election of 1960
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John Kennedy Democrat. Richard Nixon Republican. Election of 1960. 1 st Televised Presidential Debate. “Camelot”. the “best and the brightest” “New Frontier” NASA and the Moon Project cuts taxes, raises min. wage increases defense spending Peace Corps - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Election of 1960
• John Kennedy– Democrat
• Richard Nixon– Republican
1st Televised Presidential Debate
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“Camelot”
• the “best and the brightest”• “New Frontier”
– NASA and the Moon Project– cuts taxes, raises min. wage– increases defense spending– Peace Corps– proposes some civil rights reforms
• Ended with his assassination in Nov. of 1963– VP Lyndon Baines Johnson
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Important Cold War Events1960-1963
• Berlin Wall• Cuba
– Castro’s Revolution– Bay of Pigs– Cuban Missile Crisis
• Test Ban Treaty-1962– “hotline”
• American involvement in Vietnam
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The Origins of the Vietnam War
Cold War Continued
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The Vietnam War Memorial
Ryan McFarland and direct a link to www.zieak.com.
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Conclusion
• 58,000 US dead• 300,000 wounded• $150 billion• 8 million tons of bombs (64 Hiroshimas)• 2+million Vietnamese dead• America’s 1st “lost war”• deep divisions in the cultural life of the
country
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The Vietnam War• The 1st Indochina War• A national war of
liberation caught in the context of the Cold War
French Indochina 1945
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The 1st Indochina War
• French– colonial power
• Vietnamese– independence
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France fights to keep its colony.
• “First Indochina War”—8 years.
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Vietnam has a long history of resistance to foreign occupiers
• Chinese• French• Japanese
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Viet Minh nationalist movement seeking independence for Viet Nam
• Sept. 2, 1945 –Ho Chi Minh declares independence
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Because of the Cold War…• Truman decides to aid the French• “containment”• $2.6 billion 1950-1954• US pays 80% by 1954
US actions
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French are defeated at Dien Bien Phu1954
outcome
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Geneva Accords• Viet Minh• France• China• Cambodia• Laos• USSR• US• UK
• temporary division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel– Ho and the Viet Minh
in North– US/French-backed
government in the South
• elections scheduled for 1956 to reunite
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US Response
Eisenhower’s “Domino Theory”
Second Indochina War 1954-1975US supplies money, materiel and military advisors
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After French defeat, US supported the South’s Ngo Dinh Diem
• aristocrat• rejected land reform
• cronyism• Catholic• cancels national
election, rigs local referendum
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National Liberation Front resists the Diem regime
• “Viet Cong”• Communists and members of Viet Minh in
the South • insurgency against US-supported
government in the South
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Monks protest Diem
June 11, 1963, Thich Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk from Vietnam, burned himself to death at a busy intersection in downtown Saigon to bring attention to
the repressive policies of the Catholic Diem regime that controlled the South Vietnamese government at the time. Buddhist monks asked the regime to lift its ban on flying the traditional Buddhist flag, to grant Buddhism the same rights as Catholicism, to stop detaining Buddhists and to give Buddhist monks and nuns
the right to practice and spread their religion. While burning Thich Quang Duc never moved a muscle
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JFK continues “containment”
• strengthened South’s army “ARVN”• pressured Diem for reform• By 1962 – 9,000 military advisers
Nov. 1963•coup d’etat against Diem•assassination of JFK
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Lyndon Johnson (LBJ)
• keeps Kennedy’s advisors• needs to appear tough on Communism-
1964 election• needs political cause to escalate war
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution• NVN torpedo boats fire
on US destroyers• “unprovoked”• president can “take all
necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US forces and to protect against further aggression”
• “like grandma’s nightshirt—it covers everything”
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Operation Rolling ThunderMarch 1965-October 1968
• 3 year bombing campaign against NVN– military targets– then all economic
targets– Ho Chi Minh Trail
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1st regular ground combat troops troops arrive in
Da Nang (major US air base)
3,500 arrive March, 1965
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In spite of dropping more bombs, by 1967, than we had used in all WWII, the Vietnamese fight on. Americans are failing to defeat their enemy.
Why?
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General William Westmoreland
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US objective
• “war of attrition”• destroy VietCong resistance• negotiate a political settlement• therefore, “body counts”
• Ho: “You can kill 10 of us for every 1 of you, but you will lose and we will win”
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US tactics
• aerial bombardment• napalm• herbicides (Agent Orange)• “search and destroy patrols”• “pacification program” – we had to destroy
the village in order to save it