 months (or about over two hea<ng seasons) (ENERGY PAYBACK TIME).

Balaras, C.A., Gaglia A.G., Georgopoulou E., Mirasgedis S., Sarafidis Y. and D.P. Lalas. 2007. European residenSal buildings and empirical assessment of the Hellenic building stock, energy consumpSon, emissions and potenSal energy savings, Building and Environment, 42: 1298–1314.

CONCLUSIONS ü  Proposed-‐Applied a methodology for material & EE analysis for SFD/MFD

electromechanical installa<ons ü  Ini<ated a process for deriving prac<cal benchmark values

Ø  Prevailing materials in terms of mass are generally the same, but normalized material quan<<es have different values for the two inves<gated building typologies (SFD and MFD).

Ø  EE values (using interna<onal databases), provide ini<al guidance: •  For life cycle assessment evalua<on of buildings •  For assessing common energy conserva<on measures (e.g. the annual opera<onal energy

savings due to the replacement of oil-‐fired boilers with more energy efficient units would account for EE in rela<vely short <me frames).

ONGOING & FUTURE RESEARCH •  Repeat & extend current analysis for a number of different Hellenic building

typologies •  Calculate EE for manufacturing major EMI items (e.g. different types of boilers) •  Address relevant issues for building construc<on materials

•  Long-‐term goal: Derive suitable benchmarks in order to facilitate the development of a Hellenic database for EE or ECO2


17


18

Embodied Energy in Electro-‐Mechanical Installa6ons of Hellenic Dwellings

Dimitrios Koubogiannis [email protected]

embodiedenergyinelectro mechanical(installa6ons(of ... · embodiedenergyinelectro...

Documents