electronica

5/20/2018 Electronica

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Di"ec$" de la Clecci)n Cl%b Sabe" Elec$")nica

I+. H6%' D. $%)

Jefe de Redacci)nP%& M. D()6

Cl%b Sabe" Elec$")nica e# %na !%blicaci)n deSabe" In$e"nacinal SA de CV de M(&ic 'Edi$"ial Q%a"k SRL de A"gen$ina

Edi$" Re#!n#able en A"gen$ina ' M(&ic:I+. H6%' D. $%)

Admini#$"aci)n M(&ic:P%6'% !)6 !)6

Cme"ci E&$e"i" M(&ic:M%6+%6% !)6 !)6

Di"ec$" Cl%b Sabe" Elec$")nica:J@ M%6% N))

Re#!n#able de A$enci)n al Lec$":A)%(6 A. $%)

C"dinad" In$e"nacinalL A&)6 C%6 !)+%%(

P%blicidadA6+)%: 4301-8804 - M@ "?* 1950 - C%. D-

& ' U"%g%a': ! "A C% % 1416

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4/87

EL SONIDO...................................................................................................3

A)(&/! !" (a &ba&* + a(+ !" &+........................................................4

A)(&/! &+ a &+ !" (a &ba&* ........................................... ...................4

A)(&/! &*/a*/*"a.......................................................................................4

C&(+ .......................................... ............................................. .........................4

P"+!+ ............................................................................................................4

F""*&a .......................................................................................................4

Ca )ba(...................................................................................................6

Ca !" "*a&* !+(++a...........................................................................6

La a!"*a a!&+#""*/"................................................................................7

MODELOS CLASICOS DE AMPLIFICADORES...................................9C+*#&$a&+*" &&/a(" b&a.................................................................9

E( a)(&a!+ ")&+ +):*......................................................................10

E( a)(&a!+ +("/+ +):*...... ............................................. .................15

R")"* +b" +(a&a&*..........................................................................15

R"/a "//&a !" a$a ..................................................................................16

R"/a !&*)&a !" a$a................................................................................18

A+(a)&"*/+ &*/""/aa..............................................................................21

A+(a)&"*/+ + /a*#+)a!+ .......................................... ........................23

A+(a)&"*/+ !&"/+....................................................................................24

PREAMPLIFICADORES..........................................................................27

C+*/+(" !" /+*+ ..........................................................................................27C+*/+(" !" /+*+ a&+ .............................................................................28

R"a(&)"*/a&* *"$a/&a ........................................ .......................................31

R"a(&)"*/a&* )(/&"/aa ..........................................................................33

R"a(&)"*/a&* "* +*/+(" !" /+*+. S&/")a B"*!a((.............................34

F&(/+ ............................................................................................................35

C+*/+(" !" +()"* ba(a*" ...................................................................37

P"a)(&a!+"..........................................................................................38

Ea(&a&* ............................................. ............................................. ........40

Ea(&a!+ !" !&+....................................................................................41

R"! !" "a(&a&* aa #+*+a/+ ")&+ + a &/a( ............................42

R""/a "* #""*&a...............................................................................43

E(a/&&!a!.....................................................................................................43S"aa&* !" a*a("....................................................................................43

F"a !" a++ ............................................................................................43

T"*&* !" a(&!a ...................................... ............................................. ........43

D""*&a "*/" a*a(" ......................................... .......................................43

EtAPAS DE SALIDA ............................................ .....................................45

E/aa a)(&a!+" (a" B.......................................................................47

A)(&a!+ P% P(( a /a*#+)a!+........................ ...............................47

D&/+&* + " ......................................... .............................................47

E/aa !" a(&!a +)(")"*/a&a....................................................................48

E/aa "&/a!+a.........................................................................................49

A)(&a!+" !" a(&!a a&+)()"*/a&a..............................................50

A)(&a!+" !" a+(a)&"*/+ !&"/+................................ .......................52

A)(&a!+ !""*&a( ............................................ ...................................52

D&/+&* "* a)(&a!+".........................................................................53

D&/+&* a)*&a ......................................................................................53

D&/+&* + &*/")+!(a&*.....................................................................53

Ra*$+ !&*)&+ !" * a)(&a!+ ......................................... ....................54

A)(&a!+ !" a(&!a "* "*/"..................................................................54

S&/")a Qa!.................................................................................................55

PARLANtES y CAjAS ACStICAS ......................................... ............57

C+*/&/&* !" (+ a(a*/".........................................................................57

C(a&a&* !" (+ a(a*/"........................................................................57

Pa(a*/" !&*)&+.......................................................................................57I)* ")a*"*/" $+...............................................................................58

B+b&*a )&(.................................................................................................58

C+*+ + !&a#a$)a..........................................................................................58

S"*&* &*/"*a !"( +*+, + aaa ........................................ ....................59

S"*&* "/"*a !"( +*+ ...................................... ...................................59

Ca)a*a + "+ &*&a(..........................................................................59

Cab(" !" +*"&* a (a b+b&*a )&( - P+(a&a&* ...................................59

Taa !" "/"*&* !"( +(+...........................................................................60

P&*&&+ !" #*&+*a)&"*/+ !" * a(a*/" !&*)&+..................................60

Pa(a*/" "("/+//&+ ................................................................................61

Pa(a*/" &"+"(/&+ ............................................ ...................................62

O/+ /&+ !" a(a*/".................................................................................62A&(a" ........................................... ............................................. ............62

Caa/"/&a /*&a..................................................................................63

I)"!a*&a ........................................... ............................................. ............63

R"&/"*&a !" (a b+b&*a )&(......................................................................64

R""/a "* #""*&a ............................................. ...................................64

F""*&a !" "+*a*&a...............................................................................64

D&"/&&!a!...................................................................................................65

P+/"*&a )&)a )*&)a !"( a(a*/" .......................................... .............65

Pa(a*/" aa /+*+ $a" ........................................ ...................................65

Pa(a*/" aa /+*+ )"!&+..........................................................................66

Pa(a*/" aa /+*+ a$!+ ..........................................................................66

F&(/+ !&&+" !" #""*&a.......................................................................67Ba##(" + a'a a:/&a................................................................................71

Ba##(" &*#&*&/+.............................................................................................71

E( a!&a!+ a&+..........................................................................................75

C+*/&* !" ba##(".................................................................................75

B+&*a..........................................................................................................76

MONtAjES DE ADIO ......................................... ...................................77

M"(a!+ !" a!&+ "a*&b(".....................................................................77

A)(&a!+ !" 750W PMPO......................................................................78

A)(&a!+ !" ba'+ &!+ :)"/+ a ("!................................................80

P"a)(&a!+ *&"a( .............................................................................81

Ea(&a!+ !" 3 ba*!a................................................................................83

M"!&!+ !" +/"*&a !" a!&+...... ............................................. ....................84

Clu S er eleCtrniC

IndIce de la Obra


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E @ @, >@ @ -@ @, , O [>-@ @\ -

@> 20J I 20J. E@ @ @ @@- . '@ >@, @N @ >- O @ >- @ O > @J@ >; @ @ @ @N J >>@ >@. A>L, @N >@ @, P @ @.

EH @@ I H

@> @J @, @ I . >@ @

> > O @- @> @ @ (20J 20J). ' O@ >-@ N @>@ @- , > , > , O , P ->P, .

C'"$#c$'!, c$c$%!, b,$c,

BL>, @ @ J @@ , :

- C'"$#c$' B,! C&'

b- C'"$#c$' E&$, C&'

c- C'"$#c$' C%!c C&'

) E% a&%$"$c B,! C&'

# N @:S B > ( 50 @> I 300

@>)S A > ( 100 @> I 1

$@>).

S '@ P.S @ @ @.S # O @ L @

.E 1 >@ @ >@

@>Q.

@>@ @, @JP >-@ ->@ -, @I@ N @ >I - (@@ ) @ 50 I 300 @>, > @@ @-J@ , @ @ 100 @> I 1$@>.

# @:!

= ZZZZZZ < 1!

>@ @ > 1; N 0,98 I 0,999, @ @ N >@ >I (@H>-> / = 1500) @ @ @ P.

EH > J @>@ @ @-P @>Q, I > N @HP @>Q (@ , @ >).

$ P>@@ @ @ -

N I @ @J @ ( 2).#@ @ I

@JP @ @ >@ @ BE @J > @@ @@ @ >-@. C1 >@ > O @ @ >LH> O @ - . # O L @ O , >@ P @@L >@ @ @-@ I, J, >L O @

() @. & C1 @@@ @ ; @ @-

Modelos ClsiCos

deAMplifiCAdores

Figura 1 Figura 2


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Modelos l s i o s de MPlif i dores

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I I @ I N P O @ M@.

b) E% &%$"$c !&$, c&'

E @ @, O - I >@ @. AN >M @JP @ >@ @J@ , @@ > @ @ @>@ .

>@ > - >@, @ >I > ,@ P I @ I O L 180R @ O - .

P = P B->@P = P C@@-E>@C@ = C@ B

C@ = C@ C@@D@>@ > J@ @ >@ >@ @>Q ( 3).

# N @ @JP,@ @ @> 5000 @>, - 100 @> I 10.000 @>, Q @J-P. # >@, ,

@ 50.000 @> Q @ I @J-P. AN @ @@ @@ @ @ , N @ O -@ @ @ @ @ @@, JP @ , @ @>@ >@ @, @ > @ .

! G @ = ZZZZZZZ @ @P

! >@ @>Q

'@ @ @, >@ @>Q J L>@:

! = ZZZZZZ

!

I N :

! = ZZZZZ

!

'@ > @(>@ @>Q) @ I >-M P, @ @ @ 10.000 (40B), @ @ >I @.

P , O -> P , >L !, @ -

L > !; @ @, >L N P @ # I, @ I "@, >-L P @@->@ (P ):

= # +

C@>@ @, > # L> . E N, >@ O @@L >P (>I@) P @ @ I P - I , M @ @N

@ B-C@>Q.AN >M @, @ >-

@P @, @J -@ @ @ N @ >P I @ I > @> @; @> @JP , @ @@ @ I N @ @J ->@ ( 4).

' @ , - @ @ @ . >@ L >L, N P @ #,

@ >@ @@ @ @@ @ .

Figura 3

Figura 4


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Modelos l si os de MPl if i dores

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' L@ > > @-> @ , I BE @ (- 5).

Ejemplo 1

@>@ = 0,6 I >@

@ 50TA @ = 6, :

6 - 0,6 = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 108.000^

50 H 10-6 A

@ @> > @ 100 @>: @ @ @, @>@ = 100@>.

E L @ , @ , ! >- @ @ > @@ >@ @, @@ @ -@ = 0,6 () @ = 0,2 (G) @H->>.

!Q @ @: = ZZZZZ

!C@ @ : ! = . !

& @@ @ @ [@\ @ I @ >@ > (->L @), @ @ ,

> ! @ N, N >

@ J > @, @ @> L.

E@ @JP @ >L, I >@ @ I @ >,@ @ >@ > @-

N @@.' @@ @>, J

@JP @>L @ @ @ I @@, > P [\ P @@ I @J M. E , H >-P @@ (> - @> > -@ I @ @ @ - N >>@). # @J-P @>L, -

> >@, >@ @JP ( 6).' @ >@ L

@ P >@ H @@ I L @ L @ -.

AJ@ @ I @ "@ - :

- = ZZZZZZZZZZ

!

Ejemplo 2

P @@ I >@ = 4 @ @ ! = 50TA, ->@ @@ ( 7), :

4 - 0,6 = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 68.000^

50 H 10-6A

C>, J @ @ = 68 @> @ @ @ @>.

' @JP @ @ @-JP @>L, @ ( 8).

: = + +

Figura 5

Figura 6

Figura 7


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@>@ ! >@ >I@ ! :

= ! .

= ! .

#@:

= ! . + ! . +

>J@ P:

! !!3 = ZZZZZ -44 = !4 . )4 + ZZZZ . )3 + -36

>>L>, :

Vcc - Vb!

Ic = (1)

Rb

Rc +

E P> L@ ! @ @ I @ @ @ @ @-

@, JP @ @ I @ ! @ > @ @ >@ @.A P @ >P @ @ @ P >-

, @ @ L @, @ !> @.

Ejemplo 3

C @JP ( 9).

@ @ ( = 0,6 ) @- = 200.

A P> (1): P> 1, >L @.

@>@ I P 50% @ , @ @ @ ] =300, @ >@, WL >@ @ @@?

' , >@ @ @ !. P> 2, >L @.

@>@ @, P 50% @ @@, @, P @ 5% @ @@,@ >@ -@.

E @ >P >-M L O ->@ >; , H >P -@, @ -

@@> >-> -O I

Figura 8

Figura 9

12 - 0,6 12 - 0,6 11,4! = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 8,7>A

22.000^ZZZZZZZZZZZ + 1.200^ 110^ + 1.200^ 1310^

200

Frmula 1a

- ! = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

+ZZZZZ

]

11,4 11,4 11,4!] = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 8,95>A

22.0001.200^ + ZZZZZZZ ^ 1.200^ + 73,3^ 1.273,3^

300

Frmula 2a


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, @ @ - @ @, >@ >I@, > @->@ >L >-P.C@>@ >@, @->@ M>-

@ >. @>@ @

@ @@, @>@ P @@->@ > (- 10):

= +

C@>@ !Y !; @ >>L>:

= - ! .

Vcc - Vb!

Vc! = Vcc - . Rc

Rb

Rc +

A@ P> >@ >@ -J@, @>@ @@ L@ P @-

@->@.

= 12 - 8,7>A . 1,2^ =1,56

# P @ L@@ J@ P. @->@ J@ N> 1.

' @ @ @ @ ( P)I >L @ M>> ; @ J >P @-

@ @JP, @ >@ @@P @ >@ @.E @ N @@ >@ @ @@ @ , @L P @ @ >@ , P > @, @J @> B-E>@ @>-L P @ @@.

# @JP [\ @ @>@ @ @.

>@ @ , @JP . 2/(1 + 2) @ @ Q -

L>@ @. >@ ! > N @-

( 11).' @ @@ @

@@ @ P @ > I [\ . E L@ @>@ !1 >@ >I@ !. D@ N @@ @, @>-

L >@ @ ( 12) :

!1 = ZZZZZZZZZ

1 + 2

B = !1 . 2

>J@:

B = ZZZZZZZZZ . 2 (2)

1 + 2

E @@ >@ @ -P @> , - @ >J@ @ -@ P @ . A-@ @> @ L @@ I > @, >@ 2 L @- @ @ 1 I .

A@ , @ P B @>@ P I > -

@ @ M @ @@; P @ 2 I B, P> (2).E @ B -

>@ @ @ @@ I @@-@ >P (!!). & @

Figura 12

M

odelos

l si os de

MPl if i dores

Figura 10

Figura 11


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M , @ @@

@ () 1 I 2 @-@ @.

1 . 2B = ZZZZZZZZZ (3)

1 + 2

E 13 >@ M @ >J>@B I B @ 11.

#@ @ @ >L P @-> > L@ @- @@.

A@ "@ @ , :

B = B + +

B = ! . + + ! .

C@>@ ! _ !

B = ! . B + + ! .

!>M ! = ZZZZZZZ

!B = ZZZZZZ . B + + ! .

BB = ! . (ZZZZ + ) +

D@:

B - ! = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

BZZZZZZ +

D@: B I B @ >@ P-> (2) I (3).

= 0,2 >@ I 0,7 @. @ >@ @>Q @

@ .

' O @ @ P@ @ , @@ @ -

@ >@ I >. D @>, -@ @ @ O CA > > M . E N, @ J @ @@.

D@ > Y /, N , ! > @, @ I >I@ - ( 14).

D >> @> >@ @@ @->, @>@ P C@@-E>@@ "@ @ .

= + + = ! . + + ! . = ! ( + ) + = - ! (C + )

Ejemplo 4:

C @JP @ @ @-JP @ @ @ @ @ - @:

1 = 82^ = 10

2 = 8200^

Figura 13 Figura 14


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= 2700^ = @ = = 200 = 120^

A@ P> :

1 . 2 82 . 8,2

=ZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 7,45^1 + 2 82 + 8,2

. 2 10 . 8,2B =ZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 0,91

1 + 2 82 + 8,2

B - 0,91 - 0,7! = ZZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 1,33>A

7450^ + ZZZZ 120 + ZZZZZZZ

200

= - ! (C + ) == 10 - (2700^ + 120^) . 1,33>A

= 6,25

E @ L @J@ @ ! = 1,33>A I = 6,25.

E N, -@ @@@- -

@ @ I > @ >@.

@ -@ @ @ > @ M @ N P @, @ >N .

EH @ @-

J@ @-

P >@ @>Q @ @ >-I@ P I >@ @ @ @ @ > P @ @@ @.

c) E% &%$"$c c%!c c&'

E @ O @@ I , @>@ >@, @J @ @>: > @ >- @ @-P >I ( ), > @> @@ I >@, @ > . E @ @ @>@ @ >@ @->Q.

# P > >@ -P : @ @ @, P >@ . E @ J @>@>@ @ > ( 15).

A@>@>@ @ @ @ @>@@>Q> J ( 16).

> O , > @- >@ I @ @ @ O @ C @@ , @>@ @ @P @->Q, N @ I P .

R!,&!' ,b! %$/c$'

#@ @ @J - B-E>@ M I B-C@@ : @ -> @JP @ @ @, @J-P @ @JP @>L. C @-P N , @->@ J 3.

R!c !,$c ! c#

Figura 15

Figura 16


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#@ @ @>@ J@ @ @ , J@ @> [&A DE C&E\ I

J@ > [AAC!&\ @. @ @->@ @ @ P (J@- ) @ @@ @ >-@ O M @ >I@ >.

E @ @@ @, >@@ @J@-, O H I @> @ [\ @>@, @ @-@ @ >> @ @.

@ @ @ N- @ I @ >M@@L@ @>@>@ >@ @ O -. O @ , @>L @ @ I @ @>- @ @@.

A @J @ @ @>-@ @@ (@, >P, .)

@ >@ @, I @ @ J@ @. @ @

, @>@ '@ $LH> D-P (' >H), P $LH> C@@ (>H), C@ $LH> C@@ (! >H), F-@ A>P, ( 17).

' O O, @ L @-J@ P @ L @@, [@ @ >> -P @@ O \, I Q> @ @ > @>@- @, JP @ @@ @- @ @ (I >M ) @ @ J @ @>@ @ I @ @>@ @( 18). E @, P @ @@ @ @ @ - # @@ >@ @C 2 @ O @ # M >- O .

#@ @ @ @ >N> @ @ @J -

TaBla 3

RESISTENCIa RESISTENCIa GaNa GaNa

CONFIGURaCION ENTRaDa SalIDa CORRIENTE TENSION

BAE B A

C&$ @ N 50 300 @> 100 1 $@>E$!& B-$@ $@-AC&$ N N

100 10.000 @> 5 1 $@>CEC& A B-$@

C&$ N @100 1 $@> 100 1000 @>

Figura 17 Figura 18


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@ O.' P @ @

> >M@@ L@, J@ - @ @P M J@ @@.

@@ @ >@ @@ @ @ @ @-JP , P @ -@@ @, @ @>ECA EA!CA DE CAGA @ (-

19).' J @ > ,

@ P > @.'@ >@, @ @ >@@>Q @ @JP @ @ @ :

= + ! ( + ) (4)

E P, , I @ @ @@-@ > ! @ .

E @>N P (4) - I J @@ @@ . #@ @ @ L:

) ' = 0 >@ @ !.) ' ! = 0 >@ @ .) C@ = 0, P> (4):

= 0 + ! ( + )@:

Vcc

Ic =

(Rc + R!)

) C@ ! = 0, P> (4):

= + 0 ( + ) =

E , @ @ @ @ J - L:

a (!; ) ( ZZZZZZZZ ; 0)

( + )

B (Ic; Vc!) (0; Vcc)

>@ @ @ @ - @ I J>@ @@, @>@ L @ ( 20).

E Q @ @ >@ N @ @>@ @ -P O, @ @ ! I -

Figura 19

Figura 20

Figura 21


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L @ . A>L, @@@ @ @-

>LH>@ O I L@@ L@ @L L @ @ @ @-@ @ @@.

@>@ @J @ !*; @ @@ -@ P !2 I EL C; @, J@ - @ ! I @@- L> @ @ ! I (P I@ @@ @@).

Ejemplo 5:

EL C >@ >@ V 4 ( 21).

A) = 0 ! = ZZZZZZZ =

+

10= ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = 3,55>A

(2.700 + 120)

B) ! = 0 = = 10

C@>@ , J@ @ ! = 1,33>A, @L EL- @ = 6,25 @- @ @ @ @ @>.

'@ @, O -, L @ , @ L >- @ @ ! I ( > ! > I ).

! >L ! I L ; @ @-

@, ! >I >M @ L !, @ @-

@L >@ .[@ @ >@ 0 @,

>L 10 @.\

R!c $'&$c ! c# @ @ >M@@ L@ -

@ @ @ ! I @-> @ @J@ @ O , @ J@>@ @ -@ @ M @. # EL C >I Q J @>@ @ M O, , @ N @ @@ Q @->@ Q L>@ >@@, @>@ @ >@ >. A-

>@ @ 22.C@ O @ , C2

@@@; @ >>@ @ @ @ @ >@ CE I >-P (@ @ @>@ @ @ ). D >, >@ L @-@ > I L @ @ # ( 23).

' J @>@>@ @ O , L> @ @ ECA D!A$!CA DE CAGA @>-

@ I # I @ E = 0 - >I > CE.' J DL> C

@ @@ @ I -O L @ @ @. # M @- J @ @ @ 1/, @ @ I #( 24).

. # = ZZZZZZZZZ

+ #

Ejemplo 1

Figura 22 Figura 23


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>@ @J@ @-P >@ @>Q @ @ @ O @ @@

@ @ 10TA @ -@. @@ P>@ >L @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ ( 25) :

' @ @> J@ >M@@L@ >@ @ @ @ @ -, @ > @>@ > @ ( 26). E >M@@ - @ @>@ O O - (AA#!! 'AA 'EEKA EKA#E).

' J L > - @>@ @ @ @ @ @ @

@.

) C@ = 0

18! = ZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZ _ 9,5>A

+ 1920

) C@ ! = 0

= = 18

C@ @ @ @>@ L @ > ( 27).

D>@ @ J L> .' @ >@ @@ @ @ ! I.

VBB - VBE

Ic* =

RB

RE +

18 . 3,9BB = ZZZZZZZZZZ = 1,38 @;

47 + 3,9

47 . 3,9B = ZZZZZZZZZZ = 3,6 @>

47 + 3,9

1,38 - 0,7! = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ _ 5,27>A

3600120^ + ZZZZZ

400

CE = - ! ( + )

CE = 18 - 5,2>A (1800 + 120) ^ _ 7,8

= //#

Figura 24

Figura 25

Figura 25


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. # 1800 . 4700 = ZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZ = 1300^

+ # 1800 + 4700

C@ @ @ @ J DL> C (DC) @ @ @>I L >>L >@ @@->@ @ DC @ ( - 28), @@ @ >@ -P 5,2>A @ @@ @@-

L P P :

X = X ! . D (X [P\)

X = 5,2>A . 1,3 = 6,8

J >@ M -

P ! @@ P @ 10TA, Q @ @ @->. A @ >@ O @ @ @ !B @@; @ -J@ @J@ >@ @-

@ @ @@.D L@ !B = 16TA ( 29).

D>@ @ O @ > ( 30).

&>@ L@ @ - 21TA @@ @ @@ @- @ 7,2>A I @ 11TAL @ @@ 3,4>A. '@ @@ @ @@ L @> > 31.

D L@ -

@ @ I @ @@ @- >@ @@ >L @ @. D @@ >@@, @ @>@ @@ @-P. J > >@ @L@> @ > @ .E.C HP O @ >@ @@ I @.

Clculo de los capacitores de paso

Figura 27

Figura 28

Figura 30

Figura 29


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>@ @ @ @ @ @->@ I , @>@ @ -@ >@, @>@ @>@ @-@@ O @. # @> L-@ @ @ L N>>

@ > @ [ @ ->@\ I @ @ >@>@ > @ O >.

# @ @>@:

# = ZZZZZZZZZZ

2 U . . C

D N , > >

O , >@ L -@ @@P @ @ O.'@ @ @, @ @ @ O >@ , @ @ @ @>@ @>@ @@@.

' @ @ @, M [\ ( )10 >@ @ > ML >N> @ >-@. '@ >@, > >@ 5000 @>, @ @ @ @

500 @> >N> @P.

Ejemplo 2

C @ @ @ >@ 100 @> >N> - @P @ L 20J.

>@ :

1 =ZZZZZZZZZZZ

2 U . . C

I :

= ZZZZZZZ

10

@:

1ZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZZZ

10 2 U . . C

@:

10C = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ

2 . U . .

>@ @ @ TF >-

>@ @ M>@ @ 106, @:

107

C TF = ZZZZZZZZZZZZ2 . U . .

>J@ @:

107 107

C TF = ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ = ZZZZZZZZZ =

6,28 . 20J . 100^ 12,56 . 103

10.000= ZZZZZZZZ = 796TF

12,56

E @ >I@, >N> @P, @ @ @C >I . @ @> L @>-@ 50TF I 220TF.

D >>@ >@@ @ @- @ (CB1 I CB2) @M@ @ @-

> @ 10TF I 100TF.

ac%&$!', $'!!,

' @ @ >-@, @ @ @ >@ @>@ > > H >LH> N. #@@>@ >L J@ @:

) ac%&$!' RC

b) ac%&$!' ',"&

c) ac%&$!' $!c

) ac%&$!' RC:

Figura 31


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E @ @>@ >I J@ @ M @ @ P >- I @ @ @, @ L >LH> - N. @> O @@ @JP ( 32).

E @ 1 @ (@ @-JP) > > 2 - @ @JP , - @. E @ C O @ > I P @JP

. # @ C - O >; @>@, @ @ @ @ (@ >@) - O >@ - >. O @N @ ,@ @ M N . @ >@ @ @ -@ @ @N@, @P -@ L @ @ @.

>@ >@ 33. C@ @' >@ @ @@; @@ @, @ @N@ @ @ @@ @ @@ > .

G> J @>@ @ -@ I @ >@ @ @ . >@ @ 34.

C @JP, @>@ I >@@, J@ @ @JP, >@ I @ > @ @ @ @ @. E @>@

@ @ @ C @ @ 1 I 2, @- 1 > @ I 2> @JP -@ @.

E 35 @>@ M @ @

>@ > @ I -@. AN @ >@ @ >@ @>Q, @ @ @-@.

# P> @@ @ -@ @ @@. >I , L H N -P >L @JP @@; @ @@, L >P

. E @ @ @->@ @ @ L @ @ - I @ @JP.

E @ >@ @ (, @ @ >L), @ @ L @@ I, @ @@, @ @ , @ @ -@ @ @ >P -M N >P.

>@ @ 36 @

@ @ @ @ @ @:

# @ >@ 1 . C1 > > > M C1; >L 1 O >@ P 1 @ J >@, @ @ C1 @> @ @ (100TF @ >L).

# @ @> -

Figura 32

Figura 33

Figura 34

Figura 35


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> ->P @>@ > -. E @ , > > @ >@@ @ O, > >P.

b) ac%&$!' ',"&

E @>@ @>@ J @ @ >LH> @; @ > I @.

> @>@ @ 1 @-

@ @ @ , I >P P (@ @>@ @), I >I@ >@ @ I , @ @> >LH> - @, @L >LH>N @ L > - ( >).

' >M >@ @-

>@ @ I @ >-, @@P @ > @@ @. E 2 >- @@ I , >@ N @- >LH>.

E @ @JP @ -

@ P, @ 1 I 2 @JP , I JP - @> @ >@ @ L>-@ @; C1 @@ -O Q @ 1, I C2 > -O @ @ , N >@ -@ >.

E N, @>@ @>@ -> > I N @,@ @ > -N N @ , JP @

@@ ( >I @@) @ O @ L @> @ @- . A>L, @ I >O@; > M, @@ >@>.

'@ @>@ @>@ @ >-M @ @ @>@ : O @@ >@, > @ - @ @ >L O @ @@>@ @>@, ( 37).

E @, 1 >@ @ @-J@ A (> > @ O)

N @ @ 2 I3; @ J @>@ 1 @>@ -> @>@. #@ @@ #2 I #3 - O 2 I 3 @ @. E -> > > >@ @ I >I J@ @ @ @>-. P @ @@#1-#2 I #1-#3 > -P > ( 38).

E @@ >@, @>@ 2 O @ @ @ 2 I 3. #Figura 37

Figura 38

Figura 36


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@ L @ @@, L@@ >@ >M@ @@ @ M.

A@ , @ @J @ @@ @ @ I , @> -@ 2 L O >-@ @ @ @@ 3 -L @ O @ @ 2; @ @ [>@\ ( - @) 2 > O I - > @ @ @ .

c) ac%&$!' $!cE @ @>@ @ @ -

@ >@ . E @, >M@-@ @ @P>@ I @ @ @ @@ @ .

E > >@, >M@@ @ @ @@ @ @ ( 39).

E @> @ @ @ @@ -

@ I @ @ -

, JP @ P @@ @@ N> >@ N @->@.

' @@ @> @J > @ @P @@ @->Q, @ O @ - I @ >@. ' @ @ >-@ > - ( 40).

E @ 1 I 2 > P -J @ @ @ M>-, > L I >- >@ @@ @>Q , > >@ >@ @>Q ( @ ).

> Q >L -@ @ @ >@ @ @ ( 41).

E >@ @ @> - , I @ @ @>@ >@ I > >, O N > M @ I @ N -.

& @> @ > @ >-@ > @ 42.

E @, 1 @>@ 1 I @>@

Figura 39

Figura 40

Figura 41

Figura 42


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@JP 2 >>@ >@.'@>@ @ @ >@

>@ @>Q M @, @@ @>@ @>@ @; > @@ @ @@ -

> @ I @, @ @ > >@ (43).

# @>@ @ @ @- >I@N @ @ @, I @ J @ @ @ -@ H O@. E @ >I@@ @ @ N @J @>@.

#@ @ @>@, @ >@, -@ J>@ I > @ @> @

( ), @ > -@. E @>@ @ @ H @->.

& @> @>@ >I @ [A@>@ @>>@\ @ @ ' I @@'' ( 44).

E @ >@@ @@ @>-

@ @ @>>@ J @' > I '' ; 1I 2 @> @ P @J - > @. 1 @I >@ M>. 3 Q @>@ > @ I @>@ @JP 2; @>@.

& > @-P >@ @>Q I @ > ( @>Q 1) @>@ + ( @>Q 2) @-

> @ @ O. @>@ @ @>@ @ -@ .

E O, 3 @J > 2. C@ O @ 1, >L 2 I N >- @ @@. , @ @@, O 1, > P 2, >I@ P .

' >@ >, @@ @ @>@ @ @>->@ ( 45).

E N, @>@ >- @ @ @ @>@ @ @ I @ @ @@ >. **********

Figura 43

Figura 44

Figura 45


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E< K @ @@


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'1V = '


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M<


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:= < 7:B@= T>A-:B=U A =


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@@ J< @I@

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1

= SSSSSSSSSSSS

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I ( = @


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C1 = 1,5


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E @ >>? - ? @ >? ?>?>: $, E? $?

F@? A?J (@ 1). > > >? -

? @ @ 1 ?, @ > >@? ? ?-? @ ?.

$ , > ? @ ? 8?? > @ ? 8 ? @ ?>J 8 ? > ?>J , @ > @ ? , -?> ?>J > 8 ? >, ?- > 8 ?? >.

A?@? ? ? > ? @ ?> @ -J >> > > ?>- (@ 2).

E >? @ " >? J ?>-J; & >>? > - & >>? ?.

$ @ J ?>J > >@? J@:

OOOOOOO" = R & / &

Ejem!l 1

' > > @ & = 2000 @ ? & = 8 .

de qu relacin e transformacin ebe ser el

transformaor que se va a utilizar?

OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOO& 2000

" = ROOOOOO = R OOOOOO = 15,81& 8

E @> ?>> ?> @ > ? > - >: > >?>, > ?.

E ?@ > @? ? -

?, @ >>? >. E > -

> @> ?J>, > @ >?> ? > @ - (> @> ? ? >-) ?> @-; >?> ?>> >@? > - > ?> @ @? > >.

B>?, > > > ?> >- >K >@ > : C> A C> B. E>?@?> ? >-J ?@>.

B>? @ > A > @ -

?>J @, @ >,> >@ ?>J >, >?? PQ -? >, > ?>>? - ?. > ?>>-?> A @ > 360L -?> > ; > , >??? >? @J ( > -? >?@ K ?).

E> > ? @, - >? ?? > >@ >-J @ > -?> >>. E>? , ??, >>? ?>>? ? > ?-> @ ?>, ?, @ >>? @?.

E ? &C > @ @?, > @ ? ? @ >J ? ( 500).

E ? ?> > > @ > @? ?> ??> ?>>?> ?> @ > ?> ?>J. ' ?> >

Etapas dE salida

Figura 1


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10 @ > >? >@.

J @? >?> -> > @> > > ? >> -?>. ' ?> @ ?.

E @> >>, ? @? ? @ >?> >?? @? ? ? . E>? -J > ? ?-? ?> @ ?, >K > > @ 3 J > > > ->> ? ? @ ?>- > ?>>? @ ?

? ? , >>? ?> > >? ?> ?? -? @?. PE K ? @ > ? @ ? ?Q; > >?@>, ?>>? ? > A. E> @J, J @ > ? J ?> 2 ? J ? .

' @ ? ?> @ ? >? ?:

I$ = OOOO . OOOO

OOO OOOR 2 R 2

(D OOOOOO = @ > >

OOOOR 2

I OOOOOOOOO = I @ > >)

OOOOOR 2

@:

. I$ = OOOOOOOOO

2

A , > ?? > >-@ @ > > > -

@ 2 > >?>J, ? ?- ?>@ > @.

$ ? ,@ >-, ?>>?> @ ?- @ :

$? = . I

E>? ? > @->?> ?, J @ >>? ?- ? >@? ? ?>

?>, @> ? >@>? -? >> >? . E > ?>>?> > ? -? >, ?, > @? ? > >@? > >-? @ ? ??@ ->.

>>? ? ?>>? ? >@? > > > -? @? ??@ ?? ? >. > ? >?? @ >?@> >? ?.

Ejem!l 2

-? ?->>?> ?- @ >>-? ? 3LC/??? >-@? > ,

0,5LC/?? >? @?- - ?>>?(? >? > >-) 4LC/?? >- >J

>. >>?-

Figura 3

Figura 2


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? ?? >@? > @? >@- ?> > ?> @>; @>? -> > @ ?? 7,5LC/??, ?>>?. $, > ??@ ? > 25LC ? ? 150LC; -? ??@ > >:

N? = . - . ?

N? = 150LC - 25LC = 125LC

E>? ? >@ ? N? = 125LC; -

@ ? > @> >@? J-@:

N?$ = OOOOOOOOOO = 16,66 ??

7,5LC/??

E ?>>? > @ ?- 16,66 ??, @ > > 70% , -> >@.

Etapas amplificadoras clase B ?>>? ? > B @ @

@ > ( ) > . E@@, >? ? >J @ >? @> @? > > ?>>?>, ? >? ? @ - ?? >.

Amplificador push-pull a transformador

E >? @J > ?>>?> @ ?- > PAQ > PBQ. C@ @ ?

? @J P$@>-$@Q > >@ >?>J >? > ?>>?> -

> >> ?> (@4).

C ? > ?>>?> > >> @>?>, @ ? ? 1 @?, >@ ? ? 2 >.

E @?, 1 ? @ > >> ? > ?>>?> > >@> @?> ?.

$ > @ ? , > @ > @-> @> @? > ?>>?; > > J> ? > ?>>?> ?>, ?.

E > ? >@>? @; > > >-?>. ' > @? > -

.$ >? ? > B ( > PABQ) > > ?>>?> @ ? > 10A (? 5A 50A).

G? @ ?> PDQ (> @ PQ) ->J > (@ 5).

1 > @ > PAQ ?> >-? -

Figura 4

Figura 5

Figura 6


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> , ? >> > @> ?> >> 2 3. &3, &4 &2 @ PBQ. D >? , @> >? > 2 ? -

@ ?> 3 >? ? @ > >-? >? @ > ?. D >, @ 3 @, 2 >? ?.

C > , > > >> -? 2 3 >?? >? @ @ > >> ?> ( - >? > >>).

? >? >>? > >- @? >@ ?, @ @? >J @ > .' >, 2 3 > @? ?? -?>.

$ >? J > > @? >-> @>>; >, J >@ >.

Distorsin por cruce

E > P>?->J @Q >? @@ ?>>? @ ? ? > @ >? > PQ >> >; > , @ ?>J >-> >? 0,6 ?.

$ >? J >@ > > ?>>?> > AB ? >>@ > > ?>>?> > >? @ ->J (@ 7).

>?>J @ > > > @ >? @ > @?, J @ > > ?


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> >? > >> @ ?>J J > > @ -, > @? > >?? > @ ?J >-? ? ? ?. E>? -?J >>? @ ? P>-?>JQ, -? (@ 10).

E C2 ?PB>?Q ? >? 1 ? ?>J > ? @ ? ?>J >

(1 >?@), > ? @ ( + BE) >@ @? @ >? >?>J. A > > @ ?J >-?, > >J @> ?. E ?J > @> >??> ? C1 &8 C2 &1.

Etapas excitadoras

> ?> > >?@> >? ?>? @ ? ? , ? ?> >>, @ >J

? > > ?>.E > ?>>?> > ? @? -

>? > >@? J >-> >-??, ? ? @ @-? ??@; >? >? > ?, > @? ?-?@. ' > ? >? P>? ?Q > >?@J ?>>?.

> >>?> ? > ?>>?> > >? ?> ? ?.

>@J >>? > > @> ?>?> ?> -E> > ?>>?> > ?> @>? @ 11.

> > > ? ?? >- > ?>>?>, ? @@J ?>J > > >> > ?>>?> >, -> ( > ?) >@J ?>J >-> > ?>>?> > >@ J ??@-. E>? > ? ? @ @ ? -> J >.

E > ? @ > > @ > > > ? @ ?>>? @> -?>?> ?> > >(@ 12).

C @ @? ??@ 2 3 ? @ >, 1 > @> ?->?> ?>, ? @ >, >@- >@ ?>J ?->, J > > ?>>?> > -> ? ? ?.

Figura 12

e

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"J?> ? >J @ >? ? >? > @ @ ? @ @? ?, @ ?J >? ? -? @ >J ?. >??@ ? @ >?>J >?? ?- @ J ? (@ 13).

E @ > > @ @ > ?> 8 ? -? (? > I>?@?>) > @ - 8 . > ?>?> ?> > ? > > >@?>:

( P$encia de Rec"$e: 8W( Im!edancia de Ca"ga: 8)

( Di#$"#i'n a"m'nica $$al infe"i" a 3%

( Re#!e#$a en f"ecencia: 40 H& a 25 kH&

( Ten#i'n de alimen$aci'n: 28V

E9 3191=7, /@711= A=5:> 7:> 01 =175819?/5J9 ;=

/:8;19>= (05>859@5=) 7 05>?:=>5J9 ;@9?:> 017 /5=/@5?:. $:= 1618;7:, 19 1?;> 1C/5?-

0:=> 7 05>?:=>5J9 ;=1/1 ;:= ?=9>5>?:=1> ?=-

69 /:9 >1I71> 2@1=?1>, 7: /@=A> /=/?1=H>?5/>. E9 7

1?; 01 >750, >:9 /7F>5/> 7 05>?:=>5J9 ;:= /=@/1 D 7

05>?:=>5J9 =8J95/ ?@05=18:> 19 7 ;=JC58

71//5J9. ?19019/5 /?@7 1> @?575= /:8: >750 @9

1?; /@>5/:8;71819?=5, 0:901 7:> ?=9>5>?:=1> 01

;:?19/5 >:9 01 53@7 ;:7=500.

Amplificadores de potencia

de salida cuasicomplementaria

' >?@ @? ?>$@>-$@ > ?>>?> ?> ? .

? > ? @? @ ?>>?> > >?? ,> ?> @ ?>>? > PAQ.' > > >?@ @ ? ?, ? @ ? >@ ? > ?; >? > >@ @? ?>>?> > P?->Q ?> > ? > >PBQ, ?> @ ?>>?> -?> ? ? >.

E @ J > @ >-

@ ? ? > ?->>?> >J ? -@ 14.

> ?>>?> 2 4 ? @-J PDA&I"G#"Q, ?> @?>>? "$" . > ?>>?>3 5 ? @J P?Q,> > > K @ >J > ? ? >.D >? , > > ? ?@>? @ ?>>? "$" >>@> @ @J ?>>? $"$.

> J > > @?> ?>>?> @ ? > @>-? (@ 15). 2 4 ? > >@ ? ? @J ? K > B (>J -@ @ >). 3 5 ? > >-; 3 > ? ?,>? >J > >? > 5 ? @ ?. E C > >@ > >> 4

5 >@>

?.C > ?-> ? @ ?->J ?> >?>J, > - @ @

K

Figura 13

Figura 15

Figura 14


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?>; ?> >, @ -?J ? > ? > >@? >@?. $ ??, ? > -, ?J @@ K ?>.

C?, @ ? >- @>? > >-?@J ?> @ 16.

> ?>>?> ?>1 2 > ?.> >> > @>? -? > 1 ? 2 > > ?>>?> ? 3 4.

' > > > ?>>?> 1 2

?> >, ?> @? >?>> >, @> ? > -?@> > >@> @> -?>?> ? >; , > > > ?>- > @ @ ?J - >? > ?>>. I@>, ?> > -? @>? ?> @- J ? ?

?, ? @ @ ?> >-?> > > @>; >@ ?> ? ?-J >? @?J. J > ?>>?>, ? ?, @ @ -> ? @ > ?>?>.

>@ >@> > @ > >??> ? ? ? ? -

? @?J @> >

?> > > >.> ?>?> >-@>? ? @ @? > >?>J. E>? > >@ ??, - >??> ? ( J > ->). #? >>? ?->>? ? @ ? ? > ?? ? @. E -@? @ 17 @ > ?> -?J > >?>> @>

? @."J?> ? @?,

?J &1 C1 @ >?>. C1 >? > ?> -@> @. ' ?? @? ? @ , >, > > ? ?> @> &3 C3 1. $ K?, C6 @?J ? ? 3 1 ?- >>? ? ?> @> - &3 C3 1.

Figura 16

Figura 17

Figura 18


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$ K?, C67 @ ?J -? ? 3 1 ? >>? ?- ?> @>. D1 D2 @? $1 C8 @? > ? ($1 > @>-

? ? ? J >). 4 5 @ > -? ? - @>? 6 7.

&7 @ ? &ED DE#BE >?@, @ @>-> 4, 10 1 ? K ? >.

Amplificador diferencial

? ?@ > @? > -> ? > > -@? >?J ? ?@, > P@?> >Q P@?> Q (@ 19).

B>?, > ?? @ ?

? ?>> > > ?>>?> ? @? >? & @ > @ ? >-??, ? >? 1 @ >@-J ? ? ?>>? 2 ->. $ > ?>?> >? - ( >@ J K), & > , >? - @ ?>J >. $ -

? >? >@ @?> @ @? -? >??. E @> >>, >? @-? > >@ > ??.

C@ > > @> >> >@ @?> @ @? ? >?? ? IDA&.

>>J @ ? @-? ? >?? > @>? @ 20.

E >? @? > @ ?>>? (3) @? ? >?? -? ?> ?>?> @?. &1, &2 &3 ?

?> 1 2.

Figura 19

Figura 20


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E - > > >> ->, ? @-

> ?@ > @> > @ >-?@ > @>? ?J @ -

? @ J, > > @, >, >> >? >> >>?> ?.

E A > @ @? ? ?, > . $> @ ? > ? >. &> >> -? > ?> (@ 21).

Distorsin en amplificadores

> > > >-

? > > > >?>J, >?? > > .E>? >??> ?> >?>J; , >-? > >?>J @, >?? K ?> $@>-$@, >K > >?@ J ?. J @ J @ -@ @ >?>J @ > > @> > @.

' >?>J J >?@ > > -J> > / > ?@ @-. E> , . &> @ K? F@ F@-?.

$ , > > @ >-?@ J> > >. ' -J> > > K?> > @@? (2

; 4

; 6

, >

@

) > J> > @@? 3 ; 5 ; 7 ; ?.

' P>?>J JQ ? J -? -? > J-> >> >. @?@? >?>J J-

> > >@?> @? >> ? , J @ >?>J J ? >- .

E @ 23 > > ?>J J >J ? > > ? > @

? @ @ ? @> @>.

Distorsin por intermodulacin

E>? >?>J > @ > ?> -> @ > @? >> >??@. &>, , ?? @ ? ?>J. J > > ? @> , >@?, ?? >- ? > ? @

> > @, - > ?>>?>.

C@ > >?> >@?? >-> >?? @ > >@ ?-> > > @ ? > >> >?-? ?@ (@ 24).

C > @?> > > ?- > > ?@, >?->J ?@J ? (-@ 25). $ ? >?>J ?@-J, > @?> >? @- > >; >, @? -

Figura 21

Figura 22

Figura 23

Figura 24


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?J >? @, > @J, > >-?>J (@ 26).

Rango dinmico de un amplificador

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