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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.

COURSE DIARY (ACADEMIC YEAR 2011-12)

VII SEMESTER

Name : ________________________________________

USN : ____________________________________________

Semester & Section : _____________________________________________

The Mission

“The mission of our institutions is to provide

world class education in our chosen fields and

prepare people of character, caliber and vision

to build the future world”

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG. VII SEM

MVJCE ii COURSE DIARY

SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION

VII SEMESTER B.E.

Sl.

No. Code No. Subject

Teaching

(Hrs/Week)

Examination

Theory/

Practical I.A Total

1. 06EE71 Computer Techniques In Power

System 04 -- 100 25 125

2. 06EE72 Electrical Power Utilization 04 -- 100 25 125

3. 06EE73 High Voltage Engineering 04 -- 100 25 125

4. 06EE74 Industrial Drives & Applications 04 -- 100 25 125

5. 06EE753 Testing & Commissioning of

Electrical Equipments 04 -- 100 25 125

6. 06EE766 VLSI Circuits & Design 04 -- 100 25 125

7. 06EEL77 Relay and High Voltage

Laboratory -- 03 50 25 75

8. 06EEL78 Power Simulation lab -- 03 50 25 75

Total 24 06 700 200 900


MVJCE iii COURSE DIARY

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS (2011–2012)

B.E. VII semester

ODD SEMESTER

Commencement of Semester 1ST August 2011

Internal tests schedule

• First test

• Second test

• Third test

End of semester

Commencement of Examinations

EVEN SEMESTER

Commencement of semester

Internal tests schedule

• First test

• Second test

• Third test

OTHER MAJOR EVENTS

MVJ Memorial Cricket Tournament

Smt. Rajalakshmi Jayaraman Volleyball

Tournament

SWAYAM 2012

VERTECHX 4.0

Founder’s Day


MVJCE 1 COURSE DIARY

06EE71 -

COMPUTER TECHNIQUES IN

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS



SYLLABUS

COMPUTER TECHNIQUES IN POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SUB CODE: 06EE71 IA MARKS: 25

Hrs/Week: 04 Exams Hrs: 03

Total Hrs: 52 Exam Marks: 100

Part-A

1. Network Topology: Introduction, Elementary graph theory – oriented graph, tree, co-tree,

basic cutsets, basic loops, Incidence matrices – Element-node, Bus incidence, Tree-branch path,

Basic cut-set, Augmented cut-set, Basic loop and Augmented loop, Primitive network –

impedance form and admittance form.

04 Hrs

2. Network Matrices: Introduction, Formation of YBUS – by method of inspection, by method of

singular transformation (YBUS = ATyA); Formation of Bus Impedance Matrix (without mutual

coupling elements). 06 Hrs

3. Load Flow Studies: Introduction, Power flow equations, Classification of buses, Operating

constraints, Data for load flow, Gaus-Seidal Method – Algorithm and flow chart for PQ and PV

buses (numerical problem for one iteration only), Acceleration of convergence; Newton Raphson

Method – Algorithm and flow chart for NR method in polar coordinates (numerical problem for

one iteration only), Algorithm for Fast Decoupled load flow method. Representation of

Transformer taps setting. Comparison of Load Flow Methods.

16 Hrs

Part-B

4. Economic Operation of Power System: Introduction, Performance curves, Economic

Generation Scheduling Neglecting Losses and Generator Limits, Economic Generation Scheduling

including Generator Limits and Neglecting Losses, Iterative techniques, Economic Dispatch

including transmission losses – approximate penalty factor, iterative technique for solution of

economic dispatch with losses, Derivation of transmission loss formula. Optimal scheduling for

Hydrothermal plants – problem formulation, solution procedure, and algorithm.

12 Hrs

5. Transient Stability Studies: Numerical solution of Swing Equation – Point-by-point method,

Modified Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta method, Milne’s predictor corrector method..

Representation of power system for transient stability studies – load representation, network

performance equations. Solution techniques with flow charts.

14 Hrs

Text Books:

1. Stag, G. W., and EI-Abiad, A. H., “Computer Methods in Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill

International Student Edition. 1968

2. .Pai, M. A., “Computer techniques in Power System Analysis”, TMH, 2nd edition, 2006..

Reference Books:

1. Nagrath, I. J., and Kothari, D. P., “Modern Power System Analysis”, TMH, 2003.

2. Singh, L. P., “Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics”, New Age International (P) Ltd,

Publishers, New Delhi, 2001.

3. Dhar, R. N., “Computer Aided Power System Operations and Analysis”, TMH, Publishing

Company, New Delhi, 1984.

4 Haadi Sadat, “Power system analysis” TMH, 2nd , 12th reprint, 2007



LESSON PLAN

SEMESTER: VII SUB: Computer Techniques In Power System Analysis

TEACHING HOURS: 60 SUB_CODE: 06EE71

Chapter

No.

Chapter

name Hrs Topic to be covered

1 Network

Topology

1 Introduction, Elementary graph theory

2 Oriented graph, tree, co-tree, basic cutsets, basic loops, Incidence

matrices Element-node, Bus incidence, Tree-branch path

3 Element-node, Bus incidence, Tree-branch path, Basic cut-set,

Augmented cut-set

4 Basic loop and Augmented loop, Primitive network – impedance form

and admittance form

5 Numerical problems to be solved


2 Network

Matrices

7 Introduction

8 Formation of YBUS – by method of inspection


10 Formation of YBUS – by method of singular transformation (YBUS =

ATyA)


12 Formation of Bus Impedance Matrix (without mutual coupling

elements


3 Load Flow

Studies

14 Introduction

15 Power flow equations

16 Classification of buses

17 Operating constraints

18 Data for load flow

19 Gauss-Seidal Method

20 Algorithm and flow chart for PQ and PV

21 Numerical problem to be solved for one iteration

22 Acceleration of convergence

23 Newton Raphson Method

24 Algorithm and flow chart for NR method in polar coordinates

25 Numerical problem to be solved for one iteration

26 Representation of Transformer taps setting

27 Comparison of Load Flow Methods





Chapter

No.

Chapter


4

Economic

Operation

of Power

System

30 Introduction

31 Performance curves

32 Economic Generation Scheduling Neglecting Losses and Generator

Limits

33 Economic Generation Scheduling including Generator Limits and

Neglecting Losses

34 Iterative techniques

35 Economic Dispatch including transmission losses

36 Approximate penalty factor

37 Iterative technique for solution of economic dispatch with losses

38 Derivation of transmission loss formula

39 Optimal scheduling for Hydrothermal plants

40 Problem formulation

41 Solution procedure, and algorithm



5

Transient

Stability

Studies

44 Introduction

45 Swing Equation

46 Numerical solution of Swing Equation

47 Point-by-point method

48 Modified Euler’s method

49 Runge-Kutta method

50 Milne’s predictor corrector method

51 Representation of power system for transient stability studies

52 load representation

53 Network performance equations

54 Solution techniques

55 Flow charts




59 Revision

60 Revision



QUESTION BANK

1. Define a primitive network. Give the representation of a typical component & arrive

their performance equations both in Impedance and admittance forms.

2. For the power system shown in the fig1, obtain the bus incidence matrix A. Take ground

as reference. Is the matrix unique? Explain.

3. (a) Find the bus incidence matrix A for the 4 Bus system in fig2. Take gnd. As a

reference.

(b) Find the primitive admittance matrix for the system, It is given that all the lines

are characterized by a series impedance of 0.1+j0.7Ω/Km

& the shunt admittance of j0.35*10-5 Ω/Km. Lines are rated at 220Kv.

(c) Find bus admittance matrix for the system. Use the values 220Kv

(d) &100MVA. Express all impedance & admittance in p.u.

1 2

100Km

110Km 150Km 100Km

120Km

4

3

4. Write an algorithm of formation of bus impedance matrix for 1-phase system.



5. For the n/w shown in fig3. Obtain the bus impedance matrix ,Y bus

By singular transformation analysis, given the line data as the table below.

Line no. Connecting nodes Admittance p.u.

1 1-4 1.4

2 1-2 1.6

3 2-3 2.4

4 3-4 2.0

5 2-4 1.8

1 2

ref 3

4

6. Write a note on the steps to be followed during Z BUS building algorithm for i) Removal

of a given uncoupled element.

ii) Changing the impedance value of an uncoupled element.

Load frequency control

1. Explain the schematic diagram of load frequency & excitation voltage regulator of a

turbo-generator.

2. Develop a mathematical model of speed of speed governing system of steam turbine

used in load frequency problems. Show the correspondence block diagram.

3. Explain the complete block diagram of load frequency control of an isolated system for

steady state analysis.

4. Explain the complete block diagram of load frequency control of an isolated system for

Dynamic Response.

5. Explain the load frequency control & Economic load dispatch with the help of block

diagram.

6. Explain the Two area load frequency control with the help of block diagram.

7. Two gers. Rated 200MW,400MW are operating in parallel. The droop characteristic of

their governors are 4% & 5% resp/. From no load to full load. The speed chargers are so

set that the generators operate at 50HZ sharing the full load of 600MW in the ratio of

their ratings. If the load reduces to 400MW , How will it be Shred among the gers/. &

what will be the system frequency be ? Assume free governor operation.

8. Repeat the problem i.e. (7) of part (b) & Comment on the result if both the governors

have a droop if 4%.

Load flow studies

1. For a typical 3- Bus system, develop the static load flow equation used for load flow

study .

2. Explain Why static load flow equation (SLFE) are non linear.

3. Explain the NR method of load flow analysis. Compare this with GS method.

4. For the system shown in the fig1. Use GS method & obtain V2 & V3



At the end of 1st iteration. The line impedances marked in p.u.

Ger/.

1

2

LOAD

Ger/. 3

Bus details:

Bus1: Slack Bus V15=1.0p.u.

Bus2: PV; PG2=5.32p.u V2 5=1.1 p .u.

Bus3: PQ ; PD2=3.64p.u QD2=0.53p.u.

5. Explain the classification of Buses?

6. Explain the solution technique of network model formation.

7. Explain the Flow chart for load flow analysis using Gauss- iterative method.

8. Explaining the load flow solution by Gauss- siedel iterative method .

9. Explaining the load flow solution by Gauss- iterative method .

10. Explain the Flow chart for load flow analysis using Gauss-siedal iterative method.

11. Explain the Flow chart for load flow analysis using Newton-Rapson method.

12. Explaining the load flow solution by Newton –Rapson method .

13. Explaining the load flow solution by decoupled load flow method.

14. Explaining the load flow solution by fast-decoupled load flow method.

15. Compare various solution methods of load flow studies.

16. Explain the representation of transformer- fixed tap setting transformer.

17. Explain the Automatic economic load dispatch using a computer.

Economic operation of PS:

1. Explain the optimal system operation of ‘n’ units with in a plant.

2. Explain the optimal system operation ‘n’ units with in a plant for

2 -units.

3. Explain the optimal system operation of generators on a Bus bar.

4. Explain the power station performance characteristics of the

Power plant.

5. Derivation of finding the power generation in units 1 & 2 i.e. P1 &

P2 for optimal system operation for a load demand PD.

6. Deriving Transmission losses as a function of generation

7. Explaining of loss coefficients for Transmission losses as a



Function of generation.

8. Explain the optimal scheduling of thermal plants taking

transmission losses into account.

9. Explain the physical interruption of co-ordination coefficients.

10 The incremental fuel cost in RS./ MWH for a plant consisting two units are given by:

I C1=0.008 P1+8I C2=0.0096 P2 + 6.4

Determine the Economic operation schedule & corresponding cost of generation if the

max. & min. loading on each unit is 625MW & 100MW. The demand is 900Mw & the

transmission loss is negligible.

10. Determine the saving in fuel cost (in RS/Hr) for the economical

Distribution of the total load of 900 MW b/w the units described in question (10) i.e.

above compared with equal distribution of the same total load b/w the two units.

11. The fuel i/p in calaries/hr for plants 1 & 2 are given by

F1 = (8P1+ 0.02 P12+ 80) 106

F1 = (6P1+ 0.04P22+ 120) 106

The maximum & minimum loads on the units are 100MW & 10MW resp/. Dtermine the

min/. cost of generation /day with the load curve is shown in fig. Take the cost of fuel

as Rs 10/. Per million calories.

150

load

Mw

50 50

time

12pm 6am 6pm 12am

12. The power system has plants 1 & connected by a transmission

line and a load is located at plant 2. when a load of 100 MW is transmitted to the load

from plant 1, the transmission loss is 10 MW. Find the power generation of each plant

and power received by the load if the incremental cost of received power is 25 Rs / MWh.

The incremental fuel cost of each plant is

dC1/dP1 = (0.02P1 + 15) Rs / MWh

dC2/dP2 = (0.02P2 + 15) Rs / MWh

Transient stability steadies:

1. Define stability.

2. Define steady state stability

3. Define transient stability.

4. Define steady state stability limit.

5. Derive the relationship b/w M & H.



6. Define Swing curve. What is the use of Swing curve. Define critical clearing time &

critical clearing angle & give equations for both.

7. State equal area criterion.

8. Derive the power angle equation of a salient pole synchronous m/c. connected to a

infinite bus. Draw the power angle curve.

9. Define power angle?

10. Find the steady state power limit of a system consisting of a generator with reactance

0.6 p.u. connected to an infinite bus through a reactance of 0.8 p.u. The terminal of the

ger/.is 1.15 p.u. & the voltage of infinite bus is 100 p.u .

11. A 2- pole 50 HZ ,11KV turbo alternator has a ratio of 100MW, p.f.0.85

lagging . The rotor has a moment of inertia of 10000kgm2 .

Calculate H & M.

12. A synchronous generator with reactance 1.0 p.u. connected to an infinite bus through a

transmission system with reactance 0.7 p.u. The ger/. Is running under no load with a

voltage of 1.1 p.u, Take H=4.5 MW-s/MVA. The voltage of infinite bus is 100 p.u .& its

frequency is 50HZ.

Calculate the frequency of natural oscillations if m/c is suddenly loaded to (i) 60% & (ii)

75% of its max. power limit. Neglect the resistance & m/c damping.

13. Explain Equal area criterion to determine the stability. How do you obtain critical

clearing angle & critical clearing time.

14. Determine the expression for critical clearing angle in case of a synchronous m/c.

connected to an infinite bus, given the power angle Curves under the Pre fault , post

fault & during fault conditions.

15. Obtain the power angle characteristic equation for a cylindrical rotor syn/. G/r.

connected through a external reactance Xe=0.4 p.u. an infinite bus with voltage is 1.0

p.u. Assume Xd=0.9 p.u. Evaluate the excitation voltage of the g/r. if it is so adjusted

that unit voltage is obtained at the terminals while delivering unit load.

16. With a support-flow diagram, Explain the method of finding the transient stability of a

given PS using modified Euler’s method solution.

17. A 50 HZ syn/. G/r. with H=2.5 p.u sec & Xd’=0.2 p.u feeds 0.8 p.u of active power into

an infinite bus of voltage 1.0 p.u at 0.8 pf lag . through a n/w with Xe=0.25 p.u. A 3-Q

fault is sustained for 120 msec across the g/r. terminals. Determine through swing

curve calculation, the torque angle 250msec after the fault initiation.

18. With a support-flow diagram, Explain the method of finding the transient stability of a

given PS using Euler’s method solution.

19. Solve the differential equation

dy/dx =x2-y

For 0<x<0.3, with the interval equal to 0.05 & initial values x0=0 & y0=1, by the fallowing

numerical methods.

1. Eulers

2. The modified Euler

3. Runga-kutta 4th order

4. Milne’s using starting values obtained from the Runga-kutta method.



06EE72 -

ELECTRICAL POWER

UTILIZATION



SYLLABUS

ELECTRICAL POWER UTILIZATION




Part-A

1. Heating and welding: Advantages and methods of electric of heating, resistance ovens,

induction

heating, dielectric heating, the arc furnace, heating of building, electric welding, resistance and

arc welding, control device and welding equipment.

10 hrs

2. Electrolytic process:

Fundamental principles extraction refining of metals electroplating, factors affecting electro

deposition

process. 06 hrs

UNIT 3&4:

Illumination:

Laws of illumination, lighting calculation, factory lighting, flood lighting, street lighting, different

types of lamps, incandescent, fluorescent, vapour and CFL and their working, Blare and its

remedy.

10 Hrs

UNIT 5,6 &7:

Electric traction:

System of traction, speed time curve, tractive effort at /co-efficient of adhesions, selection of

traction

motors, method of speed control, energy saving by series parallel control, ac traction equipment.

AC series motor, characteristics, regenerative braking, linear induction motor and their use. AC

traction, diesel electric equipment, train lighting system.

20 hrs

UNIT 8:

Introduction Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Configuration and performance of electrical vehicles, traction motor characteristics, tractive

effort,

transmission requirement, vehicle performance and energy consumption. 06 hrs

.

Text Books:

1. Openshaw Taylor, “Utilization of electric energy”

2. Mehrdad, Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Sabastien. E. Gay, Ali Emadi,“Modern electric, hybrid electric

and fuel cell vechiles”, CRC Press.

Reference Books:

1. Chakraborthy. Soni Gupta and Bhatnager,

2. A course in electrical power, Dhanapat Rai & sons.



LESSON PLAN

ELECTRICAL POWER UTILISATION

SEMESTER: VII SUB: ELECTRICAL POWER UTILISATION


Chapter

No.

Chapter


1

Heating

and

Welding

1 Advantages of electric heating over the other forms of

heating.

2 Different methods of electric heating

3 Explaining

Resistance oven

Diagram

4 Explaining

Induction heating

Dielectric heating

5 Explaining

Induction heating

Dielectric heating

6 Explaining

Arc furnace

Heating of buildings

7 Explaining

Electric welding

Examples

8 Explaining

Resistance welding

Arc welding

9 Explaining

Control devices

Welding equipments

2 Electrolytic

Process

10 Explaining

• Fundamental principles of electrolytic process

11 Explaining

Extraction of metals

Refining of metals

12 Explaining

Different methods of electro plating

13 Explaining

Factors which affects the electro plating

14 Explaining

Manufacture of chemicals

15 Explaining

Introduction to the illumination

Laws of illumination.



3 & 4 Illumination

16 Explaining

Definitions of illumination

Equations

17 Explaining

Distribution of light

Control of light

18 Problems on lighting calculations.

19 Explaining

Factory lighting

Flood lighting

20 Explaining

Street lighting

Types of lamps

21 Explaining

Working principles of incandescent lamp

Working principles of fluorescent lamp

22

Explaining

Vapour lamp

C.F.L

Working principles

23 Explaining

Glare

Remedies

5, 6 & 7 Electric

Traction

24 Explaining

Electric traction

25 Explaining

Systems of traction

26 Explaining

Speed-time curves

Imparent equations

27 Explaining

Tractive effort at different conditions of movement of train.

28 Problems on speed-time curves

Problems on tractive effort

29 Explaining

Power of traction motors

Co-efficient of adhesion

30 Explaining

Selection of motors to the traction purpose.

31 Explaining

Methods of speed-control

Explanations

32 Explaining

Energy savings by series parallel control

33 Explaining

AC traction equipments

34

Explaining

AC series motors

Characteristics

Regenerative breaking

35 Explaining

Linear induction motors

Uses

36 Explaining

AC traction

37 Explaining

Diesel electric equipment

Train lighting systems



38

Explaining

Automotive electrical systems

Brief study of generators.

39

Explaining

Storage systems

Distributive system

40

Explaining

Starting system

Ignition system

41

Explaining

Lighting system

The accessories.

42

Explaining

Economic aspects

Fixed charges

43

Explaining

Energy costs

Public supply reduction of energy costs.

44

Explaining

Private generating plants

Economic choice of the equipments.

45 Explaining

Power factor considerations

46 Explaining

Disadvantages of low power factor

47 Explaining

Methods of improving the power factor

48 Explaining

Economics of power factor improvement.

49

Explaining

KW demand constants

KVA demand constants

50 Problems on power factor considerations.

51 Problems on Electric Traction

52 Revision & Clarification of doubts

8

Introduction

to Electric &

Hybrid

Vehicles

53.8 Configuration of electrical vehicles

54 performance of electrical vehicles

55 traction motor characteristics

56 tractive effort of electrical vehicles

57 vehicle performance and energy consumption

58 Problems





QUESTION BANK

ILLUMINATION

1. Define and explain the following terms in connection with illumination :

(i) Illumination

(ii) Luminous flux

(iii) Coefficient of utilization

(iv) Depreciation factor

(v) Reflection factor

2. Define the following terms:

(i) Mean horizontal candle power

(ii) Luminous flux

(iii) Luminous intensity

(iv) Illumination

3. What factors determine the useful light flux reaching the working plane in indoor

illumination? Discuss each factor.

4. Give a short account of inverse square law and cosine law as applied to illumination.

5. Why the intensity of illumination produced by the sunlight is different in the

(i) Morning

(ii) Noon

(iii) Evening hours

HEATING

6. State a few advantages of electric heating over other forms of heating.

7. What are the specific advantages of Dielectric heating.

8. (a) Make a neat sketch of Ajax Wyatt core type induction furnace.

(b) Explain its principle of working.

(c) State how the pinch effect is overcome.

9. Describe the construction and working of any type of induction motor.

10. Discuss the factors which determine the choice of frequency for core less induction

furnace. Enumerate the various methods of providing power supply for such a

furnace.

11. (a) Explain the process of dielectric heating.

(b) What is the range of voltage and frequency used in dielectric heating and

explain the reason of your choice.

(c) Is dielectric heating process used on conducting materials or on non-conducting

materials. Explain your answer.

12. (a) Describe with neat sketches (i) the direct arc furnace (ii) the indirect arc

furnace.

(b) Why are indirect arc furnaces not built in large sizes?

(c) What is the purpose of using reactors in electric arc furnaces?

(d) At what power factor would you like to operate the arc furnaces



WELDING

13. Define electric welding

14. Name and explain the various welding methods

15. Mention the different types of welding electrodes

16. Explain briefly the different welding processes under resistance welding. Why is it

necessary to use ‘welding transformer’.

17. Mention the three types of resistance welding. State their common applications.

18. What are the qualities of a good weld.

19. (a) What is resistance welding?

(b) What type of electric supply is suitable for electric arc welding.

(c) What properties would you seek for selection of electrode material for

spot welding.

(d) How is the electrode in spot welding prevented from striking to the

work piece.

20. Give the difference between the following :

(a) Arc welding and resistance welding.

(b) D.C. welding and A.C. welding.

21. What are the requirements of a good weld.

22. What points should be kept in view to avoid the weld defects.

ELECTROLYSIS

23. What is electroplating? Describe it in details.

24. State and explain Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.

25. What is meant by the term electro-deposition?

26. What are the different applications of electrolysis?

27. What is the necessity of electroplating?

28. What factors govern the rate of electro-deposition process?

29. Does electroplating take place with low voltage high current or high voltage low

current? Give reasons.

30. How electro-cleaning is done?

31. What are the various factors on which quality of electro-deposition depend?

32. What do you understand by the term electro-deposition and what factors govern the

deposition process?



ELECTRIC TRACTION

33. State the advantages and disadvantages of electrical drive over mechanical drive.

34. (a) Compare electric braking system to that of mechanical braking system.

(b) What are the various method of braking D C motors?

(c) Explain the process of ‘plugging’ as applied to D C series motor.

35. Distinguish between rheostat and regeneration braking as applied to electric traction.

Under what circumstances the mechanical of regenerative braking applied?

36. What are the advantages and disadvantages of electric traction over other type of

traction system.

37. Describe the following systems of railway electrification and point out the relative

merits of each.

(i) D C system (ii) Single phase A C system

(iii) 3-phase A C system (iv) Composite system

38. Draw a neat sketch of A C electric locomotive and label its various parts.

39. Why D C series motor is preferred over other types of D C motors for use in electric

tractions?



06EE73 -

HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING



SYLLABUS

HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING




Part-A

1. Introduction:

Introduction to HV technology, advantages of transmitting electrical power at high votages,

need for generating high voltages in laboratory. Important applications of high voltage.

04 hrs

2. Breakdown phenomena:

Classification of HV insulating media. Properties of important HV insulating media under each

category. Gaseous dielectrics: Ionizations: primary and secondary ionization processes. Criteria

for gaseous insulation breakdown based on Townsend’s theory. Limitations of Townsend’s

theory. Streamer’s theory breakdown in non uniform fields. Corona discharges. Breakdown in

electro negative gasses. Paschen’s law and its significance. Time lags of Breakdown. Breakdown

in solid dielectrics: Intrinsic Breakdown, avalanche breakdown, thermal breakdown, and electro

mechanic breakdown. Breakdown of liquids dielectric dielectrics: Suspended particle theory,

electronic Breakdown, cavity breakdown (bubble’s theory), electro convection breakdown.

12 hrs

3. Generation of HV AC and DC Voltage:

HV AC-HV transformer; Need for cascade connection and working of transformers units

connected in cascade. Series resonant circuit- principle of operation and advantages. Tesla coil.

HV DC- voltage doubler circuit, cock croft- Walton type high voltage DC set. Calculation of high

voltage regulation, ripple and optimum number of stages for minimum voltage drop.

08 hrs

Part-B

4. Generation of Impulse Voltage and Current:

Introduction to standard lightning and switching impulse voltages. Analysis of single stage

impulse generator-expression for Output impulse voltage. Multistage impulse generator working

of Marx impulse. Rating of impulse generator. Components of multistage impulse generator.

Triggering of impulse generator by three electrode gap arrangement. Triggering gap and

oscillograph time sweep circuits. Generation of switching impulse voltage. Generation of high

impulse current.

06 hrs

5. Measurement of high voltages:

Electrostatic voltmeter-principle, construction and limitation. Chubb and Fortescue method for

HV AC measurement. Generating voltmeter- Principle, construction. Series resistance micro

ammeter for HV DC measurements. Standard sphere gap measurements of HV AC, HV DC, and

impulse voltages; Factors affecting the measurements. Potential dividers-resistance dividers

capacitance dividers mixed RC potential dividers. Surge current measurement-Klydanograph

and magnetic links.

12 hrs



6. Non-destructive insulation testing techniques:

Dielectric loss and loss angle measurements using Schering Bridge, Transformer ratio Arms

Bridge. Need for discharge detection and PD measurements aspects. Factor affecting the

discharge detection. Discharge detection methods-straight and balanced methods.

06 hrs

7. High voltage tests on electrical apparatus:

Definitions of technologies, tests on isolators, circuit breakers, cables insulators and

transformers.

04 hrs

Text Books:

1. E. Kuffel and W.S. Zaengl, “High voltage engineering fundamentals”, 2nd edition, Elsevier,

press, 2005.

2. M.S.Naidu and Kamaraju, “High Voltage Engineering”, 3rd edition, THM, 2007.

3. L. L. Alston, “High Voltage technology”, BSB Publication, 2007.

.

Reference books:

1. Rakosh Das Begamudre, Extra High voltage AC transmission engineering, Wiley Eastern

limited, 1987.

2. Transmission and distribution reference book-Westing House.

3. C.L.Wadhwa, High voltage engineering, New Age International Private limited, 1995.



LESSON PLAN

SEMESTER: VII SUB: HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING

TOTAL HOURS: 60 SUBJECT CODE: 06EE73

Chapter

No. Chapter name Hrs Topic to be covered

1 INTRODUCTION

1 • Introduction to High Voltage Technology

2 • Advantages of transmitting electric power at high

voltages

3 • Need for generating high voltages in a laboratory

4 • Important applications of high voltages

2 BREAKDOWN

PHENOMENA

5 • Classification of HV insulating media

6 • Introduction to the topic

• Gaseous dielectrics – Ionization process by

collision,

7 • Photo ionization,

• Metastable atoms,

• Thermal electron detachment;

8 • Townsend’s theory;

• Paschen’s law

9 • Streamer theory

10 • Breakdown in non-uniform fields and corona

discharges

11 • Breakdown in electro-negative gases, time lags in

breakdown

13 • Liquid dielectrics – suspended particle theory,

14 • Bubble theory, electronic breakdown

15 • Avalanche breakdown

16 • Thermal breakdown

17 • Electro mechanic breakdown

18 • Solid dielectrics, Intrinsic breakdown,

19 • Intrinsic breakdown,

20 • Practical scenarios of breakdown phenomena

21 • Case studies of breakdown levels, applications in

the field

22 • numerical examples & practical applications

23 • Need for cascade connection and working of

transformers units connected in cascade

3 GENERATION OF

HIGH VOLTAGES

24 • HVAC – Tesla coil: Series resonant circuit,

25 • Cascade transformer unit.

26 • HVDC –

• Half-wave and Full –wave rectifier units

27 • Voltage doubler circuit,

28 • Cockroft-Walton circuit, voltage regulation

29 • Ripple, optimum number of stages

30 • Van-de-Graff generator



31 • Impulse-standard lightning & switching impulse

voltage waveforms

4

GENERATION OD

IMPULSE

VOLTAGE AND

CURRENT

32 • Analysis of single stage impulse generator

33 • Marx impulse generator, rating of impulse

generator 34 • Components of multi - stage impulse generator,

35 • Triggering of impulse generator,

36 • Triggering of impulse generator by three electrode

and trigatron gap methods

37 • Generation of switching surge,

38 • generation of impulse current

39 • Electrostatic voltmeter for HVAC, Chubb and

Fortescue method for HVAC,

5 MEASUREMENT OF

HIGH VOLTAGES

40 • Generating voltmeter for HVDC, Series resistance

micro-ammeter for HVDC

41 • Sphere gap for HVAC, HVDC and impulse voltages,

,

42 • Effect of near by earthed objects

43 • Temperature, pressure and humidity conditions,

irradiation, polarity

44 • Numerical examples, discussions …

45 • Potential dividers, resistance divider,

46 • Compensated resistance divider,

47 • Capacitance divider,

48 • Surge current measurement effect of, stray

capacitances, 49 • – Klydonograph and magnetic links

50 • Dielectric loss and loss angle measurement using

Schering bridge, , ,

6

NON-

DISTRUCTIVE

INSULATION

TESTING

TECHNIQUES

51 • Wagner earth for Schering bridge,

52 • inverted Schering bridge

53 • Discharge detection methods – Hissing Test,

54 • Electrical test (straight detection methods and

balanced method)

55 • Discharge detection applications

56 • numerical examples

57 • Definitions of technologies

7

HIGH VOLTAGE

TESTS ON

ELECTRICAL

APPARATUS

58 • Tests on Insulators,

59 • Tests on circuit breaker,

60 • Tests on Cables and transformers

QUESTION BANK



Ch, 1 & 2 BREAK DOWN PHENOMENA & GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGES:

1. Explain the process of “Ionization by Collision” with a pictorial diagram and highlight the

practical significance of the same.

2. What is Photo Ionization?

3. Explain ionization due to metastable atoms.

4. Discuss the process of Thermal Electron Detachment.

5. Explain Townsend’s Breakdown Theory explaining clearly the hypothesis.

6. State and explain Paschen’s Law comment on the importance of Paschen’s minimum for

air and some other gaseous media.

7. Explain Streamer Theory and Break-down in Non-Uniform Fields.

8. Explain Corona Phenomena the process of Corona discharge..

9. How does the process of breakdown occur in electro-negative gases.

10. Write notes on (a) Breakdown in Solids (b) Breakdown in Liquid dielectrics.

11. Explain Avelanche Breakdown and Electromechanical Breakdown

12. Explain how a Tesla Coil can be used for insulator testing and highlight the importance of

resonance in the testing process.

13. Explain how Cascade Transformer Set can be use dto generate HVAC and give details of

the Stage efficiency? Also comment on the Stray capacitance effects on the efficiency &

performance of the Cascade Transformer Set?

14. Describe methods of HVDC voltage generation. Derive the appropriate expressions for

the efficiency and ripple factor of the rectifier circuits.

15. Explain the working principle of a “Voltage Doubler Circuit”.

16. What is a Cockroft – Walton circuit.

17. Derive expressions for voltage efficiency and ripple factor in Cockroft Walton Circuit.

18. Explain the working principle of Van-De – Graff Generator.

19. How are standard lightning and switching impulse waveforms generated.

20. Analyze a single stage impulse generator and derive expressions for energy and

efficiency.

21. Write notes on (a) Trigatron gaps (b) impulse current generation (c) three electrode gap.

Ch. 3. Measurement of HV

22. Explain the working principle of a electrostatic voltmeter in the context of HVAC

generation.

23. What is Chibb and Fortescue Method for HVAC measurement.

24. How is HVDC measurement carried out using Generating voltmeter, Series resistance

microammeter for HVDC .

25. Discuss the effects of humidity, temperature, polarity on HV breakdown under (a) AC (b)

DC and (c) Impulse.

26. Explain how potential dividers can be used for impulse measurements.

27. Discuss the effect of stray capacitance in potential dividers. Derive expressions for the

response time.

28. What are the distinct characteristics of Mixed RC potential dividers and compare the

advantages with Resistance & Capacitance dividers.

29. Write notes on : (a) Magnetic Links (b) Klydonograph

Ch 4. NON-DISTRUCTIVE HV TESTS:

30. Explain the method of using the Schering bridge method for the measurement of

discharges.

31. Explain the methods of Partial Discharges. Discuss Partial Discharge detection.

Ch. 5. HIGH VOLTAGE TESTS ON ELECTRICAL APPARATUS:

32. What are the various types of insulators that are used in HV Line insulation.

33. Discuss the use of HV bushings and its design. Comment on the bushing design criteria.



06EE74 -

INDUSTRIAL DRIVES &

APPLICATIONS



SYLLABUS

INDUSTRIAL DRIVES & APPLICATIONS

Sub. Code: 06EE74 IA marks: 25

Hrs/week: 04 Exam Hrs: 03

Total Hrs: 52 Exam marks: 100

PART –A

1. An Introduction to Electrical drives & its dynamics: Electrical drives. Advantages of

electrical drives. Parts of electrical drives, choice of electrical drives, status of dc and ac drives,

Dynamics of electrical drives, Fundamental torque equation , speed torque conventions and

multiquadrant operation. Equivalent values of drive parameters, components of low torques,

nature and classification of load torques, calculation of time and energy loss in transient

operations, steady state stability, load equalization.

09 Hrs

2. Selection of motor power rating: Thermal model of motor for heating and cooling, Classes

of motor duty, determination of motor rating. 05 Hrs

3. D C Motor Drives:

(a) Starting braking, transient analysis, single phase fully controlled rectifier, control of dc

separately

excited motor, Single-phase half controlled rectifier control of dc separately excited motor.

(b) Three phase fully controlled rectifier control of dc separately excited motor, three phase half

controlled controlled rectifier control of dc separately excited motor, multiquadrant operation of

dc separately excited motor fed form fully controlled rectifier. Rectifier control of dc series motor,

chopper controlled dc drives, chopper chopper control of separately excited dc motor. Chopper

control of series motor. 12 Hrs

PART –B

4. Induction motor Drives:

(a) Operation with unbalanced source voltage and single phasing, operation with unbalanced

rotor

impedances, analysis of induction motor fed from non-sinusoidal voltage supply, starting braking,

transient analysis.

(b) Stator voltage control variable voltage frequency control from voltage sources , voltage

source inverter control, closed loop control, current source inverter control, current regulated

voltage source inverter control, rotor resistance control, slip power recovery, speed control of

single phase induction motors.

12 Hrs

5. Synchronous motor Drives: Operation form faced frequency supply, synchronous motor

variable speed drives, variable frequency control of multiple synchronous motors. Self-controlled

synchronous motor drive employing load commutated thruster inverter. 12 Hrs

6. Industrial Drives: Rolling mill drives, cement mill drives, paper mill dries and textile mill

drives.

04 Hrs

Text Books:

G.K Dubey, “Fundamentals of Electrical Drives”, 2 Edition, 5th reprint Narosa publishing house

Chennai, 2002.

Reference Books:

1. N.K De and P.K. Sen, “Electrial Drives”, PHI, 2007

2. S.K Pillai, “A first course on electric drives” Wiley Eastern Ltd 1990.

3. V.R. Moorthi, “Power Electronics, Devices, Circuits and industrial applications”, Oxford

University Press, 2005.



LESSON PLAN

INDUSTRIAL DRIVES & APPLICATIONS

Hours/week: 05 Total Hours: 60

Duration of Exam: 3 Hours Sub_code: 06EE74

Max Exam marks: 100 Max I.A. Marks: 25

Chapter

No. Chapter Name Hours Topic to be covered

1

AN INTRODUCTION

TO ELECTRICAL

DRIVES & ITS

DYNAMICS

1. Electric drive definition, Advantages,

Disadvantages

2 Classification of Electric drives, Status of ac

drives & dc drives

3 Types of motors used in industrial applications

4

Dynamics of electric drives, Basic voltage &

torque equations of dc shunt motor & dc series

motor

5

Speed-torque conventions, Operating modes:

Motoring, Regenerative braking, Dynamic

braking, Plugging of dc shunt motor

6

Operating modes: Motoring, Regenerative

braking, Dynamic braking, Plugging of dc series

motor

7

Fundamental torque equation incorporating

inertia & viscous friction components of load

torque

8 Transients in dc shunt motor, block diagram,

solution of transient equation

9 Transients in dc series motor, block diagram,

solution of transient equation

10 Transients in 3φ induction motor, block

diagram, solution of transient equation

11

Simulation of time & energy loss in transient

operation & Steady state stability & phenomena

of load equalization

2

SELECTION OF

MOTOR POWER

RATING

12 Derivation of Heating & cooling equations of a

motor

13 Classes of motor duty: Continuous, Intermittent

short time and drawing of duty cycle (contd.)

14 Classes of motor duty: Continuous, Intermittent

short time and drawing of duty cycle

15 Determination of power rating of motors

16 Solution of numericals on thermal ratings of

motors

17 Solution of numericals on determination of

power rating

3 & 4 DC MOTOR DRIVES

(a)

18 Thyristor, Classes, Applications, Commutation

mechanism

19 discussion on 1- φ phase half wave & full wave

and 3φ full wave thyristor bridge

20 1φ half wave converter drive of dc shunt motor

21 1φ full f wave converter drive of dc shunt

motor (contd.)

22 Determination of performance parameters of a

1φ full f wave converter drive



3 & 4 DC MOTOR DRIVES

(b)

23 3φ full f wave converter drive of dc shunt

motor (contd.)

24 3φ half wave converter drive of dc shunt motor

25 3φ full f wave converter drive of dc series

motor (contd.)

26 3φ half wave converter drive of dc series motor

27 Introduction to chopper control of drives & types

of choppers

28 Chopper control of dc shunt motor (contd.)

29 Chopper control of dc series motor

30 Chopper control of dc series motor (contd.)

31 Industrial Application of dc drives

5 & 6

INDUCTION MOTOR

DRIVES

(a)

32

Basic voltage & torque equations of a 3φ

induction motor, equivalent circuit, Torque-slip

characteristics

33 Operation of 3φ Induction motor with

unbalanced voltage

34 Phenomena of single phasing of a 3φ Induction

motor

35 Operation of 3φ Induction motor with

unbalanced rotor impedances

36 Steady state & transient analysis of the motor

fed with non-sinusoidal voltage

37 Steady state & transient analysis of the motor

fed with non-sinusoidal voltage (contd.)

38 Discussion on starting & braking techniques

5 & 6

INDUCTION MOTOR

DRIVES

(b)

39 Stator voltage control of 3φ Induction motor

(contd.)

40 Stator voltage control of 3φ Induction motor

41 Stator voltage control with variable source

voltage & variable frequency (contd.)

42 Stator voltage control with variable source

voltage & variable frequency

43 Voltage source inverter control

44 Current source inverter control

45 Rotor resistance control

46 Slip energy recovery technique

7 SYNCHRONOUS

MOTOR DRIVES

47 Basic voltage equations of a 3φ synchronous

motor, phasor diagram, phenomena of hunting

48

Normal Operation of Synchronous Motor with

excitations: over-excited, upf excitation & under

excitation, V-curves

49

Stator voltage control of 3φ Synchronous

motor employing half wave bridge & full wave

bridge

50

Stator voltage control of 3φ Synchronous

motor employing half wave bridge & full wave

bridge (contd.)

51 3φ half wave converter drive of Synchronous

motor

52 3φ full wave converter drive of Synchronous

motor

53 Half wave Controlled operation of Synchronous

motor with variable frequency

54 Full wave Controlled operation of Synchronous

motor with variable frequency

55 Self-controlled Synchronous motor drive

employing thyristor inverter



56 Self-controlled Synchronous motor drive

employing thyristor inverter (contd.)

8 INDUSTRIAL DRIVES

57 Rolling Mill drives : Hot Rolling Mill & Cold

Rolling Mill

58 Cement mill drive : Process, drive requirements

59 Paper mill drive & pulp production : Process,

drive requirements

60 Textile mill drive : Process, drive requirements



06EE753 - TESTING AND

COMMISSIONING OF

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT



SYLLABUS

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Sub. Code: 06EE753 IA Marks : 25

Hrs/Week: 04 Exam Hrs : 03


Part- A

UNIT – 1 & 2

TRANSFORMERS:

a. Specification: Power & distribution transformer as per BIS standards

b. Installation: Location & sites, selection & design of foundation details(like bolts size, their

number, etc,) code of practice for terminal plates, polarity & phase sequence, oil tanks, drying of

windings with & without oil, general inspection.

05 Hours

c. Commissioning tests: Following tests as per national & International Standards, volt ratio

test, earth resistance oil strength, Bucholz & other relays, tap changing gear, fans & pumps,

insulation test, impulse test, polarizing index, load & temperature raise test.

05 Hours

d. Specific Tests: Determination of performance curves like efficiency, regulation etc, and

determination of mechanical stress under normal &abnormal conditions.

05 Hours

UNIT – 3 & 4

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES:

a. Specifications: As per BIS standards

b. Installation: Physical inspection, rating nameplate details, foundation details, alignments

excitation

systems, cooling and control gear, drying out.

c. Commissioning Tests: Insulation, Resistance measurement of armature & field wings,

waveform &

telephone interference factors, line charging capacity. 04 Hours

d. Performance tests: Various tests to estimate the performance for generator operations slip

maximum lagging currents, maximum reluctance power tests, sudden short circuit tests,

transient & sub transient parameters, measurements of sequence impedances, capacitive

reactance, and separation of losses, temperature raise test, and retardation tests.

05 Hours

e. Factory tests: Gap length, magnetic centrity balancing vibrations, bearing performance.

03 Hours

Part- B

UNIT – 5,6&7

Maintenance Schedule:

INDUCTION MOTORS:

a. Specifications for different types of motors, Duty, el L.P. protection.

04 Hours

b. Installation: Location of the motors (including the foundation details) & its control apparatus,

shift & alignment for various coupling, fitting of pulleys & coupling, drying of windings.

04 Hours

c. Commissioning Test: Mechanical tests for alignment, air gap symmetry, tests for bearings,

vibrations & balancing. 05 Hours

Electrical Tests: Insulation test, earth resistance, high voltage test, starting up failure to speed

up to take the load type of test, routine test, factory test and site test (in accordance with ISI

code) 02 Hours



d. Specific Tests: Performance & temperature raise tests, stray load losses, shaft elements, and

re-rating & special duty capability. 04 Hours

SWITCH GEAR & PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Standards, types, specification, installation, commissioning tests, maintenance schedule, type &

routine tests. 06 Hours

Text Books:

1) S. Rao, Testing & Commissioning of electrical equipment

2) B .V. S. Rao, Testing & Commissioning of electrical equipment

Reference Books:

1) Relevant Bureau of Indian Standards

2) H. N. S. Gowda, “A handbook on operation and Maintenance of transformers”

3) Transformers-BHEL, J &P transformer Handbook, J & P Switch gear Handbook



LESSON PLAN

SEMESTER: VII SUB: Testing & commissioning of

Electrical estimation


Chapter


Unit 1 & 2

Transformers

a) Specifications

b) Installation

1 Power transformer as per BIS standards.

2 Distribution transformer as per BIS standards.

3 Installation: Location, Site selection & Design of foundation

detail.

4 Code practice for terminal plates.

5 Polarity of windings,

6 Phase sequence and oil tanks

7 Drying of windings with oil general inspection.

8 Drying of windings without oil general inspection.

b) Commissioning

tests

9 Following Tests as per national & International Standards, volt

ratio tests.

10 Earth resistance, Oil strength test.

11 Buchholz & other relays.

12 Tap changing gear, Fans & Pumps.

13 Insulation test,

14 Impulse test.

15 Polarizing index

c) Specific test

16 Load & Temperature raise test.

17 Determination of performance curves like efficiency.

18 Determination of performance curves like regulation.

19 Determination of mechanical stress under normal & abnormal

condition.

Unit

3 & 4

Synchronous

machine:

a) Specifications

b) Installation

c) Commissioning

tests

20 As per BIS standards

21 Physical inspection, foundation details,

22 Alignments excitation systems, cooling &control gear, drying

out

23 Insulation, Resistance measurement of armature & field wings

24 Waveform & Telephone interference factors, line charging

capacity.

d) Performance

Tests

25 Various tests to estimate the performance for generator

operations

26 Slip maximum lagging current tests



Chapter


27 Maximum reluctance power tests, sudden short circuit tests

28 Transient & sub transient parameters,

29 Measurements of sequence impedances

30 Capacitive reactance, and separation of losses

31 Temperatures raise test, and retardation tests.

Factory Test 32 Gap length, magnetic eccentrity balancing vibrations

33 Bearing performance

Unit 5,6

& 7

Induction Motor

Specifications

34 For different types of motors

35 Duty, I.P protection

Installation

36 Location of the motors (Including the foundation details)

37 And motor control apparatus

38 Shaft & alignment of various coupling

39 Fitting of pullies & coupling, drying of windings

Commissioning

test

40 Mechanical test for alignment

41 Air gap symmetric

42 Test for bearings

43 Test for vibration

44 Test for balancing

Electrical Test

45 Insulation test, earth resistance

46 High Voltage test, Starting up

47 failure to speed up to take the load,

48 Type of test , routine test

49 Factory test & site test in( accordance with ISI code)

Specific test

50 Performance test

51 temperature rise ,Stray load losses,

52 Rerating, shaft alignment

53 Special duty capability

Unit 8 Switch Gear &

Protective

devices

54 Standards, functions of protective relays

55 Switchgear Control gear in power system.

56 Types: Main switchgear & Auxiliary switchgear.

57 Specifications of switchgear & control gear in power system.

58 Installation of switchgear & control gear in power system.

59 Commissioning tests on switchgear & control gear in power

system.

60 Maintenance schedule & type and routine tests on switchgear &

control gear.



06EE766 - VLSI CIRCUITS AND

DESIGN



SYLLABUS

VLSI CIRCUITS AND DESIGN




PART-A

1. A Review of Microelectronic 3 and an introduction to mos technology:

Introduction to integrated circuit technology, Production of E-beam masks.

06 Hrs

2. Basic Electrical properties of mos an bicmos circuit:

Rain to source current Ids versus Vds relationships-BICMOS latch up susceptibility.

08 Hrs

3. Mos and bicmos circuit design processes:

Mas layers- Symbolic diagrams.

08 Hrs

4. Basic circuit concepts:

Sheet resistance- Choice of layers.

06 Hrs

PART-B

5. Scaling of mos circuits:

Scaling model and scaling factors- Limit due to current density.

08 Hrs

6.Subsystem design and layout:

Some architecture issues- other systems considerations.

08 Hrs

7.Subsystem design processes:

Some general considerations AND An illustration of,

04 Hrs

8. Illustration of the design process

Observation on the design process, Regularity Design of an ALU subsystem.

04 Hrs

Text Books:

1. Pucknell, “Basic VLSI design” -3 edition PHI

2. Yuan Taun Tak H Ning “Fundamentals Modern VLSI Devices”, Cambridge Press, South Asia

Edition

2003,

3. Wayne wolf, “ModernVLSI Design”, Pearson Education Inc. 3rd edition, 2003.



LESSON PLAN

VLSI CIRCUITS & DESIGN

Semester: VIII Sub Code: 06EE766

Hrs/week: 05 Maximum marks: 100

Total Hours: 60 IA marks: 25

Hour

No. Unit Name Topics to be Covered

01

A Review of

Microelectronic

3 and an

introduction to

MOS

technology:

Introduction to VLSI Technology

02 MOS Introduction

03 Introduction to MOS Fabrication

04 nMOS Fabrication

05 CMOS Fabrication Methodologies

06 P-Well Process

07 N-well Process

08 Comparison to CMOS and BiCMOS Technologies

09

Basic Electrical

properties of

MOS an

BICMOS circuit

Introduction to MOS and BiCMOS Electrical Properties

10 Drain to Source versus Voltage Vds Relationships

11 Derivation for Ids Vs Vds Relation in Saturation Region

12 Derivation for Ids Vs Vds Relation in Non-Saturation Region

13 MOS Transistor Transconductance

14 Figure of Merit of MOS Transistor

15 nMOS Inverter Operational Characteristics

16 nMOS Inverter Operational Characteristics

17 Latch-up in CMOS Circuits

18 Latch-up in CMOS Circuits

19 BiCMOS Inverters

20

Mos and

bicmos circuit

design

processes

Introduction to circuit Design Process

21 MOS Layers

22 Stick Diagram Design Style

23 nMOS Design Style

24 CMOS Design Style of Stick Diagram

25 Design Rules for CMOS Circuit Design Process

26 Lambda-based Rules

27 General Observations in Design Rules

28 Double Poly CMOS/BiCMOS Design Rules

29

Basic circuit

concepts

Introduction to Basic Circuit Concepts Introduction

30 Sheet Resistance Rs Calculations for MOS

31 Sheet Resistance Rs Calculations for Inverter

32 Calculation of Area Capacitance of MOS Layers

33 Derivation for Delay Unit Calculation



Hour

No. Unit Name Topics to be Covered

34

Propagation Delays for Cascaded Pass Transistors

35 Wiring Capacitances

36 Choice of Layers

37

Scaling of mos

circuits

Introduction to Scaling of MOS Circuits

38 Scaling Factors and Scaling Models

39 Scaling Factors and Scaling Models

40 Gate Area Calculation

41 Parasitic Capacitance Calculation in layouts

42 Parasitic Capacitance Calculation in layouts

43 Gate Area Ag, Gate Capacitance Per Unit Area Co or Cox Scaling

Factors

44 Gate Area Ag, Gate Capacitance Per Unit Area Co or Cox Scaling

Factors

45

Subsystem

design and

layout

Subsystem Design Process Introduction

46 Architectural Issues in Design

47 Architectural Issues in Design

48 Gate Restoring Logic

49 Structured Design for Combinational Logic

50 Structured Design for Combinational Logic

51 Clocked Sequentional Circuits

52 Clocked Sequentional Circuits

53

Subsystem

design

processes

Sub System Design Process

54 Power Dissipation in CMOS and BiCMOS Circuits

55 General Considerations in Design Process

56 Bipolar Drivers for Bus Lines

57

Illustration of

the design

process

Introduction to Design Process Computation

58 Design Of an ALU Subsystem

59 Consideration of Adder in Computation

60 Different Types of Multipliers Design Process



06EEL77 - RELAY AND HIGH VOLTAGE

LAB



SYLLABUS

RELAY AND HIGH VOLTAGE LAB

SUB CODE: 06EEL77 IA MARKS: 25



(Total 10 experiments are to be conducted)

Part A (Choose at least two experiments)

1. Over current relay

(a) IDMT non-directional characteristics

(b) Directional features

(c) IDMT directional

2. IDMT characteristics of over voltage or under voltage relay. (solid stare or electromechanical type

3. (a) To determine 50% probability flashover voltage for air insulation subjected to impulse

voltage.

(b) Generation of standard lightning impulse voltage and to determine efficiency and

energy of impulse generator. Operating characteristics of over voltage or under voltage relay.

(Solid stare or electromechanical type).

4. Operation of negative sequence relay.

5. Bias characteristics of differential relay.

6. Current-time characteristics of fuse.

PART B (Choose at least one experiment)

1. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over – current relay.

2. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) distance relay.

1. Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over/under voltage relay.

PART C (Choose at least one experiment)

1. Generator protection –Merz-Price- protection scheme.

2. Feeder protection scheme-fault studies.

3. Motor protection scheme-fault studies.

PART D

1. Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to high voltage AC with spark over

voltage corrected to STP.

2 Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to high voltage AC, with spark over

voltage corrected to STP for uniform and non-uniform field configuration.

3 Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to high voltage dc –

4 Measurement of HVAC and HVDC using standard spheres.

5 Breakdown strength of transformer oil using oil-testing unit.

6 Field mapping using electrolytic tank for any one-model cable/capacitor/transmission line /

Sphere gap models.



LAB- QUESTION BANK

PART – A

1. Conduct suitable experiment to draw the IDMT characteristics of the given non-

directional Electro mechanical over current relay choosing PSM= --------% (50-200%

for phase fault relays, 10-40% for earth fault relays) and TSM = ------. Also determine

the pick up value and drop off value of this relay.

2. Obtain the DMT characteristics for the given over-voltage relay (solid

state/electromechanical) for PS = ------V and TS= ---------.

3. Obtain the DMT characteristics for the given under-voltage relay (solid

state/electromechanical) for PS = ------V and TS= ---------.

4. Demonstrate the working of a 3-phase negative sequence relay for a) with one / two

phase open, b) with unbalanced load, c) with change in phase sequence.

5. For a given negative sequence relay conduct suitable experiment to plot DMT

characteristics (Current – time characteristics ) for any one of the following cases : a)

with one / two phase open, b) with unbalanced load, c) with change in phase

sequence.

6. Plot the bias characteristics of differential relay for a given slope settings ----------------

------------(20-40%).

7. Obtain current-time characteristics for a given fuse and obtain its fusing factor for (a)

Constant length of fuse wire and (b) with constant current

PART – B

8. Obtain DMT/IDMT characteristics for the given microprocessor based over-current

relay.

9. Obtain DMT/IDMT characteristics for the given microprocessor over / under- voltage

relay.

10. Conduct suitable experiment to draw the characteristics of a given distance relay.

PART – C

11. For the given motor protection relay demonstrate the working of the relay with static

load under thermal overload condition.

PART – D

12. Obtain the breakdown voltage versus gap distance characteristics in air under the

application of HVAC for (a) plane-plane electrode configuration, (b) point-plane

electrode configuration.

13. Obtain the electric stress versus gap distance characteristics in air under the

application of HVAC for plane-plane electrode configuration (neglecting fringing

effects).

14. Obtain the electric stress versus gap distance characteristics in air under the

application of HVDC for both + and – polarities for plane-plane electrode configuration

(neglecting fringing effects).



15. Compare the breakdown voltages for a given gap distance characteristics in air under

the application of HVDC for both + and – polarities (a) plane-plane electrode

configuration (b) point-plane electrode configuration and (c) rod-rod configuration.

(any one out of a, b, & c).

16. Compare the breakdown voltages for a given gap distance under the application of +

and – polarities of HVDC for (a) plane-plane electrode configuration (b) point-plane

electrode configuration (with plane being grounded) and (c) rod-rod configuration.

17. Compare the breakdown voltages of (a) plane-plane (b) point-plane gaps (with plane

being grounded) under the application of HVAC for a given gap distance.

18. Measure HVAC using standard spheres for a given gap distance and obtain the

breakdown voltage versus gap distance characteristics.

19. Measure HVDC using standard spheres for a given gap distance and obtain the

breakdown voltage versus gap distance characteristics.

20. Determine the breakdown voltage of transformer oil by conducting suitable experiment

as per BIS 335 and hence find the breakdown strength of that oil.

21. Obtain the field plot of the given model (a) parallel plate (neglecting fringing effects)

(b) concentric cable with and without void, (c) Sphere gap, and (d) insulator model

(any one out of a, b, c & d) using the electrolytic tank.

22. Obtain the field plot of the given model (a) parallel plate (neglecting fringing effects)

(b) concentric cable without void (anyone) using the electrolytic tank. Using this plot

calculate the capacitance and energy to plot capacitance and energy as a function of

distance. Also, find the error in these values compared to the analytical results.



VIVA – VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by Relay?

2. What do you mean by Protective Relay?

3. What are the actuating quantities used for Relays?

4. Define PSM.

5. Define TSM.

6. Define Operating time of a Relay.

7. Draw IDMT-Characteristics for a Non-Directional Over Current Relay.

8. Draw IDMT-Characteristics for a Directional Over Current Relay.

9. Draw DMT-Characteristics of Over Voltage Relay.

10. Draw DMT-Characteristics of Under Voltage Relay.

11. Draw Bias Characteristics of Differential Relay.

12. What are the methods used for Feeder protection?

13. What are the methods used for Generator protection?

14. What are the methods used for Motor protection?

15. Define Negative Sequence Relay.

16. Why IDMT-Relays are widely used for Over Current Protection?

17. What are the advantages of Merz-Price Protection System?

18. What are the advantages of Microprocessor based protective relays?

19. What are the different types of protective relays?

20. What is meant by BackUp Relay?

21. What is meant by Electromagnetic Relay?

22. What is meant by Static Relay?

23. What is meant by Over Current Relay?

24. What is meant by Under Voltage Relay?

25. What is meant by Directional Relay?

26. What is meant by Time Lag Relay?

27. What is meant by Instantaneous Relay?

28. What is meant by Inverse Time Relay?

29. What is meant by Induction Relay?

30. What is meant by Thermal Relay?

31. What is meant by Distance Relay?

32. What is meant by Differential Relay?

33. What is meant by Earth Fault Relay?

34. What is meant by Phase Fault Relay?

35. What is meant by Negative Sequence Relay?

36. What is meant by Burden?

37. Which material is used to make Relay contacts?

38. What are the factors affecting the Operating speed of Relays?

39. Which relays are used to protect the power transformers against external short

circuits/over loads?

40. Which relay is used in motor starters for over load as well as single phasing protection?

41. Which relay is gas-actuated relay?

42. In which relay the time of operation is inversely proportional to the magnitude of current

or other quantity causing operation?

43. In which relay the operation depends upon the ratio of voltage and current?

44. Buchholz relay is used for which protection?

45. Buchholz relay is connected between -------and -------.

46. When the electromagnetic relay will operate?

47. Give examples for directional relay?

48. Give examples for non-directional relay?

49. Which relay gives protection against unbalanced supply voltage?

50. Which relay is used in alternators for over speed protection?

51. In which relay the operation depends upon the ratio of voltage to the current?

52. Loss of excitation protection of generator is rendered by which relay?

53. Which relay has movable number of iron circuit?

54. Merz Price protection system is not suitable for protection of feeders beyond 33 KV why?

55. Buchholz relay is used to protect ---------.



56. The relay, which has no moving part, is called ----------.

57. The relay, which has quick operation, is called ----------.

58. Draw the characteristics of directional relay.

59. Draw the characteristics of Mho relay.

60. What are the types of fuses available?

61. Draw the fuse characteristics?

62. What are the advantages of HRC fuse?

63. Define fusing factor.

64. A fuse is made up of which material?

65. Define pre-arcing time.

66. Define arcing time.

67. Define cut off time.

68. Draw the cut off characteristics of fuse.

69. What is the relation between fusing current and diameter of the use wire?

70. How the fuse is a blow of?

71. Fuse in a motor circuit provides which type of protection?

72. What is the operating time for fuse wire?

73. What is the maximum range of fuse used for protection?

74. What is HRC fuse?

75. Compare HRC fuse and circuit breaker as interrupting device.

76. The maximum value to which the fault current reaches before the fuse melt is called ----

---.

77. What is the operating time of HRC fuse (in cycles)?

78. What are the disadvantages of HRC fuse?

79. What are the types of high voltages available?

80. What are the advantages of high voltage D.C?

81. What are the advantages of high voltage A.C?

82. What are the ranges of high voltages available in India?

83. What are the methods available to generate HVDC?

84. What are the methods available to generate HVAC?

85. What are the methods available to generate Impulse voltages?

86. How high voltage impulses are generated?

87. What are the methods available to measure HVDC?

88. What are the methods available to measure HVAC?

89. What are the methods available to measure Impulse voltages?

90. Define flash over.

91. Draw the flash over characteristics of HVDC.

92. Draw the flash over characteristics of HVAC.

93. What are the properties of transformer oil?

94. What is meant by breakdown strength of transformer oil?

95. When the transformer oil needs replacement?

96. What is the value of Electrolyte used in transformer tank?

97. Draw the field mapping characteristics.

98. Which one is used as Electrolyte in transformer tank?

99. What is the value of relative permittivity of saltwater?

100.What is the value of relative permittivity of seawater?



06EEL78 - POWER SYSTEM

SIMULATION LAB



SYLLABUS

POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB

SUB CODE: 06EEL78 IA MARKS: 25



Power system simulation using MATLAB/ C or C ++ Sie lab /octave

1. a) Y Bus formation for p systems with and without mutual coupling, by singular

transformation and inspection method.

b) Determination of bus currents, bus power and line flow for a specified system voltage (Bus)

Profile

2. Formation of 2-bus, using 2-bus build Algorithm without mutual.

3. ABCD parameters:

Formation for symmetric II/I configuration.

Verification of AD-BC=1

Determination of coefficient and regulation

4. Determination of power angle diagrams for salient and non-salient pole synchronous m/c s,

reluctance power, excitation, emf and regulation.

5.To determine I) Swing curve II) critical clearing time for a single m/c for connected to infinity

bus through a pair of identical transmission lines, 3-phase fault on one of the lines for variation

of inertia constant/line parameters /fault location/clearing time/pre-fault electrical output.

6. Formation of Jacobian for a system not exceeding 4 buses *(no PV buses) in polar

coordinates

7. Write a program to perform load using Gaus- Seidel method (only p q bus)

8. To determine fault currents and voltages in a single transmission line systems with star-delta

transformers at a specified location for SLGF, DLGF.

9. Load flow analysis using Gauss Siedel method, NR method, Fast decoupled flow method for

both pq and pv buses.

10. Optimal Generator Scheduling for Thermal power plants.

Note:

1, 2, 3, 5, 7 ---- Simulation Experiments using MATLAB / C or C++ / Sielab/ Octave

4, 6, 9 use suitable standard package.



LAB- QUESTION BANK

1. Using singular transformation technique, determine the bus admittance matrix of the given

test system. Also determine bus currents given Voltage magnitudes and angles. Using MATLAB

only.

2. Using singular transformation technique, determine Y bus for a given test system with mutual

coupling (no line charging admittance). Using MATLAB only.

3. Using inspection method, determine bus admittance matrix with off-nominal turns ratio in

lines __________ & __________ of the given system. Also determine line flows and line losses

given Voltage magnitudes and angles. Using MATLAB only.

4. a) Determine bus power & line flows for a specified system voltage profile. (Y bus to be

given) using MATLAB only.

b) Find the ABCD constants, regulation and efficiency of short transmission line given Vr &

Uir (or VS & Is). Verify AD-BC=1. Using MATLAB only.

5. a) Find the ABCD constants, regulation and efficiency of medium transmission line given Vr &

Uir (or VS & Is). Verify AD-BC=1. Using MATLAB only.

b) Given a cost equation of different units in a plant determine economic generation using

the available software package or total demand of ____________MW (typically 150 MW for 2

units & 250 Mw for 3 units) neglecting transmission losses.

6. Find the ABCD constants, regulation and efficiency of Long transmission line given Vr & Uir

(or VS & Is). Also find equivalent T & Π parameters. Verify AD-BC=1. Find the no load receiving

end voltage and comment on the result, Using MATLAB only.

7. Find the ABCD constants, regulation and efficiency of Long transmission line given receivingΠ

end power & power factor. Also find equivalent T & Π parameters. Verify AD-BC=1. Find the no

load receiving end voltage and comment on the result, Using MATLAB only.

8.a) For salient pole synchronous machine connected to infinite bus calculate the excitation emf,

peak powers, reluctance power & regulation. Plot the power angle curve. Using MATLAB only.

(Given terminal voltage, current & reactance)

8.b) Given a cost equation of different units in a plant determine economic generation using the

available software package for total load demand of ________ MW (typically 150 MW for 2 units

& 250 Mw for 3 units) neglecting transmission losses.

9.a) For non-salient pole synchronous machine connected to infinite bus calculate the excitation

emf, peak powers, reluctance power & regulation. Plot the power angle curve. Using MATLAB

only. (Given terminal voltage, current & reactance)

9.b) Given a cost equation and loss co-efficient of different units in a plant determine economic

generation using the available software package for total load demand of ________ MW

(typically 150 MW for 2 units & 250 Mw for 3 units) with transmission losses.

10.a) The system having a single machine connected to an infinite bus has the following data:

Pi=0.9 M=0.016 S/ele rad (2.8 x 10-4 S/electrical degree)

E1=1.1 Transfer reactance before fault –Xo=0.45pu

E2=1.0 Transfer reactance during fault –X1=1.25pu

Plot the Swing curve for sustained fault. Also find the critical clearing angle and critical clearing

time if transfer reactance after fault –X2=0.55pu. Using C++ only.



10.b) Given a cost equation and loss co-efficient of different units in a plant determine

economic generation using the available software package for total demand of __________MW

(typically 150 MW for 2 units & 250 Mw for 3 units) with transmission losses.

11.a) The system having a single machine connected to an infinite bus has the following data:

Pi-0.9 M=0.016 S/ele rad (2.8 x 10-4 S/electrical degree)

E1=1.1 Transfer reactance before fault –Xo=0.45pu

E2=1.0 Transfer reactance during fault –X1=1.25pu

Transfer reactance after fault –X2=0.55pu

Plot the Swing curve for fault cleared in ___________ & __________ seconds. (Typically 0.125,

0.3 &0.42 secs). Comment on the stability o f the system in the both the cases. Using C++

only.

11.b) Given a cost equation of different units in a plant determine economic generation using

the available software package for total load demand of ____________MW (typically 150 MW

for 2 units & 250 Mw for 3 units) neglecting transmission losses.

12.a) Determine the fault current and voltages in the single machine connected to a

transmission line through Y- ∆ transformer when fault occurs at the given location a) for 3-

phase symmetrical fault b) SLGF. Using software package. Comment on the result. (Necessary

data to be supplied)

12.b) For Non-salient pole synchronous machine connected to infinite bus calculate the

excitation emf, peak power & regulation. Plot the power angle curve. Using MATLAB only.

(Given terminal voltage, current & reactance)

13.a) Determine the fault current and voltages in the single machine connected to a

transmission line through Y- ∆ transformer when fault occurs at the given location a) for 3-

phase symmetrical fault b) LLG. Using software package. Comment on the result. (Necessary

data to be supplied)

13.b) For salient pole synchronous machine connected to infinite bus calculate the excitation

emf, peak powers, reluctance power & regulation. Plot the power angle curve. Using MATLAB

only. (Given terminal voltage, current & reactance)

14) Form the Jacobian for a system not exceeding four buses in polar co-ordinates. Using

MATLAB C++ only.

15) Using the available software package conductor load flow analysis for the given power

system using gauss-Seidel / Newton-Raphson load flow method. Determine (a) voltage at all

buses (b) line flows (c) line losses and (d) slack bus power. Also draw the necessary flow chart

(general flow chart). Compare the results when (1) a generator having generation of

_______________(P+jQ) pu is added at bus number _____________ or a generator is

remived. (2) A line is added between the buses __________ & ____________ of impedance Z=

________________Pu. The study should be done by simulating / creating single line diagram.

16) Using the available software package conduct load flow analysis for the given power system

using Gauss-Seidel / Newton-Raphson load flow method. Determine (a) voltage at all buses (b)

line flows (c) line losses and (d) slack bus power. Also draw the necessary flow chart (general

flow chart). Compare the results when (1) a line is removed (2) load is removed. The study

should be done by simulating/creating single line diagram.



VIVA – VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by a per unit diagram?

2. What are the advantages of the per unit system?

3. What are symmetrical components?

4. What are the advantages of the symmetrical components?

5. What is a bus?

6. What are the different types of buses in power system?

7. What is the need of base values?

8. What is single line diagram?

9. What is bus impedance matrix?

10. What is bus admittance matrix?

11. Define load flow studies?

12. What is the importance of L.F.Studies?

13. What are the advantages of iterative methods over Network Analysers?

14. Name the different methods of studying load flows?

15. What is meant by Coupling?

16 What is meant by Decoupling?

17. What are the advantages of Gauss Siedal Methods?

18. What are the advantages of Newton Raphson Method?

19. What are the advantages of Fast Decouple Method?

20. What is Slack bus?

21. What is the importance of slack bus?

22. How many slack buses can be there in a power system?

23. What is meant by load bus?

24. What are the specifications in the load bus?

25. What is meant by voltage bus?

26. What are the specifications in voltage bus?

27. What is the value of Q if it falls below the constraint?

28. What is the value of Q if it falls above the constraint?

29. What are the advantages of Y bus?

30. What are the static load flow equations?

31. What is meant by Acceleration factor?

32. What are the approximations made in impedance diagram?

33. What is Jacobian Matrix?

34. What are the advantages of Jacobian Matrix?

35. What is meant by incidence matrix?

36. What is meant by primitive matrix?

37. What do you mean by flat voltage start?

38. How the convergence of N.R. method is speeded up?

39. What is infinite bus?

40. Mention the various methods of voltage control employed in power system?

41. What is synchronous capacitor?

42. What is regulating transformer and booting transformer?

43. What is meant by a fault?

44. How faults occur in power systems?

45. How the faults are classified?

46. What is meant by fault calculations?

47. What is the reason for transients during short circuits?

48. What is meant by transient reactance?

49. What is meant by sub reactance?

50. Which is greater?

51. Which is most severe fault in P.S?

52. Give the sequence diagrams of an unleaded generator for various faults?

53. What is meant by stability?

54. What are the different types of stabilities?

55. What is meant by dynamic stability?

56. What are the methods by which steady state stability is assessed?

57. What are the methods of analyzing transient stability?



58. What is meant by equal area criterion?

59. What is meant by swing equation?

60. Write the general power angle characteristics?

61. What is meant by step-by-step method of obtaining the transient stability?

62. What is meant by swing curve?

63. List the assumptions made in step-by-step method?

64. What is meant by space matrix?

65. Differentiate between symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults?

66. What is meant by short transmission lines?

67. What is meant by medium transmission lines?

68. What is meant by long transmission lines?

69. What are the models of a medium transmission lines?

70. Model a long transmission line?

71. What are ABCD constants?

72. What is meant by surge impedance?

73. What is meant by propagation constants?

74. What is meant by skin effect?

75. What is meant by proximity effect?

76. What is meant by surge impedance loading?

77. What is meant by ferranty effect?

78. Write the expression for ABCD for a long transmission line?

79. Why Z-bus algorithm is preferred for short circuit studies?

80. Why Z-bus algorithm is preferred for load flow studies?

81. What is meant by Economic load dispatch?

82. What is meant by Unit commitment?

83. What is meant by spinning reserve?

84. What is meant by Penalty factor?

85. Write the quadratic polynomial for the Crt equation?

86. Explain each term of the equation?

87. What is meant by Loss co-efficient?

88. What is meant by swing curve?

89. How do you determine stability from it?

90. State the assumptions made in the short circuit studies?

91. What is off nominal transformer ratio?

92. In what type of fault -ve and zero currents are abscant?

93. What is meant by clearing line with respect to a equal area criterion?

94. What are the methods by which transient stability limit can be improved?

95. Write down the units of inertia constants M and H and their interrelation ship?

96. How convergence of NR method can be speeded up?

97. What is the importance of Mi power package?

98. Explain the method involved in studying the critengency analysis in a L.F.Studies using Mi

power package?

99. Name the fault in which all the fault current components are equal?

100. Name the fault in which +ve , -ve sequence crts together is = zero sequence crt in

magnitude?

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