ELEMENTS OF ESSAYS, ARTICLES, AND SPEECHES

PAGES 424 - 439

I . ESSAYS A. NONFICTION

B. TYPES OF ESSAYS1. Narrative - notes

2. Expository - notes

3. Persuasive (argumentative) - notes

4. Descriptive - notes

5. Reflective – explores the meaning of an

experience or offer the author’s thoughts or

feelings

I I . ARTICLESA. NONFICTION JUST THE FACTS PLEASE!

B. TYPES OF ARTICLES1. News

• Who?• What?• Where?• When?• Why?• How?

2. Feature

I I I . SPEECHESA. NONFICTION

B. COMMON TYPES1. Public Advocacy

2. Talk

3. impromptu

IV. SHARED ELEMENTS

A. THESIS OR CENTRAL IDEA1. Main idea

2. Supporting detailsa. Statements of factb. Statisticsc. Examplesd. Descriptionse. Reasonsf. Expert opinions

B. PURPOSE1. Reasons

a. Informb. Persuadec. Entertain

2. Techniquesa. Organizing informationb. Choosing language

2. TECHNIQUESB. CHOOSING LANGUAGE

1. DICTIONChoice of words

Author’s style

2. SYNTAXThe arrangement of words in sentences

Author’s style

3. TONEAttitude toward the topic and audience

• Formal/informal• Solemn/playful• Joyous/annoyed

Author’s style

4. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGESimile - notes

Metaphor - notes

Personification - notes

What others? - notes

5. RHETORICAL DEVICESi. Repetition - notes

ii. Parallelism - notes

iii. Restatement - notes

iv. Rhetorical questions - notes

C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

1. TYPES OF STRUCTUREa. Chronological order

b. Comparison-and-contrast

c. Cause-and-effect

2. ROLESa. Sections

b. Paragraph

c. Sentence