elec-2507 electronics i laboratory manual

Carleton University, Faculty of Engineering, Electronics I Summer-2021 ELEC-2507 Lab 1 Manual

ELEC-2507

Electronics I

Laboratory Manual

By

Prof. R. Achar

06/29/21


1-2 Lab 1: Linear Circuits 06/29/21

Table of Contents

Lab Guidelines ……………………….….. Page: 1-1

Oscilloscope Controls ……………………….….. Page: 1-4

Breadboard Primer ……………………….….. Page: 1-5

Lab-1: Linear Circuits ……………………….….. Page: 1-6

Lab-2: Operational Amplifiers ………………….. Page: 2-1

Lab-3: Junction Diodes ……………………….….. Page: 3-1

Lab-4: Bipolar Junction Transistors …………….. Page: 4-1

Lab-5: MOSFETs …………………………….….. Page: 5-1

ELEC-2507 Lab Guidelines

• Lab preparation and execution: Preparation for lab experiments and their executions are

done individually.

• Lab-Section: Make sure that you go to the section (day) to which you are formally

registered (or according to the section-switching arrangement made by the Head-TA). You

will not be permitted to do the labs during sections to which you are not formally

registered/allocated.

• Pre-lab: You must come fully prepare for the lab prior to the lab. Pre-lab is done

individually and mandatory.

• Lab-Records: The lab-records must be submitted prior to the set deadline online. There

will not be any extensions provided and late submissions and any such submissions will be

marked zero. Hence plan your timing properly without waiting for the last minute.

• LAB Exemptions: No Laboratory exemptions are provided.

Students are advised to prepare lab report on their own based on their own data and if any

instance of plagiarism is detected, strict academic disciplinary action will be taken.



Preparing for Lab and Lab-Records

Prepare for the lab before the session! Preparation and Execution (in lab) of the Lab should be

done as follows:

Preparation (prior to the lab): ▪ Work-out the pre-labs individually ▪ Complete all calculations (Keep it neat. show step by step with all the details, not just

the final numbers). This needs to be submitted along with the lab report.

▪ Read the lab manual thoroughly to clearly understand the motivation for making the

measurements you are asked for.

In the Online Lab: ▪ Bring both the pre-lab and your draft lab-report and get them approved by the TAs

at the beginning of the lab.

▪ Conduct the experiments. Note down the results. Compute/Draw necessary graphs. ▪ At the end of the lab, prepare a Lab Report along with results/graphs

Prepare a Lab Report: A typical Lab Report should be self-contained (with all the

necessary materials in it) and would contain:

• The objectives of the lab • Necessary theory • A brief outline of the procedure • Measurement Approach and Data, graphs • Observations/Conclusions • Pre-labs must be attached to the report.

▪ Additional Notes: While preparing the report, always

- Clearly mark units, specify RMS, peak, peak to peak, or DC voltage.

- For graphs, clearly provide titles, mark the axis labels and identify the curves with

appropriate legends

- All measurements must indicate how they are obtained (and indicate any

instrument used and their settings).

- A sketch of connections for each in the form of schematics must be provided.

You can use the tools such as snipping function for screen capture to to embed the

figure in your reports.

- Simulated/Measured results should be compared with expected results.

- Keep your record neat, do not scribble submit, rather submit a professional quality

report (either hand-written or typed).

- Clear indicate: Your Student Number, FirstName, LastName and Lab Section in the first page of the report

▪ Name your report file as: StudentNumber_FirstName_LastName_Lab#.pdf For example: 108256701_Murray_Thomas_Lab1.pdf

Failure to adhere to the above will result in deduction of marks.



Remote Login for Electronics Computers 1. Connecting to Carleton’s VPN (Virtual Private Network)

A large portion of the laboratory component for this course will require you to have remote access

to equipment and devices on campus. To ensure the security of the university networks, all

students registered in this course will be required to use Carleton’s VPN service for remote login

purposes. To set this up go to this URL:

https://carleton.ca/its/help-centre/remote-access/

Click on the instructions corresponding to your chosen operating system as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Carleton Remote Access (VPN) Website

You will be taken to a page providing instructions for you to set up your VPN based on your

operating system. Once set up, you must connect to Carleton’s VPN (cuvpn.carleton.ca) before

accessing the lab computers and required equipment.

Figure 2: Carleton VPN Connection Setup

https://carleton.ca/its/help-centre/remote-access/



You will be prompted for your MyCarletonOne (Carleton Central) username and password

to log into the VPN. Note that this is different than the login information used to access the lab

server and computers. An example of logging into the VPN using Windows 10 can be seen below

in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Cisco AnyConnect on Windows Computer Accessing Carleton VPN

If you have any issues setting up a VPN connection, please contact Information Technology

Services (ITS) for assistance. Their contact information can be found in the link below.

https://carleton.ca/its/contact/

https://carleton.ca/its/contact/



2. Remote Login into VLSI Lab Computers

Once you are connected to Carleton’s VPN you can access the lab servers and computers. Logging

into these computers also gives access to your H: drive, where you should be saving your files.

When working on lab computers, do not save files to locations other than your H: drive. This

includes the Desktop, Documents, Downloads, and C: drive. These files not only slow down the

computer but will also be periodically deleted.

You must login to the VLSI remote desktop using a remote desktop connection application. From

the lab computer desktop, you will be able to connect to and control the lab equipment. Figure 4

below shows this process.

Local Computer Desktop

• From Local Computer, Connect to

Carleton VPN. Then Remote Desktop Into

Server

VLSI Lab Computer Desktop

•Connect to Oscilloscope

Through Browser

Figure 4: Remote Desktop Hierarchy Diagram

To login to the VLSI server, open the Remote Desktop Connection app if you are using a Windows

computer, the Microsoft Remote Desktop application for Mac OS, or an equivalent on another

operating system. The shortcut icon for this app can be seen in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Windows Remote Desktop Connection Shortcut Icon

Once open you will be greeted by a window like the one in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Windows Remote Desktop Connection Window

At the bottom right, click Show Options to expand the Computer and Username tabs.



For Computer enter the an address given for a specific remote computer, and for Username enter

VLSI\{MyCarletonOne Username}. For example, if your MyCarletonOne username is

‘johndoe’, the Username would be ‘VLSI\johndoe’. This can be seen in Figure 7 below.

Figure 7: Expanded Remote Desktop Example Connection Window

Click Connect. You will be prompted for a password. This password is pW{Student Number}.

So, if your student number is 123456789, then your password is ‘pW123456789’.

You can access any of the stations for ELEC2507 using the link below:

https://remoteaccess.labstats.com/Carleton-University-Electronics-Engineering-me4195

The listed computers are marked by the room and station number. If you are on station 05, you

can download the Remote Desktop Profile using the Connect button for ME4195-05 or type

the address in Computer as seen in Figure 7 above.

Always refer to your seating assignment for your PC computer address.

Note that the remote desktop connection acts as a window, and can be minimized, resized, and

closed. If closed, your remote access session will end, but it will leave you logged into the

computer/server without closing the programs you were using. This can lead to major issues for

any users after you, including not being able to control the equipment.

https://remoteaccess.labstats.com/Carleton-University-Electronics-Engineering-me4195



Figure 8: Lab Computer Remote Desktop Screenshot

When you are done with the remote desktop session, make sure you log off both the lab physical

computer and the server. This will also end your remote access session. Do this by selecting

the Windows button in the bottom left-hand corner and selecting logout. This can be seen in Figure

7. Trying to use CTRL + ALT + DELETE will bring up the options for your local computer, not

the remote session.



3. Remote Accessing Rohde & Schwarz RTB2004 Oscilloscope

For many of the labs you will be accessing the oscilloscope and function generator on campus. It

will be important to familiarize yourself with this process so that you can access the equipment

efficiently and in a timely fashion. This equipment can be seen in Figure 9. Before diving in to

how to connect to the Rohde & Schwarz RTB2002 oscilloscope, it is important to understand what

an oscilloscope is. An oscilloscope is a measurement device that allows measurement and

visualization of AC signals. These devices are very powerful and commonly used throughout

many of your future electronics courses.

Figure 9: Rohde & Schwarz RTB2004 And Rigol DG 1022Z To Be Remotely Controlled

After you have successfully connected to Carleton’s VPN and are logged into a lab desktop

computer, ‘Scope##.vlsi’. You should be taken to the home page of the Rohde & Schwarz

Oscilloscope as shown in Figure 10.



Figure 10: Rohde & Schwarz RTB 2002 Remote Access Home Page

On the left-hand side, click the ‘Remote Front Panel’ link as circled in red in Figure 10.

You will be taken to a virtual interface in your web browser that allows you to control the

oscilloscope. It will look like the screenshot shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Oscilloscope Remote Control Front Panel

You have now successfully accessed the oscilloscope you will be using for the labs in this course.

From this page you will be able to control the buttons and knobs and see the waveform output as

if you were sitting in front of the physical oscilloscope.

Lastly, make sure you close your browser window when you are done to allow other classmates

a chance to access the scope. Only one remote user can control a scope at a time. To extend this

issue, if you do not close your browser and do not properly log out of the remote desktop access,

future users will not be able to access the oscilloscope long after you are done. Currently the only

way to fix this issue is to have the original user log back in to close the browser, or to have the

computer restart which cannot be initiated remotely.



Lab 1: Linear Circuits

1 Purpose

To refresh knowledge of basic linear circuit concepts including voltage dividers, equivalent

circuits, transfer functions, and input and output impedances.

2 Introduction

In your previous courses, you learnt several fundamental theorems and laws of linear circuits,

which would be used repeatedly in Elec2507. It is strongly recommended that you review these in

details.

2.a) Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

Thevenin equivalent models help to simplify and speed up analysis of changes in complex

networks. Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit can be replaced by an open circuit

voltage in series with a resistor defined by the ratio of open circuit voltage and short circuit current

(see Fig. 1).

RT=Voc /Isc Isc

Complex

Circuit

VT =Voc

Complex

Circuit Voc

Complex

Circuit

(a) Thevenin Equivalent Model (b) Open Circuit Voltage (c) Short Circuit Current

Fig. 1: Thevenin Equivalent Model of a Complex Circuit

It is to be noted that even the practical signal sources can also be represented by their Thevenin

equivalents, consisting of an ideal voltage source (Vs) and a series source impedance (Zs) as shown

in Fig. 2 (see the left side, marked as Source Circuit). For most of our measurements, the source

impedance (Zs) is usually small relative to the input impedance (Zi) of the circuit to which it is

connected and hence we can neglect Zs (i.e., Zs<<Zi). However, this may not be true when testing

a circuit with low Input Impedance.

2.b) Concept of Amplifier Circuits

A major portion of this course will deal with amplifier circuits, which can be represented in

terms of their input resistance, output resistance, and gain as shown in Fig. 2.



i s

Source Circuit

ZS

VS

Ii

Voltage Amplifier

Vi Vo

with

Gain = A = Vo/Vi

Load Circuit

IL

RL

Zi Zo

(a) Amplifier Circuit with Source and Load Connected

Source Circuit

RS Ii

Vi

Zo

Zi Vo

Load Circuit

VS AVi RL

(b) Equivalent Circuit Model

Fig. 2: An Amplifier Circuit and its Equivalent Model

Input and output impedances are probably new concepts, and are very important in this course.

2.b.1) Input Impedance (Zi)

Input impedance (Zi) is the impedance found looking into the input terminals of the amplifier

circuit. Input impedance (Zi) of an amplifier is computed as the ratio of the actual voltage appearing

at the input terminals of an amplifier (Vi) and the input current (Ii) entering terminals of the

amplifier (Zi = Vi /Ii). It can be noted from Fig. 2 that:

V = Z

i V

(1) i Z + Z

s

Hence, for a good voltage amplifier, in order to transfer as much voltage as possible from the

source (Vs) to the input terminals of the amplifier, we should have Zi >> Zs . If Zs value is larger

or comparable to Zi then much of the source voltage will be unnecessarily lost across the source

impedance itself (in other words such a case will result in Vi << Vs ), as is obvious from Eq. (1).

Hence for a good voltage amplifier, its input impedance (Zi) should be as high as possible.

2.b.2) Output Impedance



Output impedance (Zo) for a voltage amplifier is the Thevenin equivalent impedance of the

amplifier as seen from its output terminals. You can imagine connecting a test source Vt to the

output terminals, and measuring the current It drawn from the source (while shorting the input

voltage source). Then Zo = Vt/It.

The output impedance will determine how your circuit performs when a load (ZL) is connected

to the output terminals of the amplifier. As can be seen from Fig. 2, if ZO > ZL then most

of the amplified voltage, AVi, will be lost across the output impedance (ZO) of the amplifier and

consequently the voltage available across the load (ZL) will be considerably reduced. Hence for a

good voltage amplifier, its output impedance (ZO) should be as small as possible.

Practical aspects to note while measuring: It is to be noted that while doing measurements, using

oscilloscope probes or meters (let the meter internal impedance be represented by Zm) act as loads

on a circuit whose output impedance (Zo) is measured. In other words, Zm of the meter becomes ZL

for the circuit. For most of our measurements, the meter impedance is large enough relative to our

circuit output impedance that we can neglect the meter loading (i.e., Zo<<ZL), but this may not be

true when testing a high output impedance circuit.

Also note that, in general, parasitic capacitive/inductive impedances will depend on frequency

and loading of your circuit under test.

2.b.3) Transfer Function ( Gain or Attenuation )

In your previous circuit courses you should have learned to find the transfer function of a

network and its frequency response. In this course you'll repeat those exercises but now the circuits

may contain active devices, such as diodes and transistors. Primarily we'll focus on voltage gain

or transfer function A = Vo/Vi, although we may occasionally require current gain, IL/Ii. Note that,

in general gain will depend on frequency and represented using Bode plots. Generally, in Bode

plots, phase of the transfer function is represented either in degrees or radians, and the gain in

terms of dBs, where

G = gain in dBs = 20log(|Vo/Vi|)

As can be seen from the above expression, in case of amplification: G will be +ve, and in case

of attenuation: G will be –ve.

Since we have not yet covered active devices in detail, this lab will investigate the

performance of a notional 'amplifier' made of passive components, such as the one shown in Fig.

3. Since the components are passive it is not possible to achieve a voltage gain > 1, so this could

be called an attenuator.

It is strongly recommended that you further read and familiarize yourself with the oscilloscope controls and Breadboard primer in pages 1.4-1.5 (and the further references in them), prior to the lab.



3. Pre-lab preparation (in the calculations, you can ignore the effect of source-resistance

Rs , i.e., you can treat it as a short). Keep your prelab sheets neat. R3 is denoted by your

station number see your course page for the document (Resistors_Lab1.pdf).

Fig. 3a: Passive Amplifier Circuit (Attenuator)

Fig. 3b: Passive Amplifier (an attenuator) with a DC Source and Load

3.1 Derive an expression (in terms of component names) for the input resistance (Ri) of the Attenuator in Fig. 3b. (show the steps):

a) With the output open circuit conditions (ie., Port 2 open).



b) With a load RL connected across port 2.

c) Substitute the component values and evaluate Ri for both the above conditions.

3.2 Derive an expression & also calculate the numerical value of the output resistance of the

network in Fig. 3b (i.e., the resistance across port 2 looking towards the input, excluding

RL). Note: For output resistance computations, we must set any input sources to zero, i.e.

short circuit any input voltage sources and open circuit any input current sources (explain

why?).

3.3 Compute and draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen by the load resistor for the

network in Fig. 3b (In your calculations, use a value for Vs = 5V).



3.4 Derive an expression for the transfer function A =Vo/Vi for the circuit of Fig. 3b: a) With the output open circuit conditions (i.e., Port 2 open).

b) With a load RL connected across Port 2.

c) Substitute the component values and evaluate A for both the above conditions.



3.5 Derive an expression for the transfer function A=Vo/Vi for the circuit of Fig. 4 with the load open circuited and with frequency as a variable.

Fig. 4: Passive Amplifier with a Capacitor Component and AC Source

a) Substitute the component values and evaluate A and fill in the following table and draw

the Bode plots (G vs ω and phase vs ω). Show the steps at frequency = 1KHz.

Frequency A =|Vo/Vi| G = 20log(A) φ (phase angle) 0 Hz

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1 MHz

b) Analytically reason the frequency related behavior of the transfer function:



3.6 a) For voltage amplifiers, is it desirable to have high input impedance or low input

impedance? Explain clearly in your own words.

b) What about output impedance, should it be low or high for voltage amplifiers?

(Explain).

3.7 How could we move components around to make a different kind of filter? What kind of

filter would that be?

3.8 What is the theoretical slope of a first order filter? Why is it desirable to sometimes have

higher roll off than the theoretical slope of a first order filter? At what cost does this come

to the designer of the filter?



4. Experiment

Software/Equipment : Access to Multisim Software (by National Instruments)

For Hardware Measurements you will use this set of equipment. Oscilloscope: Rhode & Schwartz RTB2004

Oscillator: RIGOL DG 1022Z Arbitrary Waveform Function Generator

DC Power Supply: DOE FG515

Multimeter: Rhode & Schwartz RTB2004

Parts: R3 Given By resistors.pdf, 1.2 k , 2.7 k ,120 , 220 resistors, 47 nF capacitor

Instead, you will use appropriate corresponding modules from the library to realize the

above in the simulation tool. Follow the video demonstration for Lab1 for this purpose.

4.1 Input and Output Impedances

In a physical lab, you would first measure the component values to get its actual value.

When you pick a particular resistor component and measure its value, they may not match

exactly. Explain why this could be the case.

To mimic a similar real-world scenario in a simulation platform, a 5% tolerance value

has been added to most of the selected component value. 4.1.1 In Multisim open the file Open the file ELEC2507_Lab1_4p1_and_4p2, remove the

connections for the DC supply. In Multisim in simply means disconnecting the wires that

connect the input source to the rest of the circuit.

4.1.2 Using the Multimeter within Multisim, measure the input resistance at port Vin. Remove

the Load, re-measure the input resistance at Vin. Verify these values correspond with two

values you calculated in the prelab.

4.1.3 Remove RL and short the input terminals together by placing a wire between both nodes of

port Vin. Using the Multimeter in Multisim, measure the output resistance as seen from port

Vo. What does this measurement correspond to (refer to your prelab calculations)? 4.1.4 Explain any difference between the measured values and corresponding pre-lab exercises.

4.1 B Transfer Function

4.1.5 In the same Multisim file add back the DC_Power block by reconnecting the wires supply

and set the output voltage to 5V. Check the voltage with the Multimeter. Connect the DC

power supply to Vin, as shown in Fig. 3b (note that load is not connected yet, i.e., open

circuit load conditions).

4.1.6 Using the Multimeter within Multisim, measure the voltage at both ports. Find the transfer

function Vo/Vi (also called the voltage gain). What does this measurement correspond to

(refer to your prelab calculations)?

4.1.7 Connect a load 220 resistor as shown in Fig. 3b. Measure the voltage at Vo. 4.1.8 Find again the voltage gain. Explain why the gain is lower than the measurement in 4.2.2.

4.1.9 Repeat 4.1.8 and 4.1.9 in Multisim using a 120 load resistor. 4.1.10 Vo measured in 4.1.6 is approximately the open circuit voltage (since the meter input

resistance is >> the circuit output resistance). Measure the short circuit current by



connecting Vo to ground (place a wire across Vo) and measuring the voltage drop across

R2, this is virtually ISC. We can verify this by adding an ammeter in series with R2 while

the output is not short circuited. Calculate the value of the Thevenin resistance based on

your measurements.

4.2 Thevenin Equivalent

4.2.1 Remove the connections for the DC power supply. Disassemble your circuit and build the

Thevenin equivalent as shown in Fig. 1, using exact resistance value for Rth you calculated

in 4.1.11. Copy and paste a resistor and the supply to the box labeled 4.2 and adjust their

values to create the Thevenin.

4.2.2 Copy and paste the load. Connect a 220 load resistor. Connect the wires for the DC

supply and use the Multimeter to measure the voltage at Vo (be careful here about the voltage value of the DC supply it should be Vth).

4.2.3 Repeat 4.2.2 replacing the 220 load with a 120 load. 4.2.4 This portion is only done in software. 4.2.5 Compare the voltages in 4.1.9 and 4.1.10 to that found in 4.2.2 and 4.2.3. Explain any

differences in terms of the output impedance and load.

4.3 AC Response & Bode Plots

4.3.1 Open the file ELEC2507_Lab1_4p3. Note that we are not attaching a load resistance to

the amplifier in this experiment. In other words, the amplifier is unloaded (i. e., output is

open circuited).

4.3.2 Set the peak-to-peak voltage of the AC supply to 0 V and the voltage offset to 5 V DC.

Measure the transfer function (Vo/Vin). Is this result expected? Explain why.

4.3.3 Set the voltage offset back to 0 V DC. Adjust the frequency to 1 kHz. Using the Multimeter

(set to measure AC volts!) adjust the output of the function generator (input to your circuit)

to 2V pk-pk

4.3.4 Using the Bode Plotter in Multisim connect Vin to Vi and connect Vo to Vo. Find the gain

Vo/Vi and phase difference between the two signals, export this plot for your report.

4.3.5 Find the values for the table below at 0 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1kHz, 10kHz, 100kHz, and 1MHz from the bode plotters cursor function.

Frequency Vi (Pk-Pk) Vo (Pk-Pk) φ (phase angle) A =Vo/Vi G = 20log(A)

0 Hz

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1 MHz



4.3.6 The hardware station has already been configured with a camera to view the circuit on the

breadboard. Login to your station and begin by opening the “Camera” app on the desktop

to see the connected circuit.

4.3.7 Then make sure to use Firefox browser and navigate to the url associated with your

oscilloscope ‘http://scope[your station #].vlsi/’ there is a known bug when opening the

scope on Edge, so just do not do it. From here click on the bottom left corner of the screen:

Remote Front Panel. Now you have access to the scope as if you were in the lab. The scope

is connected as shown in Fig. 4 with CH1 on the input and CH2 on the output.

4.3.8 You now can navigate to the scopes Bode Plot Function using the Apps Selection menu

button seen in the figure below:

Pick the “Bode Plot” application from the list of options.

4.3.9 In the R&S Menu in the bottom right of the display, turn off the Amplitude Profile setting,

set the peak input Amplitude to 1 V. Set the Points per Decade to 10 Pts, Start frequency

to 10Hz, Stop frequency to 10MHz, Input channel to C1, and Output channel to C2. The

channel 1 (C1) is equivalent to Vi in Fig. 4, channel 2 (C2) is equivalent to Vo, and the

source Vs is generated by the Oscilloscope. Run the Bode Plot sweep. You can see each marker generated input and output by using the Gen. option at the top of the

display.

4.3.10 This function will sweep a specified frequency span, and at each instance measures the

phase difference along with gain of the output vs. input. It then tabulates the results at the

bottom of the screen. You are asked to take 7 data points between 0 Hz and 1 MHz. The

table will look like the one shown below. You can then add these datapoints to the script

ELEC_2507_Lab1_BodePlots so you can recreate the plots in Matlab and easily export

them to your report.

Frequency φ (phase angle) G = 20log(A)

0 Hz

10 Hz

100 Hz

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1 MHz

Predict the phase and gain at 0 Hz for the real circuit.

4.3.11 Run the script found in the lab 1 folder called ELEC_2507_Lab1_BodePlots using the data

you received from the oscilloscopes bode plot functionality. Here you will be able to plot

your phase and gain as functions of frequency in an easily exportable format for your

report.

http://scope/



4.4 Reports

Reports should be concise and just include the required equations and final numbers along with a

brief discussion on each of the experiments you performed; if they asked for a discussion. Think

about them as semi-formal reports (Include title page, brief introduction, brief conclusion), make

sure to attach your prelab to your report for easy marking, if you have to upload them as seperate

files that is fine. A singular PDF/Word doc for both lab/prelab is preffered. MAKE IT BRIEF

AND TO THE POINT.



This term due to the online requirement, most of these experiments are done using an equivalent

simulation set up. For your benefit, a schematic diagram of commonly used oscilloscope

controls and the breadboard configuration are given in the next two pages. Please familiarize

yourself with them so that you are also aware of real hardware setup. You should know what all

the scale buttons do, how to properly trigger a waveform as well as band-limiting controls and

measurement controls on the oscilloscopes front panel.

Oscilloscope controls

Rhode & Schwartz RTB2004 Specifications sheet Rhode & Schwartz Oscilloscope RTB2004 online user manual

Rhode & Schwartz Oscilloscope RTB2004 Quick Start Guide

https://scdn.rohde-schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/dl_brochures_and_datasheets/pdf_1/RTB2000_dat-sw_en_3607-4270-22_v1500.pdf

https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/webhelp/RTB_HTML_UserManual_en/Content/welcome.htm

https://scdn.rohde-schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/dl_manuals/gb_1/r/rtb_1/RTB_GettingStarted_en_06.pdf



PCB/Breadboard primer

Breadboard How the points are connected inside

Breadboarding tips:

It is important to breadboard a circuit neatly and systematically, so that one can debug it and get

it running easily and quickly. It also helps when someone else needs to understand and inspect

the circuit. Here are some tips:

• Always use the side-lines for power supply connections. Power the circuit from the side-

lines and not directly from the power supply.

• Keep the main component (op-amp, BJT , MOSFET etc.) near the center of the board. This is especially important when working with packages that have pins on either side of the main chip (OP-AMPS).

• Try to use the connections of the breadboard, and if necessary use jumper wires. • Keep the jumper wires on the board flat, so that the board does not look cluttered.