electricity principles of electricity as it is related to hair
TRANSCRIPT
Conductors
• Material that best transports electricity to a load.– Silver and copper are best (contain ions)– Water and human body are conductors
Insulators• Material that does not allow current to pass
through it.• Protects user from current.
– Silk, wood, plastic, rubber, glass, paper, brick, cloth, alcohol, oil and pure distilled water.
– Old cords, rubber insulators with fabric coating.• Became easily frayed, caused shorts
Cord Safety• Cord – copper wire insulated with rubber
• Keep cords free of kinks to prevent breaks which might cause electrical shock.
Amp• Measures the strength
• Power box to the house supplies amps.
• Amp rating show how much strength.
Volt• Measures pressure
• Measures how hard electrons are pushed by source.
• 110 to 220V
• 220 has V prongs on plug
• Large motors need 220
Ohm• Measures Resistance
• Measures how difficult it is to push electrons through a conductor.
• OHM’s rating = resistance of motion of electrons.
Watt• Measures Amount
Used
• 1 watt is small amount of energy
• Blowdryer = 1000 watts per second
• 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt
Electric Current• Exists in two forms:
– DC – Direct Current – electrons move at an even rate; flow is in one direction.
– AC – Alternating Current – electrons flow first in one direction and then in the other.
Generator
• Produce alternating current
• Uses mechanical energy to produce flow of electrons.
Diesel Generator
Boiler/Steam Generator
Wind Generator
Solar Powered Generator
Battery• Has a positive (+) and negative (-) terminal
• Produces direct current only
• Electrons flow toward positive terminal
Circuit• Path through which electrons travel.
– Closed – Electrons leave the source and operate an appliance.
– Open – Broken path of electron flow.Open Closed
Parallel Wiring• Several loads can operate at once or at
different times;
• use parallel wiring in salon.
Overload• More current
flows than the line is designed to carry.
• Frequent problem due to the number of stylist and electrical items used in salons.
Short Circuit
• Be sure to check cords for any breaks in the wire. – Often happens when curling
irons or flat irons are left on and the cord comes in contact with the hot iron causing the cord to melt.
Fuse• Connects directly to the circuits in the
power box
• Contains fine metal wire that allows current to flow through it.
• Overload = melted wire
• Fuse can not be reused
Circuit Breaker• Connects directly to the
circuits in the power box.
• Reusable device that breaks flow of current when over load occurs.
• 2 pieces of metal make contact-separate if circuit is broken.
Grounding Wire(3 – wire system)
• Protects user with certain appliances
• Prevents excess flow of current from going to user
• 3 – prongs, round one connects to grounded wall socket– It is not safe to plug a 3-
prong cord into a 2-prong socket.
First Aid for Shock• Step 1 – Knock person
out of the circuit by using an insulator; broom or plastic pail.
• Step 2 – Unplug the appliance use an insulator to avoid circuit.
• Step 3 – Rush to the power box and turn off all circuit breakers.
Local Shock Procedure• Local Shock - Passes
through small part of the body.– Immerse in cold water
immediately– If severe – take to
hospital– Keep immersed until
cold and stopped swelling
– Blot dry and apply antiseptic cream
General Shock Procedure
• General Shock - Passes through the nervous system.– First – Break the circuit
before touching the person; dial 9-1-1.
– Start CPR; continue with CPR until emergency team arrives.
Electrical Fires Emergency Procedures
• Remember: NO WATER!– Turn off the circuit– Smother the fire with
rug, towel or powder.
Electricity By Use In the Salon• Thermal/Heat Examples:
– Generates heat– Curling Irons
• Combination Examples:– Generates heat and produces flow
of air– Blow Dryers
• Mechanical Examples:– Has a motor– Clippers
Effects of Electric Current
• Heating– More resistance = more heat– Heating elements heat up when current flows
through.
• Mechanical or Magnetic– Push – pull effect causes motor to turn
• Electrochemical– Electric current travels through a water –
based solution to produce relaxing or stimulating effects.
Electrode• Safe contact point
through which current can pass to client.
• Usually made from carbon, glass or metal.
• Requires two electrodes. – One negative and one
positive.
Polarity• Indicates the negative or positive pole of an
electric current. – Positive electrode – anode – usually red and
marked with a “P” or “+” sign.– Negative electrode – cathode – usually black and
marked with “N” or “-” sign.
Galvanic Current• Oldest form of electrotherapy• Appliance (rectifier that is built
into the machine) necessary to convert AC to DC
• Direct current – low volt and high amp
• Chemical effects caused by passing current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids.
Effects of Galvanic CurrentPositive Pole (Anode)
Produces acidic reactions
Closes the pores
Soothes nerves
Decreases blood supply
Contracts blood vessels
Hardens and firms tissues
Negative Pole (Cathode) Produces alkaline
reactions
Opens the pores
Stimulates and irritates the nerves
Increases blood supply
Expands blood vessels
Softens tissues
Phoresis (Bleaching)• Process of forcing an acid
or alkali into the skin by applying current to the chemical.
• Chemical penetrates the skin without breaking the skin.– Most typical application
of Galvanic Current
AnaphoresisNegative Pole
• Process of forcing liquids into tissues from the negative toward the positive pole. – Desincrustation – used to
soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles.
– Used to treat acne, milia, and comedones.
CataphoresisPositive Pole
• Forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole.
Caution!!Do not use negative galvanic
current on skin with broken capillaries or pustular acne
conditions, or on a client with high blood pressure or
metal implants!!
Faradic• Alternating current; produces mechanical effect;
stimulates nerve and muscle tissue.– Improved blood circulation, muscle tone, stimulation
of hair growth, increased glandular activity.– Today it is primarily used to improve muscle tone.
Sinusoidal• Alternating current• Mechanical effect• Penetrates deeper than faradic• Greater Stimulation – causes
muscle contractions• Should never be used on
unhealthy or broken skin.
Tesla• High-frequency current “violet ray”• Alternating current – produces a vibrating
effect making this a stimulating current.• Different voltages produce heat• Can offer stimulation or relaxation
– Improved blood circulation– Increased rate of metabolism– Increased sebaceous gland activity– Relieves Congestion
Faradic, Sinusoidal and Telsa are all alternating currents (AC).
Light Therapy• Visible light is
electromagnetic radiation that we can see.– Also called “radiant energy” –
carries, or radiates, energy through space on waves.
– Distance between two successive peaks is called the wavelength.
• Low frequency – Long wavelengths (fewer waves).
• High frequency – Short wavelengths (more waves).
• Electromagnetic Spectrum – the entire range of electromagnetic radiation.– Visible light – the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum that we can see.• Makes up 35% of natural sunlight.
– Ultraviolet rays and Infrared rays – also forms of electomagnetic radiation.
• Invisible – wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light.
• Makes up 65% of natural sunlight.
Infrared Rays• Make up 60% of
natural sunlight.
• Longer wavelengths
• Penetrate deeper
• Produce more heat
Infrared Lamps• Used mainly during
hair treatments and to process hair color. – Operate at a
distance of at least 30 inches for exposure time of about 5 min.
– Never leave client unattended.
Visible Light• Rays that are the primary source of light
used in facial and scalp treatments.
• Bulbs used are white, red and blue.– White light – “combination light” – combination
of all visible rays of the spectrum.
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Blue Light• Only used on bare
oily skin
• Contains fewer heat rays
• Least penetrating
• Some germicidal and chemical benefits
Red Light• Used on dry skin
in combination with oils and creams.
• Penetrates the deepest.
• Produces most heat.
Ultraviolet (UV) Rays• Make up 5% of natural sunlight
• Shorter wavelengths
• Penetrate less
• Produce less heat than visible light.
• Produce chemical effects and kills germs.
• Prompts the skin to produce Vitamin D– Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes
mineralization of bones.
Overexposure to UV Rays• Can cause premature
aging of the skin and skin cancer!!– Over 1 million new cases of
skin cancer diagnosed each year.
– Estimated 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer.
• 90% are result of overexposure to UV rays from sun, sun lamps, and tanning beds.
Application of UV Rays• Can be beneficial if
done with utmost care.
• Apply with lamp at a distance of 30 to 36 inches.
• Begin with exposure times of 2 to 3 minutes.– Gradually increase to 7
or 8 minutes.
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