election of 1960

Election of 1960Election of 1960

JFK – D- Catholic – 49.7%JFK – D- Catholic – 49.7% RMN – R – VP-49.5%RMN – R – VP-49.5% Both promise active leadership Both promise active leadership

and a great future.and a great future. Debates nationally televised.Debates nationally televised. Religion and Race issues.Religion and Race issues.

John F KennedyJohn F Kennedy

Veteran of World War IIVeteran of World War II Wealthy FamilyWealthy Family Senator from MassachusettsSenator from Massachusetts Hot wifeHot wife Brother killed in war.Brother killed in war. Brother became Attorney Brother became Attorney

GeneralGeneral

Richard Milhous NixonRichard Milhous Nixon

Born in California, elected Born in California, elected from New York.from New York.

Vice President under Vice President under Eisenhower.Eisenhower.

Young star of the Republican Young star of the Republican Party.Party.

Kennedy AdministrationKennedy Administration

1960-19631960-1963 Domestic = New FrontierDomestic = New Frontier Foreign = Flexible ResponseForeign = Flexible Response Very few accomplishmentsVery few accomplishments Very popular, magnetic Very popular, magnetic

personality.personality. Lacked a mandate.Lacked a mandate.

New FrontierNew Frontier

Improve the economy.Improve the economy. Assist the poor.Assist the poor. Speed up the space program.Speed up the space program. Improve Civil Rights.Improve Civil Rights.

Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

Dealing with unconventional Dealing with unconventional methods of warfare.methods of warfare.

Prepared to fight limited wars.Prepared to fight limited wars.

Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

Dealing with the Dealing with the attractiveness of attractiveness of Communism:Communism:Alliance for ProgressAlliance for ProgressPeace Corp.Peace Corp.

Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion

April 17, 1961April 17, 1961 Invasion of Cuba by anti- Castro Invasion of Cuba by anti- Castro

forces. (Cubans)forces. (Cubans) Planning began under Planning began under

Eisenhower.Eisenhower. JFK hoped to trigger a JFK hoped to trigger a

revolution.revolution.

Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion

Invasion failed after two days.Invasion failed after two days. Kennedy took the blame Kennedy took the blame

publicly. (CIA)publicly. (CIA) Cold War heats up. Leads to Cold War heats up. Leads to

Cuban Missile Crisis.Cuban Missile Crisis.

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Built in 1961 to stop the flow Built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from East Berlin to of people from East Berlin to West Berlin.West Berlin.

Torn down 1989.Torn down 1989. Berlin was a hot spot Berlin was a hot spot

throughout the Cold War.throughout the Cold War.


JFK travels to Berlin and JFK travels to Berlin and pledges to support the city pledges to support the city and defend it.and defend it.

Greatly increases the size of Greatly increases the size of the US military and calls the US military and calls reserves into active duty.reserves into active duty.


JFK shows strength in dealing JFK shows strength in dealing with the Soviets with regards with the Soviets with regards to Berlin.to Berlin.

Helps restore his image after Helps restore his image after the Bay of Pigs.the Bay of Pigs.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

October 1962October 1962 Spy planes photograph Spy planes photograph

nuclear missiles being built in nuclear missiles being built in Cuba.Cuba.

Balance of power in the arms Balance of power in the arms race is greatly upset.race is greatly upset.


USSR has committed itself to USSR has committed itself to supporting Castro, and the supporting Castro, and the Bay of Pigs Invasion has Bay of Pigs Invasion has them worried about another them worried about another invasion.invasion.

US military is fully mobilized.US military is fully mobilized.


Kennedy decides on a naval Kennedy decides on a naval “quarantine”. “quarantine”.

Soviet Ships approaching Soviet Ships approaching Cuba will be stopped and Cuba will be stopped and searched.searched.

Missiles must be removed.Missiles must be removed.


Nikita Khrushchev: Soviet Nikita Khrushchev: Soviet leader wants to defend Cuba leader wants to defend Cuba and not start WWIII.and not start WWIII.

Agrees to withdraw missiles Agrees to withdraw missiles and recalls ships.and recalls ships.


Close to nuclear war.Close to nuclear war. JFK’s biggest JFK’s biggest

accomplishment.accomplishment.

JFK AssassinationJFK Assassination

November 22, 1963November 22, 1963 Dealey Plaza – Dallas, TexasDealey Plaza – Dallas, Texas Gov. John Connally also shot.Gov. John Connally also shot. Assassination was caught on Assassination was caught on

video by Abraham Zapruder.video by Abraham Zapruder.


Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested less than an hour later for killing less than an hour later for killing the President and a police the President and a police officer.officer.

Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald on live TV the next day .Oswald on live TV the next day .


Warren Commission charged Warren Commission charged with looking into the with looking into the assassination in lieu of a trial.assassination in lieu of a trial.

Earl Warren was Chief Justice of Earl Warren was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.the Supreme Court.

Gerald Ford on the Commission.Gerald Ford on the Commission.


Problems of Evidence:Problems of Evidence:Single Bullet TheorySingle Bullet TheoryMagic BulletMagic Bullet


Desire to restore public Desire to restore public confidence.confidence.

Wanted to avoid a Wanted to avoid a conspiracy.conspiracy.

Cover – up.Cover – up.


Impact:Impact:The Federal Government is The Federal Government is

greatly mistrusted from this greatly mistrusted from this point.point.

MLK AssassinationMLK Assassination

April 4, 1968April 4, 1968 Memphis, TennesseeMemphis, Tennessee James Earl Ray.James Earl Ray. Civil Rights Movement loses Civil Rights Movement loses

its strongest leader.its strongest leader.

RFK AssassinationRFK Assassination

June 5, 1968June 5, 1968 Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles, California Shot by Sirhan SirhanShot by Sirhan Sirhan RFK had just won the Primary RFK had just won the Primary

in California.in California.


Sirhan was angry about the Sirhan was angry about the US supporting Israel in the US supporting Israel in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.Arab-Israeli Conflict.


RFK had managed JFK’s RFK had managed JFK’s campaign in 1960.campaign in 1960.

Served as Attorney General.Served as Attorney General. Fought for the Civil Rights Fought for the Civil Rights

Movement.Movement.

Mapp v. Ohio

1961

Evidence that was obtained illegally could not be used in state and federal trials.

4th amendment (search and Seizure)

Gideon v. Wainwright

1963 The state must furnish an

attorney for poor defendants

This fulfills an obligation from the 6th amendment right to counsel.

Miranda v. Arizona

1966

Prior to questioning accused criminals had to be informed of their 5th and 6th amendment rights.

The New LeftThe New Left

A liberal reform movement A liberal reform movement that included several different that included several different groups.groups.

CountercultureCounterculture

HippiesHippies Rejected traditional values.Rejected traditional values. Wore long hair, shabby clothes, Wore long hair, shabby clothes,

sandals, tie-dye.sandals, tie-dye. Abused drugsAbused drugs Promiscuous sexual behaviorPromiscuous sexual behavior

CountercultureCounterculture

Against war.Against war. In Favor of Civil RightsIn Favor of Civil Rights Started in Haight-Ashbury.Started in Haight-Ashbury.

SDSSDS

Students for a Democratic Students for a Democratic Society.Society.

Tom HaydenTom Hayden Inspired by the Civil Rights Inspired by the Civil Rights

Movement.Movement. Wanted more equalityWanted more equality Marxist ideas.Marxist ideas.

Free Speech MovementFree Speech Movement

19641964 University of California @ University of California @

Berkeley.Berkeley. Student were angry about Student were angry about

censorship of their views on censorship of their views on campus.campus.

FeminismFeminism

Women’s movement was Women’s movement was reborn.reborn.

Fighting against gender Fighting against gender discrimination and for equal discrimination and for equal pay.pay.

NOW created in 1966.NOW created in 1966.

FeminismFeminism

The Feminine MystiqueThe Feminine Mystique by by Betty Freidan.Betty Freidan.Women were trapped into a Women were trapped into a

mindset that they were only mindset that they were only valuable as mother and wives, valuable as mother and wives, and could not have meaningful and could not have meaningful careers outside the home.careers outside the home.

Lyndon Baines JohnsonLyndon Baines Johnson

Democrat from Texas.Democrat from Texas. VP under Kennedy.VP under Kennedy. Re-elected to his own term in Re-elected to his own term in

1964.1964. Great Society=Domestic Great Society=Domestic

Program.Program.

Great SocietyGreat Society

Medicaid – subsidized the Medicaid – subsidized the medical expenses of welfare medical expenses of welfare recipients.recipients.

Federal Money for Public Federal Money for Public Housing.Housing.

Federal Funding for EducationFederal Funding for Education


Created OEO (office of Created OEO (office of Economic Opportunity)Economic Opportunity)

Called for a War on Poverty.Called for a War on Poverty.Remedial educationRemedial educationHead start: for low income.Head start: for low income.College work study.College work study.


Results were mixed.Results were mixed. Drop in poverty rate, but Drop in poverty rate, but

national debt increased national debt increased greatly.greatly.

Some programs did not have Some programs did not have the desired effect.the desired effect.

The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement

1848 Seneca Falls Convention1848 Seneca Falls Convention Suffrage was the goal of the first Suffrage was the goal of the first

wave of the women’s movement.wave of the women’s movement. First Wave 1848-1920.First Wave 1848-1920. Ends with the 19Ends with the 19thth amendment. amendment. Movement had experienced many Movement had experienced many

ebbs and flows.ebbs and flows.

Why did it take so long?Why did it take so long?

Men resisted.Men resisted. Women not unified.Women not unified. Country’s attention distracted:Country’s attention distracted:

Civil WarCivil War Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion World War IWorld War I

The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement

Women were not a unified block Women were not a unified block during the First Wave. (or second during the First Wave. (or second wave)wave)

Black v. WhiteBlack v. White Rich v. PoorRich v. Poor Not all women are suffragists.Not all women are suffragists.

Gender RolesGender Roles

The behavioral, cultural, or The behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically psychological traits typically associated with one sex.associated with one sex.

Men:Men: Women:Women: Separate Spheres:Separate Spheres:

FeminismFeminism

First used in 1895.First used in 1895. Became associated with the Became associated with the

second wave of the women’s second wave of the women’s movementmovement in the 1960’s and 1970’s. in the 1960’s and 1970’s.

““Those who believe that men and Those who believe that men and women are equal and strove to women are equal and strove to bring about this equality.” bring about this equality.” (inequality existed)(inequality existed)

1919thth Amendment Amendment

Ratified August 18, 1920Ratified August 18, 1920

““The right of citizens of the The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the States or by any state on the account of sex.”account of sex.”

1919thth Amendment “finally” Amendment “finally”

Afraid women would vote as a Afraid women would vote as a unified block and therefore greatly unified block and therefore greatly change the balance of power in the change the balance of power in the nation. (who is in charge)nation. (who is in charge)

Gender Roles: (men and women)Gender Roles: (men and women)

1919thth Amendment Amendment

Did not have the impact that Did not have the impact that women thought that it would.women thought that it would.

Women’s Movement takes a Women’s Movement takes a deep breath.deep breath.

Socially, culturally, professionally Socially, culturally, professionally women’s situation did not women’s situation did not improve.improve.

Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment

Proposed June 1923Proposed June 1923 Languishes in Congress until 1972.Languishes in Congress until 1972.

““Men and women shall have equal Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its and every place subject to its jurisdiction.”jurisdiction.”


The question becomes equality The question becomes equality or or protectedprotected position for women. position for women.

Women divided by this question.Women divided by this question. National attention diverted by National attention diverted by

Great Depression, World War II, Great Depression, World War II, Cold War, Korean War…Cold War, Korean War…

Second Wave of Second Wave of FeminismFeminism

The Feminine Mystique The Feminine Mystique by Betty by Betty Freidan. (1963)Freidan. (1963)

NOW formed in 1966.NOW formed in 1966. Began a push for the approval of Began a push for the approval of

ERA amendment.ERA amendment.

National Organization of National Organization of WomenWomen

Equal pay for equal work.Equal pay for equal work. Pay women for housework.Pay women for housework. Provide daycare so women can Provide daycare so women can

work outside the home.work outside the home. Admission to colleges for womenAdmission to colleges for women Admission to all careers. (medicine Admission to all careers. (medicine

and law)and law)

Equal Rights Amendment Equal Rights Amendment 19721972

““Equality of rights under the law Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the United States or by any state on account of sex.”account of sex.”

Passed House 350-15Passed House 350-15 Passed Senate 84-8Passed Senate 84-8

Amendment ProcessAmendment Process

1)1) 2/3 majority in congress to 2/3 majority in congress to pass proposed amendment.pass proposed amendment.

2)2) ¾ of the state legislature must ¾ of the state legislature must pass. (State conventions)pass. (State conventions)

3)3) Seven year deadline Seven year deadline (March22, 1979) extended to (March22, 1979) extended to 1982.*1982.*


35 states ratified the ERA.35 states ratified the ERA. 22 states in the first year.22 states in the first year. 7 states later voted to rescind 7 states later voted to rescind

their ratification of the ERA.their ratification of the ERA.

Phyllis SchlaflyPhyllis Schlafly

STOP ERASTOP ERA ““the amendment was predicated the amendment was predicated

on a false assumption, calling on a false assumption, calling the claim that American women the claim that American women are downtrodden and unfairly are downtrodden and unfairly treated…the fraud of the treated…the fraud of the century.”century.”

Women divided: ERA Women divided: ERA wouldwould

Subject women to the draftSubject women to the draft Subject women to combat dutySubject women to combat duty Compel housewives to work outside Compel housewives to work outside

the home.the home. Legitimize homosexualityLegitimize homosexuality Free men from supporting wife and Free men from supporting wife and

family.family. Encourage divorce.Encourage divorce.

Women divided: ERA Women divided: ERA wouldwould

Promote abortion.Promote abortion. End protective job legislation for End protective job legislation for

women.(hours, pounds)women.(hours, pounds) Give state control of family and Give state control of family and

marriage to federal govt.marriage to federal govt.

Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade

19731973 Abortion is legal in 1Abortion is legal in 1stst three months three months

of pregnancy.of pregnancy. Abortion is a major plank of the Abortion is a major plank of the

feminist movement.feminist movement. Abortion major factor in defeating Abortion major factor in defeating

the ERA.the ERA.

Impact of ERA’s FailureImpact of ERA’s Failure

Are women oppressed today?Are women oppressed today? Is the ERA needed?Is the ERA needed? What does it mean to be What does it mean to be

male/female today?male/female today? Should women be drafted and Should women be drafted and

serve in combat?serve in combat?

““What’s Wrong with Equal Rights for What’s Wrong with Equal Rights for Women?”Women?”

1)1) Who wrote this article?Who wrote this article?

2)2) What is the author arguing?What is the author arguing?

3)3) What are the three reasons American women What are the three reasons American women have it so good?have it so good?

4)4) Give three examples of people who are Give three examples of people who are responsible for the liberation of the American responsible for the liberation of the American woman.woman.

5)5) How does the man bear responsibility for the How does the man bear responsibility for the sex act in American Society?sex act in American Society?

election of 1960

Documents