element s & atoms. demokritos c. 460-370 bc “the material cause of all things that exist is...
TRANSCRIPT
Elements
& Atoms
Demokritos c. 460-370 BC
“The material cause of all things that exist is the coming together of atoms and void. Atoms are too small to be perceived by the senses. They are eternal and have many different shapes, and they can cluster together … By aggregation they provide bulky objects that we can perceive with our sight and other senses… There is no void in atoms, so they cannot be divided.”
“Atomos” = “indivisible”
• too small to see
• indivisible
• solid
• make up everything
Aristotle384-322 BC
• 4 “elementary” substances: earth, air, fire, and water
• Matter is continuous (no atoms)
“Material objects are of two kinds: atoms and compounds of atoms. The atoms themselves cannot be swamped by any force, for they are preserved by their absolute solidity.”
Re Rerum Natura 50 BC
99-55 BC
few Greek
or Romanatomists
Robert Boyle
1627 --1691
Boyle on Elements c.
1661
• “true” elementary substances as proposed by Greeks and alchemists can’t be purified in the lab
• new operational definition of elements as “substances that cannot be simplified by physical or chemical means”
John Dalton1766--1844
Atoms are the smallest parts of elements.
Atoms are indivisable.
Atoms of each element have unique mass.
Atoms of the same element are all identical. C. 1803
JJ Thomson1856-1940
studies engineering at Manchester University, but gets his BA in Mathematics at Cambridge, where he stays for the rest of his life
holds Cavendish Chair in Experimental Physics at Cambridge from 1884 - 1918
wins Nobel Prize in Physics 1906
Experiments with Crooks tubes and other apparatus in 1890s led to Thomson’s publication in 1897 of hypothesis that atoms are made of negatively charged “corpuscles” moving in a sea of positive charge.
1897
Ernest Rutherford1871-1937
doctoral student of Thomson 1895-1989
Physics Chair at McGill from 1898-1907 before returning to England and teaching at Manchester University
wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 (for radioactivity work)
takes over Cavendish Chair of Physics from Thomson in 1919
Geiger-Marsden Experiment 1909
Interpreted by Rutherford: The Nucleus!
Hans Geiger
• nucleus is very small
• nucleus contains all positive charge (p+)• electrons are outside nucleus
James Chadwick1891-1974 1911 BS in Physics at
Manchester University; gets MS under Rutherford in 1913
1913 travels to Germany to work with Hans Geiger; interned in Germany for WWI
returns to England after WWI, works under Rutherford at Cambridge
1932 experimental evidence of neutrons, which Rutherford hypothesized would need to exist to counteract repulsion of protons within the nucleus
1935 Nobel Prize in Physics 1943-’46 Manhattan Project USA
• much easier to measure charged particles!
• neutrons have no charge
• neutrons account for “missing mass” in atoms
Niels Bohr1885-1963
1911 gets PhD in Physics in native Copenhagen University and comes to UK
1911 works with Thomson in Cambridge
1912 works with Rutherford in Manchester
1913 returns to Copenhagen University
1922 Nobel Prize in Physics1920 becomes first head of
Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, remains head until 1962
Bohr Model(also called “Bohr-Rutherford” model)
• Developed from work with Rutherford in 1912 and published in 1913
• “planetary” model accounts for atomic spectra data
• FAILS for spectra after hydrogen
Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976• 1923 PhD in Munich
• 1924-’25 works with Bohr in Copenhagen
• establishes “quantum mechanics” when only 23 years old in 1925 - includes Uncertainty Principle
• 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics• 1941 director of Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute in Berlin - captured by US troops at end of WWII & sent to England; returns to Germany after the war
• can’t know position and motion of an electron simultaneously• electrons can’t be
described with the particle math of Newton
Prince Louis-Victor deBroglie
1892-1987• educated and worked in
France - BA in 1913 & graduate work after serving for France in WWI
• his 1924 doctoral thesis introduced “wave mechanics” - the idea that the electron could be treated as a wave
• 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics
Erwin Schrødinger 1887-1961• educated in Vienna; serves
in Austrian Army in WWI• 1926 publishes “wave
equation” model of electrons
• Goes to Germany in 1927 but leaves in 1933 with rise of Nazis; ends up in Austria in 1937; recants opposition to Nazis but is harassed and escapes in 1938
• 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Dirac
• 1940 establishes Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin
• describes electron location with probabilities
• Bohr “orbits” Schrødinger “orbitals”
• new (math) model very difficult to visualize
computer-generated images of “electron
cloud” shapes generated by Schrødinger’s
wave equation
meta-synthesis(chem education co.)