eleventh edition the western heritage, since 1300
TRANSCRIPT
Eleventh Edition
THE WESTERN HERITAGE, SINCE 1300
Revised AP® Edi ti on
Donald Kagan YALE UNIVERSITY
Steven Ozment HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Frank M. Turner YALE LJ NIVER SI TY
Alison Frank HARVARD UNIVERSITY
PEARSON
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York Hoboken San Francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City
Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
BRIEF CONTENTS PART1 Europe in Transition, 1300-1750
1 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300-1453) 2 Renaissance and Discovery 3 The Age of Reformation 4 The Age of Religious Wars 5 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 6 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 7 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century 8 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
PART2 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700-1850
9 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought 10 The French Revolution 11 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism 12 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832) 13 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830-1850)
PART3 Toward the Modern World, 1850-1939
14 The Age of Nation-States 15 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I 16 The Birth of Modern European Thought 17 The Age of Western Imperialism 18 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace 19 The lnterwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
PART4 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939-2012
20 World War II 21 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe 22 Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
35 59 96
134 167 202 236 272
311 353 392 428 462
509 541 580 614 663 703
743 785 833
v
Viii • CONTENTS
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
The Portuguese Chart the Course The Spanish Voyages of Columbus The Spanish Empire in the New World The Church in Spanish America The Economy of Exploitation Mining The Impact on Europe
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Renaissance Garden
A Closer Gm LEONARDO PLOTS THE PERFECT MAN
COMPARE
c 0AN~ Pc, Is the "Renaissance Man" a Myth?
3 The Age of Reformation
Society and Religion Social and Political Conflict Popular Religious Movements and
Criticism of the Church
Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525
The Attack on Indulgences Election of Charles V Luther's Excommunication and the Diet
of Worms Imperial Distractions: War with France
and the Turks How the Reformation Spread The Peasants' Revolt
The Reformation Elsewhere Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation Anabaptists and Radical Protestants [ohn Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
The Diet of Augsburg The Expansion of the Reformation Reaction Against Protestants The Peace of Augsburg
The English Reformation to 1553 The Preconditions of Reform The King's Affair The "Reformation Parliament" Wives of Henry VIII The King's Religious Conservatism The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI
87 87 89 90 91 92 92 93
94
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95
65
69
70
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97 97
98
100 101 102
103
104 104 105
105 106 110 112
115 115 116 116 116
117 117 117 118 119 119 119
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation Sources of Catholic Reform Ignatius of Loyola and the fesuits The Council of Trent (1545-1563}
The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions
·The Reformation and Education The Reformation and the Changing Role
of Women
Family Life in Early Modern Europe Later Marriages Arranged Marriages Family Size Birth Control Wet Nursing Loving Families!
Literary Imagination in Transition Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Re;ection
of Idealism William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
A Closer ~ • • A SAINT AT PEACE IN THE GRASP OF TEMPTATION
c o M PA • E A Raw Deal for the Common Man AND I
c 0 N N E c r or Just Desserts?
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Table Manners
4 The Age of Religious Wars
Renewed Religious Struggle
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Appeal of Calvinism Catherine de Medicis and the Guises The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre The Edict of Nantes
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556-1598) Pillars of Spanish Power The Revolt in the Netherlands
England and Spain (1553-1603) Mary I (r. 1553-1558) Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603}
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) Preconditions for War Four Periods of War The Treaty of Westphalia
120 120 121 121
123
124 125
126
127 127 128 128 128 128 128
130
130 131
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136 138 138 140 142
143 143 145
149 149 152
156 156 159 163
In Perspective Key Terms
Review Questions
A Closer .. BAROQUE AND PLAIN CHURCH: ARCHITECTURAL REFLECTIONS
165
166
166
OF BELIEF 137
co M PA a• The Great Debate Over AND
co N N r c' Religious Tolerance 150
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Going t o the Theater 154
5 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline Urban Prosperity Economic Decline
Two Models of European Political Development
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
fames I Charles 1 The Long Parliament and Civil War Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy The "Glorious Revolution" The Age of Walpole
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XN
Years of Personal Rule Versailles King by Divine Right Louis's Early Wars Louis's Repressive Religious Policies Louis's Later Wars France After Louis XIV
Central and Eastern Europe Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic
Sanction Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
Russia Enters the European Political Arena The Romanov Dynasty Peter the Great Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great
Northern War
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
167
168 169 169
170
171 171 171 174 175 175 177 178
179 179 180 180 182 183 187 187
190 191
191 193
196 196 196
197
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201
C ONTENTS • ix
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Early Controversy Over Tobacco and Smoking
A Closer ~, .... VERSAILLES
co M p A a r The Debate over the Origin and AND • • •
c o N N r c ' Character of Political Authority
6 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
The Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an
173
181
184
202
203
Earth-Centered Universe 204 Tycho Brahe and f ohannes Kepler Make
New Scientific Observations 205 Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe
of Mathematical Laws 206 Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation 207
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science 208 Nature as Mechanism 208 Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method 209 Rene Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction 211 Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute
Government 212 f ohn Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty
and Toleration 213
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge 215
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution 218
The New Science and Religious Faith 221 The Case of Galileo 221 Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith 224 The English Approach to Science and Religion 227
Continuing Superstition 227 Witch Hunts and Panic 228 Village Origins 228 Influence of the Clergy 228 Who Were the Witches! 229 End of the Witch Hunts 232
Baroque Art 232
In Perspective 234
Key Terms 234
Review Questions 235
A Closer ti»1°i0 IM THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS 21 7
co M PA a r Descartes and Swift Debate AND h s · .f. . c o N N r c ' t e c1ent1 1c Enterprise
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Midwives
222
231
X • CONTENTS
7 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime Maintenance of Tradition Hierarchy and Privilege
The Aristocracy Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege Aristocratic Resurgence
The Land and Its Tillers Peasants and Serfs Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside:
The English Game Laws
Family Structures and the Family Economy Households The Family Economy Women and the Family Economy Children and the World of the Family Economy
The Revolution in Agriculture New Crops and New Methods Expansion of the Population
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
A Revolution in Consumption Industrial Leadership of Great Britain New Methods of Textile Production The Steam Engine Iron Production The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial
Revolutions on Working Women
The Growth of Cities Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization Urban Classes The Urban Riot
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
A Closer 11>-J!m AN ARISTOCRATIC COUPLE
c 0AN aDa 1 Two Eighteenth-Century Writers c o " " 1 c ' Contemplate the Effects of Different
236
237 237 238
238 238 241
241 241
243
244 244 246 247 248
249 249 251
254 254 256 256 258 259
260
263 263 264 267
268
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271
271
240
Economic Structures 252
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Water, Washing, and Bathing 266
8 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion 272
Periods of European Overseas Empires 273
Mercantile Empires 2 7 4 Mercantilist Goals 275 French-British Rivalry 276
The Spanish Colonial System 2 77 Colonial Government 277 Trade Regulation 277 Colonial Reform under the Spanish
Bourbon Monarchs 277
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy 278
The African Presence in the Americas 281 Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy 283 The Experience of Slavery 286
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars 291 The War of [enkins's Ear 291 The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748} 291 The "Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756 292 The Seven Years ' War (1756-1763) 293
The American Revolution and Europe 295 Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue 295 The Crisis and Independence 296 American Political Ideas 297 Events in Great Britain 298 Broader Impact of the American Revolution 300
In Perspective 301
Key Terms 302
Review Questions 302
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Sugar Enters the Western Diet
A Closenas:m A SUGAR PLANTATION IN THE WEST INDIES
COMPARE
c 0A"~ Pc, The Atlantic Passage
284
285
288
THE WEST '-' THE WORLD The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture 303
Part 1 AP® Test Prep 306
PART2 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700-1850
9 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought 311
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment 312 The Emergence of a Print Culture 313
The Philosophes 315 Philosophes and Patrons 316
The Enlightenment and Religion 318 Deism 319 Toleration 319 Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity 320 The Limits of Toleration 321 The [ewish Enlightenment 323
The Enlightenment and Society 324 The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic
Improvement 324 Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law 325 The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom 325 Adam Smith on Economic Growth
and Social Progress 325
Political Thought of the Philosophes 327 Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws 328 Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society 328 Enlightened Critics of European Empires 331
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment 333
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art 336
Enlightened Absolutism 339 Frederick the Great of Prussia 342 foseph II of Austria 343 Catherine the Great of Russia 345 The Partitions of Poland 349 The End of the Eighteenth Century
in Central and Eastern Europe 350
In Perspective 351
Key Terms 351
Review Questions
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Coffeehouses and Enlightenment
A Closer lJJI] • • AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ARTIST APPEALS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD
c o M "A • 1 Maria Theresa and Joseph II AND . .
co N N • c T of Austria Debate Toleration
10 The French Revolution
The Crisis of the French Monarchy The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes Necker's Report Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly
of Notables Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General
The Revolution of 1789 The Estates General Becomes
the National Assembly Fall of the Bastille The "Great Fear" and the Night of August 4 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen The Parisian Women 's March on Versailles
The Reconstruction of France Political Reorganization Economic Policy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy Counterrevolutionary Activity
351
317
340
346
353
354 354 355
356 356
357
357 360 361 362 364
365 366 367 370 372
CONTENTS • Xi
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution 373 Emergence of the facobins 373 The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes 374
Europe at War with the Revolution 376 Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution 376 Suppression of Reform in Britain 377 The Second and Third Partitions of Poland,
1793, 1795 377
The Reign of Terror 3 79 War with Europe 379 The Republic Defended 379 The "Republic of Virtue" and Robespierre's
fustification of Terror 382 Repression of the Society of Revolutionary
Republican Women 383 De-Christianization 383 Revolutionary Tribunals 384 The End of the Terror 384
The Thermidorian Reaction 385 Establishment of the Directory 388 Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life 388
In Perspective 390
Key Terms 391
Review Questions 391
A Closer lli»Dm CHALLENGING THE FRENCH POLITICAL ORDER
c oAM ND• 1 The Declaration of the Rights of Man c o N N • c T and Citizen Opens the Door for
Disadvantaged Groups to Demand
363
Equal Civic Rights 368
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Metric System 371
11 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism 392
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte 393 Early Military Victories 393 The Constitution of the Year VIII 394
The Consulate in France (1799-1804) 394 Suppressing Foreign Enemies and
Domestic Opposition 395 Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church 395 The Napoleonic Code 397 Establishing a Dynasty 397
The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) 397
Napoleon's Empire (1804-1814) 398 Conquering an Empire 400 The Continental System 401
European Response to the Empire 402 German Nationalism and Prussian Reform 403 The Wars of Liberation 405
xii • CONTENTS
The Invasion of Russia European Coalition
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement
Territorial Adjustments The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance
The Romantic Movement
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason
Rousseau and Education Kant and Reason
Romantic Literature English Romantic Writers The German Romantic Writers
Romantic Art The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism Nature and the Sublime
Religion in the Romantic Period Methodism New Directions in Continental Religion
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History Herder and Culture Hegel and History Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
A Closer~mm THE CORONATION OF NAPOLEON
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Sailors and Canned Food
c o M Pa • 1 The Experience of War in the AND
c 0 N N 1 c T Napoleonic Age
12 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)
The Conservative Order The Congress System The Domestic Political Order Conservative Outlooks
The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism Nationalism Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism Classical Economics Relationship of Liberalism to Nationalism
Conservative Restoration in Europe Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted
in Austria and the Germanies Postwar Repression in Great Britain
406 410
410 410 411
414
414 415 415
415 416 418
419 420 421
422 422 422
423 423 423 424
426 427
427
399
404
408
428
429 429 429 430
431 431 433 438 439
439
439 444
Bourbon Restoration in France The Spanish Revolution of 1820
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 Revolution in France (1830) Belgium Becomes Independent (1830) The Great Reform Bill in Britain {1832)
The Wars of Independence in Latin America Wars of Independence on the South American
Continent Independence in New Spain Brazilian Independence
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
co MP a• 1 Mazzini and Lord Acton Debate the AND
co N N 1 c T Political Principles of Nationalism
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Gymnastics and German Nationalism
A Closer 1Jiio>21D AN UNSUCCESSFUL MILITARY COUP IN RUSSIA
13 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830-1850)
Toward an Industrial Society Population and Migration Railways
The Labor Force The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force Working-Class Political Action: The Example
of British Chartism
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution The Family in the Early Factory System
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment Changing Expectations in the
Working-Class Marriage
Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty New Police Forces Prison Reform Government Policies Based on Classical
Economics
Early Socialism Utopian Socialism Anarchism Marxism
1848: Year of Revolutions France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted
445 446
447 447 449 452 454 454
456
457 459 460
460 461
461
434
442
450
462
463 463 464
467 467
470
471 471
474 474
475
477 478 479
480
481 481 483 484
486 488 491
Italy: Republicanism Defeated 493 The German Confederation: Liberalism Frustrated 495
In Perspective 497 Key Terms 497 Review Questions
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland
c oAMN AD• 1 Andrew Ure and John Ruskin Debate c o " " 1 c ' the Conditions of Factory Production
A Closer ~"·'·'* THE GREAT EXHIBITION
THE WEST
IN LONDON
THE WORLD The Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy
Part 2 AP® Test Prep
PART3 Toward the Modern World, 1850-1939
14 The Age of Nation-States
The Crimean War (1853-1856) Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
Italian Unification Romantic Republicans Cavour's Policy The New Italian State
German Unification Bismarck The Franco-Prussian War and the German
Empire {1870-1871)
France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
The Paris Commune The Third Republic
The Habsburg Empire Formation of the Dual Monarchy Unrest of Nationalities
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings
Reforms of Alexander II Revolutionaries
Great Britain: Toward Democracy The Second Reform Act {1867) Gladstone's Great Ministry {1868-1874} Disraeli in Office {1874-1880} The Irish Question
497
466
468
473
498
504
509
510 511
512 515 515 515 518
519 522
524
526 526 527
527 529 530
531 532 533
534 534 536 536 538
CONTENTS • Xiii
In Perspective
Key Term
Review Questions
A Closer .., •• I.I. THE SUEZ CANAL
c oAMNAD• 1 Nineteenth-Century Nationalism: c o " " E c ' Two Sides
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Arrival of Penny Postage
15 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I
Population Trends and Migration
The Second Industrial Revolution New Industries Economic Difficulties
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy Social Distinctions within the Middle
Classes
Late Nineteenth-Century Urban Life The Redesign of Cities Urban Sanitation Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values
Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences
Women's Social Disabilities New Employment Patterns for Women Working-Class Women Poverty and Prostitution Women of the Middle Class The Rise of Political Feminism
Jewish Emancipation Differing Degrees of Citizenship Broadened Opportunities
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Trade Unionism Democracy and Political Parties Karl Marx and the First International Great Britain: Fabianism and Early
Welfare Programs France: "Opportunism" Rejected Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth
of Bolshevism
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
539 539 540
513
520
537
541
542 543 544 545
546
546
547 549 551 554
555 555 557 558 559 559 562
564 564 564
566 566 567 567
568 569 570
571
578 579 579
xiv • CONTENTS
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport
co M PA• 1 Bernstein and Lenin Debate the A N D T . f E S . 1· c o N N 1 c ' act1cs o uropean oc1a ism
A Closer@!.I·'' BLOODY SUNDAY, ST. PETERSBURG, 1905
16 The Birth of Modern European Thought
The New Reading Public Advances in Primary Education Reading Material for the Mass Audience
Science at Midcentury Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science New Theories of Evolution: Lamarck, Lyell,
Darwin, Wallace Science and Ethics: Social Darwinism
Christianity and the Church Under Siege Intellectual Skepticism Conflict Between Church and State Areas of Religious Revival The Roman Catholic Church
and the Modern World Islam and Late Nineteenth-Century
European Thought
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind Science: The Revolution in Physics Literature: Realism and Naturalism Modernism in Literature The Coming of Modern Art Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against
Reason The Birth of Psychoanalysis Retreat from Rationalism in Politics Racism Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism
Women and Modem Thought Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought New Directions in Feminism
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Birth of Science Fiction
COMPARE
c 0\~ Pc, The Debate over Social Darwinism
A Closer ~am POPULAR RELIGION AND PILGRIMAGE
548
574
577
580
581 581 581
582 582
582 584
585 585 588 589
589
590
592 592 594 595 596
600 601 602 603 604
608 608 609
612 612 613
583
586
591
17 The Age of Western Imperialism
The Close of the Age of Early Modem Colonization
The Age of British Imperial Dominance The Imperialism of Free Trade British Settler Colonies
India-The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
The "New Imperialism," 1870-1914 Motives for the New Imperialism
The Partition of Africa Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya Egypt and British Strategic Concern
about the Upper Nile West Africa The Belgian Congo German Empire in Africa Southern Africa
Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia
Western Powers in Asia France in Asia The United States's Actions in Asia,
the Pacific, and Latin America The Boxer Rebellion
Tools of Imperialism Steamboats Conquest of Tropical Diseases Firearms
The Missionary Factor Missionary Movements Tensions Between Missionaries and
Imperial Administrators Missionaries and Indigenous
Religious Movements
Science and Imperialism Botany Zoology Medicine Anthropology
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
A Closer ~Dm THE FRENCH IN MOROCCO
co MP A• 1 Two Views of Turn-of-the-Twentieth-A ND C I "IE . co N N 1 c' entury mperia xpansron
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Submarine Cables
THE WEST '1 THE WORLD Imperialism: Ancient and Modern
614
615 617 617 618
618 623 624 628 628
629 634 636 637 638
640 641 641
642 643
645 645 647 647
648 648
649
651
652 652 654 654 655
656 657 657
627
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658
CONTENTS • XV
18 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace 663 The Fascist Experiment in Italy 716 The Rise of Mussolini 717
Emergence of the German Empire and the The Fascists in Power 719 Alliance Systems (1873-1890) 664 German Democracy and Dictatorship 720
Bismarck's Leadership 664 The Weimar Republic 720 Forging the Triple Entente (1890-1907) 667 Depression and Political Deadlock 725
World War I 670 Hitler Comes to Power 726 The Road to War (1908-1914) 670 Hitler's Consolidation of Power 727 Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War Anti-Semitism and the Police State 729
(Tune-August 1914) 672 Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women 730 Strategies and Stalemate: 1914-1917 675 Nazi Economic Policy 731
The Russian Revolution 685 Trials of the Successor States in Eastern The Provisional Government 686 Europe 735 Lenin and the Bolsheviks 686 Economic and Ethnic Pressures 735 The Communist Dictatorship 688 Poland: Democracy to Military Rule 736
The End of World War I 689 Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic
Germany's Last Offensive 689 Experiment 736
The Armistice 690 Hungary: Turn to Authoritarianism 736
The End of the Ottoman Empire 692 Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi
The Settlement at Paris Occupation 737
693 Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships 737 Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced 693
In Perspective 738 The Peace 694 World War I and Colonial Empires 699 Key Terms 738 Evaluating the Peace 700 Review Questions 738
In Perspective 702
Key Terms 702 • ENCOUNTERING THE PAST
Review Questions 702 Cinema of the Political Left and Right 728
COMPARE The Outbreak of World War I
c oAMN AD• 1 The Soviets and the Nazis Confront AND 676 c o " " • c ' the Issues of Women and the Family 732 CONNICT
A Closer lJl'>am THE DEVELOPMENT OF A Closer 41+1• THE NAZI PARTY RALLY 734 THE ARMORED TANK 683
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Part 3 AP® Test Prep 739 War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin 695
PART4 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939-2012
19 The lnterwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression 703 20 World War II 743
After Versailles: Demands for Revision Again the Road to War (1933-1939) 744 and Enforcement 704 Hitler's Goals 744
Toward the Great Depression in Europe 705 Italy Attacks Ethiopia 745 Financial Tailspin 705 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 745 Problems in Agricultural Commodities 706 The Spanish Civil War 746 Depression and Government Policy Austria and Czechoslovakia 747
in Britain and France 707 Munich 749
The Soviet Experiment 708 The Nazi-Soviet Pact 751
War Communism 709 World War II (1939-1945) 751 The New Economic Policy 710 The German Conquest of Europe 754 The Third International 710 The Battle of Britain 755 Stalin versus Trotsky 711 The German Attack on Russia 756 The Decision for Rapid Industrialization 712 Hitler's Plans for Europe 758 The Collectivization of Agriculture 713 [apan and the United States Enter the War 758 The Purges 715 The Tide Turns 759
xvi • CONTENTS
The Defeat of Nazi Germany 764 Fall of the Japanese Empire 764 The Cost of War 766
Racism and the Holocaust 767 The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community 768 Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars 769 The Nazi A ssault on the fews of Poland 769 Explanations of the Holocaust 771
The Domestic Fronts 773 Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat 774 France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance 776 Great Britain: Organization for Victory 778 The Soviet Union: "The Great Patriotic War" 779
Preparations for Peace 780 The Atlantic Charter 780 Tehran: A greement on a Second Front 781 Yalta 782 fuu~m ms
In Perspective 783
Key Terms 784
Review Questions 784
c 0AMN AD R E The Munich Settlement 752
CONNECT
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Rosie the Riveter and American Women
in the War Effort 762
A Closer ... am THE VICHY REGIME IN FRANCE 777
21 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe 785
The Emergence of the Cold War Containment in American Foreign Policy Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe The Postwar Division of Germany NATO and the Warsaw Pact The Creation of the State of Israel The Korean War
The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union Khrushchev's Domestic Policies The Three Crises of 1956
Later Cold War Confrontations The Berlin Wall The Cuban Missile Crisis
The Brezhnev Era 1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia The United States and Detente The Invasion of Afghanistan Communism and Solidarity in Poland Relations with the Reagan Administration
786 788 789 792 793 794 795
796 796 797
798 799 799
800 800 800 802 802 803
Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire
Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal India Further British Retreat from Empire
The Turmoil of French Decolonization France and Algeria France and Vietnam
. Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War Direct United States Involvement
The Collapse of European Communism Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet
Union 1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe The Collapse of the Soviet Union The Yeltsin Decade
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
The Rise of Radical Political Islamism Arab Nationalism The Iranian Revolution Afghanistan and Radical Islamism
A Transformed West
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
803 805 805 806
808 808 809 810 811
812
812 815 816 821
822
823
826 827 827 828
829 831
832
832
c oAMN AD R •The Soviet Union and the United States co N N • c T Draw the Lines of the Cold War 790
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Rock Music and Political Protest
A Closer 11>21£'D COLLAPSE OF THE BERLIN WALL
22 Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples Displacem ent Through War External and Internal Migration The New Muslim Population European Population Trends
Toward a Welfare State Society Christian Democratic Parties The Creation of Welfare States Resistance to the Expansion
of the Welfare State
814
819
833
834 834 835 835 837
840 840 840
841
New Patterns in Work and Expectations of Women
Feminism More Married Women in the Workforce N ew Work Patterns Women in the New Eastern Europe
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture Communism and Western Europe Existentialism Expansion of the University Population and
Student Rebellion The Americanization of Europe A Consumer Society Environmentalism
Art Since World War II Cultural Divisions and the Cold War
The Christian Heritage Neo-Orthodoxy Liberal Theology Roman Catholic Reform
Late Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer
The Demand for Calculating Machines Early Computer Technology The Development of Desktop Computers
The Challenges of European Unification Postwar Cooperation The European Economic Community
842 842 843 845 846
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848 849 851 851
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Co TE TS • xvii
The European Union Discord over the Union
New American Leadership and Financial Cri i
European Debt Crisis
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
co MP A• 1 Muslim Women Debate France's Ban AND h V ·1 c o N N 1 c T on t e e1
• ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Toys from Europe Conquer the United States
A Closer lllm NAMELESS LIBRARY, VIENNA
THE WEST THE WORLD Energy and th Modern World
Part 4 AP® Test Prep
Glossary
Index
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•• 1
I· I
DOCUMENTS CHAPTER' 1 University of Paris Medical Faculty, Writings
on the Plague 36 Flagellants Attempt to Ward Off the Black
Death, 1349 38 *Boccaccio Describes the Ravages of the Black Death in Florence 38
Peasant Revolt in England: The John Ball Sermon, 1381 45
Unam Sanctam (1302) Pope Boniface VIII 48 The Lollard Conclusions, 1394 52 *Propositions of John Wycliffe Condemned at London, 1382, and at the Council of Constance, 1415 54
Vladimir of Kiev's Acceptance of Christianity (989) 56
CHAPTER 2 Petrarch, Letter to Cicero (14th c.) 64 Divine Comedy (1321) 64 *Christine de Pisan Instructs Women on How
to Handle Their Husbands 67 *Vasari's Description of Leonardo da Vinci 72 Giorgio Vasari on the Life of Michelangelo, 1550 73 *Vasari's Description of Raphael's Personality 74 Desiderius Erasmus, "Pope Julius Excluded
from Heaven," 1513-1514 76 The Prince (1519) Machiavelli 77 *Machiavelli Discusses the Most Important Trait for a Ruler 78
Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Commonwealth 79 Utopia (1516) 85 *Erasmus Describes the Philosophy of Christ 86
CHAPTER 3 Martin Luther, "Ninety-Five Theses"
(Holy Roman Empire), 1517 102 Martin Luther, Against the Murderous,
Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) 105 *Zwingli Lists the Errors of the Roman Church 111 John Calvin, "Ecclesiastical Ordinances"
(Geneva, Switzerland), 1533 113 *Calvin on Predestination 114 The Act of Supremacy (England), 1534 119 Ignatius Loyola, Rules for Thinking
with the Church (1535) 121 The Council of Trent (Italian states), 1545-1563 122 *The Obedience and Power of the Jesuits 123 Catherine Zell, "Letter to Ludwig Rabus,"
1556-1558 126 Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote 130
CHAPTER 4 Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) *Theodore Beza Defends the Right to Resist Tyranny
The Edict of Nantes (France), 1598 Venetian Observations on the Ottoman
Empire (late 16th c.) Acts of Uniformity, 1559 Anonymous Government Agent: "Arrest of
Edmund Campion and His Associates," 1581 John Hawkins Reports on the Spanish Armada Thirty Years' War (1618) Rushworth *The Destruction of Magdeburg, May 1631 The Peace of Westphalia, 1648
CHAPTER 5 Jan van Linschoten on Dutch Business
140
141 142
144 152
152 155 156 163 165
in the Indian Ocean 169 Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn
from the Very Words of the Holy Scripture 170 James I on the Divine Right of Kings (1598) 171 *King James I Defends Popular Recreation against the Puritans 172
*An Account of the Execution of Charles I 176 Louis de Rouvroy, due de Saint-Simon, Memoires 180 *Louis XIV Revokes the Edict of Nantes 188 *The Great Elector Welcomes Protestant
Refugees from France 195 *Peter the Great Tells His Son to Acquire Military Skills 200
CHAPTER 6 Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolution
of the Heavenly Spheres (1500s) 204 Galileo, "Third Letter on Sunspots"
(Italian States), 1612 207 Isaac Newton, from Opticks 208 The Novum Organum (1620) 209 Rene Descartes, The Discourse on Method 211 Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan 212 John .Locke, Essay Concerning
Human Understanding 215 *Margaret Cavendish Questions the Fascination with Scientific Instruments 220
Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1630s) 224
*Galileo Discusses the Relationship of Science to the Bible 225
*Man: A Mean Between Nothing and Everything 226 *Why More Women Than Men Are Witches 230
•Documents preceded by an asterisk appear in the printed book. Documents without asterisks are referenced throughout the text by title and are available at MyHistoryLab.com.
xix
XX • DOCUMENTS
CHAPTER 7 De Stael on the Ancien Regime ( 1789) 23 7 Voltaire, on Social Conditions
in Eighteenth-Century France 241 The Marquis de Mirabeau, The Friend of Men,
or Treatise on Population, 1756 241 *Manchester's Calico Printers Protest the Use of New Machinery 258
James Watt on Steam Engines (mid to late 1700s) 258 Richard Guest, The Creation of the Steam Loom 259 *Priscilla Wakefield Demands More Occupations for Women 262
Jacques-Louis Menetra, foumal of My Life 265 *Belorussian Jews Petition Catherine the Great 269
CHAPTER 8 Jean Baptiste Colbert, "Mercantilism:
Dissertation on Alliances" 275 *Buccaneers Prowl the High Seas 280 "A Defense of the Slave Trade," July 17 40 290 *Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" 297 The Declaration of Independence (1776) 298
CHAPTER 9 Immanuel Kant Defines the Enlightenment, 1784 312 Denis Diderot, Preliminary Discourse
from The Encyclopedia (France), 1751 313 Voltaire, on Social Conditions
in Eighteenth-Century France 315 Voltaire, Letters on England 316 Voltaire, "On Universal Toleration" 320 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters:
(a) on Constantinople; (b) on Smallpox; (c) on Vaccination in Turkey 320
*Du Chatelet Explains Happiness Scientifically 322 Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments 325 *Adam Smith Calls for Government Action to Support the Education of the Poor 326
Baron de Montesquieu, Excerpt from The Spirit of the Laws 328
*Denis Diderot Condemns European Empires 332 *Rousseau Argues for Separate Spheres for Men and Women 335
Mary Wollstonecraft, Introduction to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 336
*Mary Wollstonecraft Criticizes Rousseau's View of Women 337
Catherine the Great, "Instructions for a New Law Code" 348
CHAPTER 10 Petition of Women of the Third Estate 357 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the
Third Estate~ 35 7
French Peasants, Cahiers de doleances (Grievances) (France), 1789 358
*The Third Estate of a French City Petitions the King 359
*The National Assembly Decrees Civic Equality in France 365
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen 366
*Burke Denounces the Extreme Measures of the French Revolution 3 78
The National Convention, Law on Suspects ( 1793 ), and Law of 22 Prairial Year II ( 1794) 3 79
*A Nation at Arms 380 *The Paris Jacobin Club Alerts the Nation to Internal Enemies of the Revolution 381
Maximilien Robespierre, "Speech to National Convention: The Terror Justified" 382
*The Convention Establishes the Worship of the Supreme Being 38 7
CHAPTER 11 Madame de Remusat on the Rise of Napoleon 393 Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne,
Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 394 *Napoleon Announces His Seizure of Power 396 Charles Parquin, "Napoleon's Army" 401 Carl van Clausewitz, On War, "Arming
the Nation" 403 Napoleon's Exile to St. Helena (1815) 411 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile 415 *Madame de Stael Describes the New Romantic Literature of Germany 417
*Mary Shelley Remembers the Birth of a Monster 419 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Prometheus, 1773 419 *Hegel Explains the Role of Great Men in History 425 The Rubaiyat (11th c. C.E.) Omar Khayyam 425
CHAPTER 12 *John Stuart Mill Advocates Independence 437 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations 438 Laws of Population Growth ( 1798) Malthus 438 David Ricardo, Excerpt from Principles
of Political Economy and Taxation · 439 *The German Confederation Issues the Carlsbad Decrees 443
The Plan of lguala 460
CHAPTER 13 Chartist Movement: The People's Petition
of 1838 470 British Parliament, "Inquiry: Child Labor" 472 Industrial Society and Factory Conditions
(early 1800s) 475 *Women Industrial Workers ExplaiR Their Economic Situation 476
DOCUMENTS • .XXi
Leon Faucher, "Prison Rules" 479 Werner Heisenberg, "Uncertainty" Robert Owen, Excerpt from Address (Germany), 1927 593
to the Workers of New Lanark, 1816 482 Emile Zola, Nana 595 Capitalism Challenged: The Communist Henrik Ibsen, from A Doll's House, Act Three 595
Manifesto ( 1848) 484 John Maynard Keynes, from The End *Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Describe of Laissez-Faire 595 the Class Struggle 487 Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil 600
Metternich on the Revolutions of 1848 492 *Emile Zola Accuses the Enemies of Dreyfus *A Czech Nationalist Defends the Austrian of Self-Interest and Illegal Actions 605 Empire 494 *Herzl Advocates Jewish Nationalism 607
Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings Ellen Key, from The Century of the Child 610 of Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805-1872 494 *Virginia Woolf Urges Women to Write 611
CHAPTER 14 Virginia Woolf, from A Room of One's Own
(Great Britain), 1929 611
An Ottoman Government Decree Defines CHAPTER 1 7 the Official Notion of the "Modern" Citizen, June 19, 1870 512 Letter to Queen Victoria (1839) Lin Zexu 617
A Letter from Bismarck (1866) 523 *A Chinese Official Appeals to Queen Victoria Fustel de Coulanges, Letter to German to Halt the Opium Trade 619
Historian Theodor Mommsen, 1870 526 Dadabhai Naoroji, The Benefits of British Rule •Mark Twain Describes the Austrian Parliament 528 in India, 1871 620 Emancipation Manifesto (1861) 532 The Indian Revolt (1857) 621 *The People's Will Issues a Revolutionary *Gandhi Questions the Value of English
Manifesto 535 Civilization 622 Amrita Lal Roy, English Rule in India, 1886 623
CHAPTER 1 5 Karl Pearson, "Social Darwinism and Imperialism" 624
*Praise and Concerns Regarding Railway Travel 547 Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage
of Capitalism 625 *Paris Department Stores Expand Their Business 549 Arthur James Balfour, "Problems with Which Edwin Chadwick, Summary from the Poor
We Have to Deal in Egypt," 1910 626 Law Commissioners 552 *Winston Churchill Reports on the Power of
•A Doctor Learns How to Prevent Childbed Fever 553 Adelheid Popp, "Finding Work: Women
Modern Weaponry against an African Army 635 Carl Peters, "A Manifesto for German
Factory Workers" 559 Colonization" 638 George Bernard Shaw, Mrs. Warren 's Profession 559 *General van Trotha Demands that the Herera John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women 562
People Leave Their Land 639 "Freedom or Death" (1913) Emmeline Pankhurst 563 *The Russian Foreign Minister Explains *Emmeline Pankhurst Defends Militant
the Imperatives of Expansion in Asia 642 Suffragette Tactics 565
Socialism: The Catha Program (1875) 570 CHAPTER 18 M. I. Pokzovskaya, Working Conditions
of Women in the Factories 572 Borijove Jevtic, The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo (28 June 1914) 672
CHAPTER 1 6 *The Austrian Ambassador Gets a "Blank
Auguste Comte, "Course of Positive Philosophy" Check" from the Kaiser 674
*The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution 687 (France), 1830-1842 582
Bolshevik Seizure of Power, 191 7 688 Origin of Species, Charles Darwin (1859) 584 Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points (1918) 689 Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism, •An Eyewitness Account of the Bolsheviks'
from The Data of Ethics (1857) 585 Seizure of Power 690 Matthew Arnold, Excerpt from Dover Beach 585 The Covenant of the League of Nations 697 Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum (Of New
Things), 1891 590 CHAPTER 19 Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, "Lecture
on Teaching and Learning" 590 Irish National Identity: (a) Irish Declaration of *Leo XIII Considers the Social Question Independence; (b) Ulster's Solemn League and in European Politics 593 Covenant; (c) Eamon de Valera, radio broadcast 707
XXii • DOCUMENTS
*John Maynard Keynes Calls for Government Investment to Create Employment
Joseph Stalin, Five Year Plan Benito Mussolini, "The Political and Social
Doctrine of Fascism" *Mussolini Heaps Contempt on Political Liberalism
Heinrich Hauser, "With Germany's Unemployed"
*Hitler Denounces the Versailles Treaty Adolf Hitler, Excerpt from Mein Kampf Heinrich Himmler, "Speech to SS Officers" Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, "Speech to the Nazi
Women's Organization" (Germany), 1935
CHAPTER 20 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Speech to Spaniards (1936) Francisco Franco *Winston Churchill Warns of the Effects of the Munich Agreement
Adolf Hitler, "The Obersalzberg Speech" Marc Bloch, from Strange Defeat Winston Churchill, "Their Finest Hour"
(Great Britain), 1940 An Eyewitness to Hiroshima ( 1945) *Mass Murder at Belsen Franklin D . Roosevelt and Winston Churchill,
"The Atlantic Charter"
CHAPTER 21 Joseph Stalin, Excerpts from the "Soviet Victory"
708 712
717
718
721 723 723 729
731
744 746
750 751 754
755 765 770
780
Speech, 1946 788 Winston Churchill, from the Iron Curtain
Speech, 1946 788
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Speech on the Suez Canal (Egypt), 1956 797
*Khrushchev Denounces the Crimes of Stalin: The Secret Speech 798
*Gandhi Explains His Doctrine of Nonviolence 807 Frantz Farron, from The Wretched of the Earth 809 Mikhail Gorbachev on the Need for Economic
Reform (1987) 813 *Vladimir Putin Outlines a Vision of the Russian Future 825
Statement from Chancellor Schroder on the Iraq Crisis 830
CHAPTER 22 Justin Vaisse, from "Veiled Meaning"
(France) 2004 836 Jorg Haider, from The Freedom I Mean
(Austria), 1995 836 *Simone de Beauvoir Urges Economic Freedom for Women 844
*Sartre Discusses His Existentialism 850 Towards a Green Europe, Towards
a Green World 851 *Voices from Chernobyl 854 Pope John Paul II, from Centesimus Annus 858 A Common Market and European
Integration ( 1960) 863 Treaty on European Union, 1992 863 *An English Business Editor Calls for Europe to Take Charge of Its Economic Future 866
MAPS
1-1 Spread of the Black Death 37 15-2 European Industrialization, 1860-1913 544 1-2 The Hundred Years' War 44 17-1 British India, 1820 and 1856 620 2-1 Renaissance Italy 61 17-2 Imperial Expansion in Africa to 1880 629 2-2 European Voyages of Discovery and the 17-3 Partition of Africa, 1880-1914 632
Colonial Claims of Spain and Portugal 17-4 Asia, 1880-1914 644 in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 88 18-1 The Balkans, 1912-1913 671
3-1 The Empire of Charles V 103 18-2 The Schlieffen Plan of 1905 680 3-2 The Swiss Confederation 106 18-3 World War I in Europe 681 3-3 The Religious Situation about 1560 122 18-4 The Western Front, 1914-1918 682 4-1 The Netherlands during the 18-5 World War I Peace Settlement in
Reformation 145 Europe and the Middle East 696 4-2 Germany in 1547 157 19-1 Germany's Western Frontier 725 4-3 Religious Divisions about 1600 158 20-1 The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 747 4-4 The Holy Roman Empire about 1618 160 20-2 Partitions of Czechoslovakia and Poland, 4-5 Europe in 1648 164 1938-1939 749 5-1 The First Three Wars of Louis XIV 183 20-3 Axis Europe, 1941 757 5-2 Europe in 1714 189 20-4 North African Campaigns, 1942-1945 761 5-3 The Austrian Habsburg Empire, 1521-1772 192 20-5 Defeat of the Axis in Europe, 1942-1945 763 5-4 Expansion of Brandenburg-Prussia 194 20-6 World War II in the Pacific 766 8-1 Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 279 20-7 The Holocaust 768 8-2 The Slave Trade, 1400-1860 283 20-8 Yalta to the Surrender 783 8-3 North America in 1763 296 21-1 Territorial Changes in Europe 9-1 Expansion of Russia, 1689-1796 350 After World War II 787 9-2 Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, and 1795 351 21-2 Occupied Germany and Austria 792
10-1 French Provinces and the Republic 367 21-3 Major Cold War European Alliance 11-1 The Continental System, 1806-1810 403 Systems 793 11-2 Napoleonic Europe in Late 1812 407 21-4 Israel and Its Neighbors in 1949 795 11-3 The German States after 1815 411 21-5 Korea, 1950-1953 796 11-4 Europe 1815, after the Congress of Vienna 413 21-6 Decolonization Since World War II 804 12-1 Centers of Revolution, 1820-1831 448 21-7 Vietnam and Its Southeast Asian 12-2 Latin America in 1830 457 Neighbors 812 13-1 European Railroads in 1850 465 21-8 The Borders of Germany in the 13-2 Centers of Revolution in 1848-1849 488 Twentieth Century 817 14-1 The Crimean War 510 21-9 The Commonwealth of Independent 14-2 The Unification of Italy 517 States 820 14-3 The Unification of Germany 519 22-1 The Growth of the European Union 864 15-1 Patterns of Global Migration, 1840-1900 543
xx.iii