electric buses in public transport in oslo and akershus...readiness of bus models is important # it...
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Electric Buses in Public Transport in Oslo and Akershus
Pernille Aga
Project Manager Ruter
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The growth in regional personal traffic is to be met by public transport, combined with cycling and walking 1
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All public transport is to run on only renewable energy in 2020 2
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4 av side 114
Buses and ferries run on fossil fuel
Renewable energy
Fossil energy
Share of travels, 2012
Energy consumption 2012, millions of kWh
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Fuels – as share of bus fleet in 2015
Diesel&77%&
Biodiesel&6%&
Bioethanol&1%& Biogas&
14%&
Hybrids&(Diesel)&2%&
Hydrogen&0,5&%&
1100 buses in total
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5 Fuel Cell Buses (Van Hool)
• 35 kg H2 per bus ~ 300 km
• Fuel cell + battery
• Zero emissions
H2 station (Air Liquide) • Electrolyses + green electricity • Production: 250 kg H2/day
• Refuels a bus in 10 min
Oslo
Clean Hydrogen in European Cities (CHIC)
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Fossil Free 2020
Renewable energy: ! Electricity with renewable energy
certificates
! Biofuels that comply with the sustainability criteria of the Renewable Energy Directive: 50-60% CO2-e reduction
Internal combustion engine with biofuels
• Biodiesel • Biogas • Bioethanol
Hybrid bus – combination of electric and combustion
• Biofuels + electric • Rechargeable electric
+ biofuel (= plug-in)
Electric • Battery – recharge overnight
• Battery - opportunity recharging
• Fuel cell with hydrogen
Technology alternatives:
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Fossil Free 2020 strategy developement Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Mapping of relevant solutions Market dialogue, market survey, desktop research, interviews pilot projects
Which solutions are suitable?
Compared to operational set-up, line and route structure
What is preferred? Level of ambition, risk, cost
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85%1) of buses have contracts which can be terminated before 2021, 60% if full prolongation
250
45 3935
52
334
6047
54
2022 2021 2020 2019
82
2018
86
153
20 16 5
2017
273 12 11
2016 2023
Diesel
Biodiesel Hydrogen
Biogas
Diesel Hybrid
Bioethanol
Ca 85% Ca 15%
1) No. of buses exclude special transport and spare buses
No. of buses changed each year if minimum contract duration is used only
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Cost: Total cost of ownership per powertrain 2020
Fuel Cell
132-151
108-114
Bioethanol
103-108
Biodiesel
98-102
Battery Opportunity
110-122
Battery Overnight
108-121
Plug-In Hybrid
(Biogas)
Plug-In Hybrid
(Biodiesel)**
100-110
Plug-In Hybrid
(Biodiesel)*
114-127
Hybrid (Biogas)
Hybrid (Biodiesel)
98-104
Biogas
Bus maintenance Bus depreciation
Fuel costs Infrastructure costs Downtime costs
Labor costs
N/A N/A
TCO by powertrain (12 m bus), biodiesel Euro VI base case = Index 100
*Plug-in hybrid with opportunity charging ** Plug-in hybrid without opportunity charging
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Strategic target for bus fleet in 2025
" High ambitions on behalf of the environment
" 1/3 of buses fully electric (battery and hydrogen)
" Approx. 60% of buses in Oslo fully electric
" Scale-up on locally produced biogas: 500 buses in 2025
Biodiesel&18%&
Biogas&44%&
Hybrids&(Biodiesel)&
3%&
Hybrids&(Biogas)&3%&
PlugBIn&Hybrids&
(Biodiesel)&4%&
BaDery&Overnight&
3%&
BaDery&Opportunity&
20%&
Fuel&Cell&5%&
Fleet%composi,on%in%2025%
Biodiesel&36%&
Biogass&47&%&
Hybrid&(Biodiesel)&3&%&
PlugBIn&Hybrid&(Biodiesel)&
4&%&BaDeri&&
(underveis)&9&%&
Hydrogen&1&%&
Fossil free fleet in 2020
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Results of 2025 bus fleet
Environment
Operations
5%&12%&
79%&
27%& 24%&
0%&
10%&
20%&
30%&
40%&
50%&
60%&
70%&
80%&
90%&
Reduced&technical&availability&
Reduced&passenger&capacity&
Reduced&range&(<500&
km)&
Refueling&Qme&>10&min&
Reduced&route&
flexibility&
B89%&
32%& 32%&
B100%&
B80%&
B60%&
B40%&
B20%&
0%&
20%&
40%&
Zero&emission&share&of&bus&
fleet&
Share&of&bus&fleet&with&low&noise&levels&
Yearly&reducQon&of&CO2&
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TCO bus fleet in 2025
+ 2-10%
Targeted bus fleet 2025
Today’s bus fleet
Downtime costs Infrastructure costs Labor costs Fuel costs Bus maintenance Bus depreciation
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Yearly cost differential for bus fleet in 2025
Fuel
Downtime cost Infrastructure, maintenance Labour
Bus depriciation Bus maintenance
Hig
her c
osts
than
to
day’
s fle
et
Low
er c
osts
than
to
day’
s fle
et
0 kr
Higher costs for bus, infrastructure and labour - lower for fuels
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Ruter’s targeted bus fleet development Bus&fleet&&
Future&
Electric&(baDery&and&hydrogen)&
Hybrids& Biogas& Bioethanol& Biodiesel& Diesel&
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Key learnings
Bus technology and operations
# There are a number of bus options available that can meet the needs Ruter
# Time of expected commercial readiness of bus models is important
# It is possible to have a considerable number of battery electric (including hybrids ) buses around 2020, primarily inner city
# Electrification is part of the long-term solution, but not the only solution
# Charging system and infrastructure more uncertain than the bus technology
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Key learnings
Recharging and infrastructure
# Opportunity recharging seems most efficient solution today
# Charging Solution: Tendency towards conductive with pantograph
# Infrastructure recharging: Lacking standards and unknown life expectancy are main challenges
# Business model for ownership and operations of charging infrastructure not mature
Implementation
# Step-by-step roll-out
# No need for bus technology test but for systems test
# Need for Ruter to decide on technology solutions on a high level, until standards are in place or more mature solutions
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Next steps: Large scale testing
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Need for co-operation
" To reduce risk and costs for public transport
" Enhanced collaboration on testing and data sharing
" Ruter’s report available at www.ruter.no