eia jiyeh part 2

5 Identification and assessment of environmental impacts

5.1 Introduction

The project for the extension of the capacity of the Jiyeh thermal power plant will play an important role in the development of the Lebanese Energy Sector, particularly in the greater area of Beirut. The project will help to turn the electricity supply towards more stability and reliability.

In this section of the report, the impact of the Jiyeh Power Project on the environment will be investigated. All relevant types of emissions and influences are considered in the study including those, that may have an impact on the physical and biological resources in the vicinity of the project, as well as those that could affect humans and their quality of life. Beside significant beneficial impacts, and despite the use of a modern, clean technology, the project may have minor negative effects on the environment. But the design, approach and implementation are to be intended to minimize such negative effects as much as possible.

Fig. 5-1: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (marked in red on the photo taken from a model of the plant on the 7 April 2011)

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units”

at the existing Jiyeh thermal power plant, Annex 1b: Environmental Impact Assessment

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In the following section the impacts during the construction phase and especially during the long lasting operation phase, as well as socio-economic aspects will be investigated and assessed in more detail. 5.2 Impacts during the construction phase

Possible impacts during design and construction phase are:

Impacts of land clearing on local people Impact on land used Impacts by traffic and transportation Impacts caused by labour concentration Impacts by civil works and construction of the power plant.

5.2.1 Impacts of land clearing on local people

Fig. 5-2: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh

plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011). The explanation of the coloured marks is given in Table 5-1.



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The extension of the already existing Jiyeh plant will be installed beside the existing plant on a not used area (see Figure 5-1). Therefore no land clearing is necessary as no settlements are on this terrain.

However, the area foreseen for the extension of the Jiyeh plant is currently used for dumping waste. As can be seen from Figure 5-2, that steel barrels, plastic bags and other materials are decomposing there under open sky. If this plot will be cleared before the construction work will start, these materials must be removed. Some minor parts might be sold as secondary raw materials. The greatest part, however, must be discharged as waste. This must be done according to

• The current legislation, • Request by municipalities as well as • The agreements achieved with the contractor according to the TOR.

Special consideration should be given to the great amount of material stored in a number of open blue containers (skips). Table 5-1 and Figure 5-2 give an overview on the different types of waste to be discharged.

Type of waste remarks Potential use or disposal Marked in Fig. 5-2 as…

Concrete and stones

Potential use in road construction

yellow

Plastic waste Potential contamination Potential use for recycling depending on potential contamination

blue

Steel barrels Potential use for recycling depending on potential contamination

orange

Potentially contaminated soils, slags

Potential contamination of the soil from decomposition of the containers and from sweeping of pollutants into the ground (oil, chemicals?)

Disposal according to current legislation

violet

Old metals Potential use for recycling

Red, see also Figure 5-4

Contents of the blue open containers (skips)

Undefined contents Disposal according to current legislation

white

Other mixed materials

Disposal according to current legislation

Table 5-1: Overview on the different types of wastes on the plot foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant



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5.2.2 Land used

Further requirements of soil due to infrastructure enlargement or the establishment of transmission lines will not be necessary. At the moment, it can be expected that the present road condition is sufficient for the delivery of construction materials and spare parts. A concrete road access leading directly to the area foreseen for the extension of the plant is already existing (see Figure 5-3). Necessary road extensions, however, are to be done according to the TOR. Pieces of greater volume or heavier weight can be delivered via seaway as the construction site is in direct vicinity of the sea line.

Fig. 5-3: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant has a good and easy road accession (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

5.2.3 Impacts from traffic and transportation

It is anticipated that during the construction phase of the project road traffic to and from the site will increase over a short period. It is expected that the major impact will be on the road, which links the highway to the site (see Figure 5-3). The emission of noise, dust and exhaust gases of cars and trucks will reach an increased level which will be directly attributable to the civil and construction activities. The Jiyeh Power Plant is located in a populated area with a short distance to the closest houses (see Figure 5-4). The respective authorities should evaluate if



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temporary and appropriate traffic control measures should be taken, e.g. a speed control.

Fig. 5-4: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant in the vicinity of residential buildings (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

Any additional delivery traffic to the construction site which comes from ships will have no noticeable negative impact. However, these potential negative impacts will pose a negligible risk to the local communities and once the plant enters the operation phase this will no longer apply.

The increase of traffic may cause a higher probability of traffic accidents, it will be one of main concern of the people living in Jiyeh to maintain the traffic safety. The traffic control measures mentioned above may also help to remediate the situation in this sense. 5.2.4 Impacts caused by labour concentration

5.2.4.1 Temporary offices and sanitary accommodation for contractor's staff

and labour

According to tender documents1, the contractor shall provide, furnish and maintain

office and other temporary accommodation including sanitary and, where necessary,

1 According to Chapter 14.6 of the “General Conditions of Contract (Part I)” in the version of March

2011.



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catering and canteen facilities for his own and his sub-contractor's staff and workmen. The sanitary accommodation shall be in approved positions on the site and shall be kept in a clean and orderly condition to the approval of the Public Health Authority. The sanitary accommodation shall be removed on completion of the works and all trenches shall be chemically treated and completely backfilled. The contractor shall be responsible for building and running the canteen for his employees. 5.2.4.2 Living accommodation

If the contractor wishes to provide on or near the site temporary housing and/or camp accommodation for his or his sub-contractor's employees, the contractor shall submit for prior approval plans of all accommodation he proposes to erect before any construction commences.

2 The contractor will be responsible for all the costs

associated with any temporary housing and/or camp accommodation provided by him and for all costs of leasing land required for any purpose concerning the works but not forming part of the site.

All temporary housing and camp accommodation shall be run and maintained in an efficient manner in accordance with the laws in force in the Republic of Lebanon during the period of the Contract.

The Contractor will be responsible for providing adequate transport to and from the site for any of his own or his sub-contractor's employees. 5.2.5 Impacts by civil works and construction of the power plant

During construction phase of the extension of the Jiyeh thermal power plant and associated civil works, the following impacts are to be expected: • Temporary increase in air pollution from the construction site, from construction

materials utilised on site and from the transportation of construction materials

• Temporary noise and vibration pollution produced by construction equipment.

5.2.5.1 Impacts on air quality

In the construction phase air pollution is predominately produced by dust and exhaust gas from trucks and construction machinery. It is indicated that during site preparation, the following construction equipment will cause adverse impacts on air quality: trucks, compactors, pile drivers, jackhammer and drills, generators, asphalt heating equipment, concrete processing stations. Because most of this equipment

2 According to Chapter 14.7 of the “General Conditions of Contract (Part I)” of the tender documents

in the version of March 2011.



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uses gasoline or diesel, they will emit particulate matter, SO2, NOX and VOC into the air. The major air pollutant during the construction phase will be dust produced by earth works (digging, excavation, filling, levelling), particularly during the dry season. Receptors, which can be affected, are areas surrounding the construction sites, as well as houses and buildings located at a distance of approximately 200 m from the construction site. At this distance in the dry season and at the peak of construction hours, ambient air quality may be degraded. However, as the impairment is limited to the construction phase, the additional impact of air pollution on these types of receptors is considered to be intermediate. 5.2.5.2 Noise impact

The assessment of the noise impact is based on the national Lebanese Maximum Allowable Noise Levels and the World Bank noise standards. The present station does comply with international standards and is not exceeding 85 dB (A) at a distance of 1m from the noise producer.

• World Bank noise standard for commercial areas are as follows: o 7 h to 22 h 70 dB(A) o 22 h to 7 h 70 dB(A)

• World Bank noise standard for residential areas are as follows: o 7 h to 22 h 55 dB(A) o 22 h to 7 h 45 dB(A)

The Maximum Allowable Noise Levels and the Permissible Noise Exposure Standards according to national Lebanese guidelines are given in Table 5-2 and Table 5-3. During the construction phase temporary noise emissions may be caused by:

• Construction equipment • Concrete mixing plant • Pile driving for construction • Rock blasting and drilling • Earth moving activity • Generators • Vehicles used for material transport.



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Type Limit dB(A)

Day time 7 a.m.- 6 p.m.

evening time 6 p.m.- 10 p.m.

Night time 10 p.m.- 7 a.m.

Residential areas having some construction sites or commercial activities or that are located near a road

50-60 45-55 40-50

Urban residential areas 45-55 40-50 35-45 Industrial areas 60-70 55-65 50-60 Rural residential areas 35 – 45 30 – 40 25 – 35

Table 5-2: Maximum Allowable Noise Levels

Duration per day (hrs) Sound level (dB(A))) 8 85 4 88 2 91 1 94 ½ 97 ¼ 100

Table 5-3: Permissible Noise Exposure Standards

For most of the above mentioned construction equipment the noise level in 15 m distance will be in a range of 70 to 90 dB(A). The noise level at further distance can be determined using - 6 dB(A) every time distance is doubled and there is no obstacle. Thus, the maximum level will be 84 dB (A) at 30 m, 78 dB (A) at 60 m, 72 dB (A) at 120 m, 66 dB (A) at 240 m and 60 dB (A) at 440 m. Since the residential areas are located in distance of less than 1000 m to the construction site, the noise impact will be within an acceptable level (according to World Bank guidelines) only if the maximum noise level of the equipment used will not reach the 80 dB (A).

5.3 Impacts during operation phase

The potential environmental impacts of the operation of the thermal power plant are:

• Climate (greenhouse effect) • Ambient air quality • Noise • Water • Soil • Flora and Fauna • Visual impact • Socio-economic effects



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These impacts will be discussed in more detail in the following. The Jiyeh power plant will use heavy fuel oil as the primary fuel. According to EDL responsible, natural gas will not be available in short or mid term perspective.3

5.3.1 Impact on climate

In the existing Jiyeh plant as well as in extension, heavy fuel oil will be used as primary fuel. Its main components are mainly alkenes, cycloalkanes and highly condensed aromatic hydrocarbons (asphaltenes) with about 20 to 70 carbon atoms per molecule. Each combustion process burning fossil fuels containing carbon material, produces carbon dioxide, CO2, according to the carbon content in the fuel. Heavy fuel oil has an emission factor of 78 tons of CO2 per TJ or 280 g CO2 per kWh. Carbon dioxide is the major gaseous combustion product. It is not poisonous, but it causes the undesirable greenhouse effect, which will lead to an increase in the average temperature and other detrimental disturbances of the global climate. There is no practical way yet of disposing of large quantities of carbon dioxide other than to release them into the atmosphere. The only measures that can be taken to limit CO2 emissions is to use fuels with low specific carbon content and to increase the plant efficiency in order to keep the carbon dioxide emission per produced electric energy unit as low as possible. 5.3.2 Impacts on the ambient air

The most relevant impacts on the ambient air from the extension of the Jiyeh plant will be the emissions of dust, NOX, SO2, CO, VOC and smells from both, the boilers as well as the oil sludge incineration plant as foreseen in the TOR. However, in the tender documents for the extension, no specifications on emissions of air pollutants are given

4. However, the plant and the emission values guaranteed by the contractor for both, the emission from the boiler plant and from the sludge incineration plant, must fulfil all requirements as described in Chapter 2.

3 EDF, p.71. 4 According to the tender documents in the version of March 2011.



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Parameter 24 hrs average (mg / Nm³) Annual average (mg / Nm³)

SO2 0.15 0.05

NO2 0.15 0.10

TSP 0.23 0.08

PM10 0.15 0.05

Table 5-4: Ambient Air Quality Standards of World Bank for Thermal Power Plants5

In Table 5-5, the emission values in the exhaust gas of the new plant according to the tender documents are given for the operation by HFO (foreseen currently for the first seven years) and by natural gas (foreseen after the 7th year). It should be noticed that these data for emission cannot by compared with the ambient air quality data in Table 5-4.

Emissions Unit Maximum if operated by HFO* Maximum if operated by natural gas*

SO2 mg/m³ 1700 35

NOx mg/m³ 450 150

CO mg/m³ 175 100

Dust mg/m³ 50 5

Noise dB(A) 85 85

*expressed in mg/m3 and related to dry combustion products with 3% contents O2 at 0° C and 101.32 kPa

Table 5-5: Emission value in the exhaust gas of the new plant according to the tender documents available in May 2011

In 1998, the World Bank Group has issued “Thermal Power: Guidelines for New Plants”, which define procedures for establishing maximum emission levels for fossil-fuel based thermal power plants with a capacity of 50 or more megawatts of electricity (MWe) that use coal, fuel oil, or natural gas. The guidelines include emission limits for particulate matter, SO2 and NOx for various types of power plants,

5 International Stationary Engines – World Bank Standards. Revision 2006.10.

http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/inter/wbank.php



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including engine-driven power plants. The guidelines also include ambient air quality standards (see Table 5-4). The guidelines have been adopted to assist the World Bank in making funding decisions for new power plants. However, internationally, the World Bank’s guidelines have been widely used as the minimum norm if the host country does not have its own specific legislation for engine-driven power plants. The maximum emission levels are expressed as concentrations, to facilitate monitoring. The emission limits are to be achieved through a variety of control and fuel technologies, as well as through good maintenance practice. Dilution of air emissions to achieve the limits is not acceptable. The following are emission limits for engine driven power plants: 6

• Particulate matter. PM emissions (all sizes) should not exceed 50 mg/Nm3. • Sulphur dioxide. Total SO2 emissions should be less than 0.20 metric tons per

day (tpd) per MWe of capacity for the first 500 MWe, plus 0.10 tpd for each additional MWe of capacity over 500 MWe. In addition, the SO2 concentration in flue gases should not exceed 2,000 mg/Nm3, with a maximum emissions level of 500 tpd.

• Nitrogen oxides. Provided that the resultant maximum ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide are less than 150 µg/m3 (24-hour average), the NOx emissions levels should be less than 2,000 mg/Nm3 (or 13 g/kWh, dry at 15% O2). In all other cases, the maximum NOx emission level is 400 mg/Nm3 (dry at 15% O2).

The Figures 5-5 and 5-6 show a comparison of the emission values for operation with HFO (Figure 5-5) and for the operation modus with gas (Figure 5-6). The comparison of the emission values guaranteed by the contractor (in blue) for SO2, NOx and dust is done with the World Bank engine emission standards (in red). Additionally, the WB standards for small combustions plants (30-50 MW) are shown (in green). However, the information for small combustions plants are complementary as the plant foreseen will have a higher capacity.

6 International Stationary Engines – World Bank Standards. Revision 2006.10.

http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/inter/wbank.php



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Fig. 5-5: Comparison of the emission values guaranteed by the contractor (in blue)

for SO2, NOx and dust with the World Bank engine emission standards (in red) and the standards for small combustions plants (30-50 MW) (in green) for the operation with HFO

Fig .5-6: Comparison of the emission values guaranteed by the contractor (in blue)

for SO2, NOx and dust with the WB engine emission standards (in red) and the standards for small combustions plants (30-50 MW) (in green) for the operation with natural gas. N.B.: No emission standards for small combustions plants are given for SO2 and dust.



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Figure 5-6 shows the corresponding comparison for the plant when it will be operated with natural gas. Summarising it can be said that the maximum emission values in the exhaust gas from the extension of the Zouk plant are for all three parameters clearly below the required World Bank Standards for engine emissions. This is the case for both, the operation with natural gas as well as for the operation with HFO. Also the standards for smaller power plants than foreseen published by the World Bank, will be fully fulfilled.7 Furthermore, the Lebanese emission values for oil fired power plants >50 MW will be fulfilled (please refer to Table 2-11). 5.3.3 Noise impact

During the operation of the plant, turbines, ventilators, and air compressors may create high noise emissions, impacting on the workers and surrounding residents. If noise exceeds permissible levels, they may have a negative impact on human health. Noise can reduce labour productivity and can lead to worker attention being distracted, which could lead to safety incidents. The requirements for noise emissions are based on the ISO standards which are described in Chapter 2. The necessary measures for the reduction of noise emission and the achievement of the given ISO Standard on the plant site and at the plant boundary have been considered and guaranteed by the contractor of Jiyeh power plant extension. The noise emissions affecting the surrounding shall not exceed the values listed in the Table 5-2. To assure this, a detailed noise level study should be performed at the site boundary. 5.3.4 Impacts on water

5.3.4.1 Marine water

The Jiyeh power plant is located directly on the border of the Mediterranean Sea (see Figures 5-1). The impacts on the marine water to be considered are the following:

• Impacts from fuel transportation:

The fuel is delivered by ship to the power plant. The management of the Jiyeh plant and its respective parts (see Chapter 8.1) should take care that the impacts from the fuel delivery on the Mediterranean Sea are minimised.

7 N.B.: No emission standards for small combustions plants are given for SO2 and dust.



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• Waste water discharge: In general a thermal power plant can have an impact on the surface and ground water in the surrounding area. The impact can be caused by the following sources:

Waste water from various chemical processes, such as demineralised water treatment

Waste water from washing and cleaning of plant and equipment Rainwater drainage Sanitary waste water

In the tender documents as available8, no requirements for the waste water treatment are specified beside the installation of an oily water treatment system. However, the wastewater will have to be treated (e.g. neutralisation) in order to meet the requirements of the World Bank and Lebanese Discharge Standard (see Chapter 2). Also the rest of the arising industrial waste water will be treated in adequate wastewater treatment systems to achieve the standards set. The treated wastewater will be monitored (see Chapter 7) and discharged according to the requirements which will be set by the Ministries of Environment and of Energy and Water.

The rainwater drainage systems to be designed will be based on the long term data on rainfall (e.g. over the previous ten years) to ensure adequate and sufficient drainage. Areas with high potential to be contaminated by oil and grease will have a separate collection system. The sanitary effluent of Jiyeh power plant will have to be collected by a pipe system and routed to a sewage treatment plant, where it will be treated in an aerobic process, after settling solids and residues in a primary clarification process. After a final clarification process the treated water will be piped into the Sea. The water discharge will comply with World Bank and Lebanese standards.

5.3.4.2 Potable water

The impact on sweet water from the Jiyeh plant is the fresh water consumption.9 The sanitary and other water-consuming installations in the plant should be selected, maintained and operated in a way that the water consumption will be minimised. Respective information should be given to the staff.

8 According to the tender documents in the version of March 2011. 9 For waste water discharge please refer to Chapter 5.3.4.1.



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5.3.5 Impacts on soil

The Impacts on soil (surface and ground) by the extension of the Jiyeh plant can be described as follows:

Fig. 5-7: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

5.3.5.1 Impacts from HFO

In the Jiyeh plant, heavy fuel oil (HFO) is used as primary fuel. HFO, however, has a high potential for contaminating the soil and the ground (incl. ground water) once it has penetrated into the soil surface. Respective measures should be taken that the impacts from the fuel on the ground are minimised, e.g.

• clean work without oil dripping or • appropriate measures to avoid the oil is swept from sealed surfaces into the

ground. 5.3.5.2 Soil sealing and compaction

Through the construction of the buildings, roads and the other infrastructure, a part of the soil will be sealed and compacted. The sealing will lead to a reduction of the soil surface available for rain water infiltration.



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It should be mentioned in this context, that the sealing of the areas where HFO can drop out can protect the soil as the sealing prevents the penetration of the fuel into the ground (see Chapter 5.3.5.1). 5.3.5.3 Other impacts

Currently, the area foreseen for the extension of the Jiyeh plant is used only for dumping waste. As can be seen from Figure 5-2, that steel barrels, plastic bags and other materials are decomposing there under open sky and (together with the contents of the barrels and other containers) bear the risk of a soil contamination. Once the construction for the extension of the plant will have started, the area will have to be cleared and the risk of soil contamination from the waste will be eliminated. 5.3.6 Impacts on flora and fauna

The area foreseen for the construction of the extension of the Jiyeh plant is an unused part of the power plants ground where only spontaneous flora and fauna have developed (see Figure 5-8). It is not expected that rare species exist in this zone. Therefore the impact of the project on flora and fauna is considered to be negligible.

Fig. 5-8: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (photo taken

on the 7 April 2011)



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5.3.7 Visual impact

Fig. 5-9: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (photo taken

on the 7 April 2011)

The extension of the Jiyeh power plant will be built on the power plant area, on the site from the village (see Figure 5-4). From the side of the village, the new construction will be seen beside the already existing power plant. Currently, the area is used to store old metal and other unused materials (see Figure 5-9). Furthermore, according to the tender documents for the project, “the Power House and all the various Ancillary buildings are to form one architectural pattern which shall be based and designed on professional architectural advice”.10 Therefore, the visual impact from the extension of the Jiyeh power plant is considered to be negligible. 5.3.8 Socio-economic impacts

The most important socio-economic impacts from the extension of the Jiyeh plant can be described as follows:

10 Chapter 4.3.14: Architecture of the Technical specifications from March 2011.



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5.3.8.1 Improvement in employment opportunity

The construction of the plant will provide significant temporary employment for local labourers and construction workers. Also during the operation phase, the extended plant in Jiyeh will offer additional employment possibilities. 5.3.8.2 Contribution to the security of the electricity supply

The operation of the 80 MW from the extension of the Jiyeh plant will contribute to the security of the power grid in greater Beirut area and in the whole country of Lebanon. Consequently, this will promote socioeconomic growth in the zone, and indirectly of Lebanon. 5.4 Risks

5.4.1 Water and soil contamination from oil storage tanks

The Jiyeh power plant has a fuel tank capacity 75,000 tons. This corresponds to the fuel consumption of the existing plant in one month. The old tanks were destroyed in the war of 2006 and had to be built new (see Figure 5-10). Therefore, the risk of soil and groundwater contamination from these tanks can be considered as negligible. Furthermore, it has been reported that the pipes are checked for leakages before the unloading of every ship.



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Fig. 5-10: The fuel tanks of the Jiyeh power plant can be seen in the background. The red pipes are for the fire fighting system. The white tank in the forefront contains distillated sea water (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

5.4.2 Water and soil contamination from chemicals

For the operation of the power plant, a number of chemicals are necessary. For these chemicals, a storage exists (see Figure 5-11). However, as this storage is located on the area which is foreseen for the extension of the power plant, a new storage will have to be build when the plant will be extended. This storage should follow all necessary and appropriate measures to avoid the risks of a water and soil contamination from the chemicals.



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Fig. 5-11: The existing chemical storage at the Jiyeh power plant is the white building in the forefront of the right side (Photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

5.4.3 Fire accident

The plant has a fire protection installation with two tanks of water storage (2 x 4000 m3) installed next to the primary reservoirs of HFO. According to operators, the water pumping station must be strengthened to meet the needs of protection if any new production facilities will be installed, as well as the necessary additional training of the rescue group. This risk is considered to be a high risk as, in case of a fire accident, the surrounding environment of Jiyeh could be heavily affected (see Figure 5-4). During the construction for the extension of the plant, the contractor is obliged provide and maintain adequate fire fighting equipment on the site and in all temporary offices and labour camps during the performance of the contract to the approval of the local fire authority.11 As specified in the tender documents for the plant12, a fixed CO2 fire fighting system shall be installed in the 15 kV and 11 kV switchgear rooms and in the LV rooms.

11 According to Chapter 14.8 of the “General Conditions of Contract (Part I)” of the tender documents

in the version of March 2011. 12 According to Chapter 2.1.21 of the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011.



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The system is to be completed with necessary fire detectors arranged to shut off the system automatically in the event of fire and initiate the alarms in the power station and in the main control room of the plant. Fire detectors shall be provided in the control room, offices and cable trenches. They may also be placed in other places to initiate alarms locally and in the main control room of the plant. The portable fire fighting equipment shall be approved by the authorities before installation. Sufficient replacement spare parts for extinguishers and of the foam making equipment shall be provided. 5.5 Overall assessment of environmental impacts

Based on the results gained in the previous Chapters, the main environmental impacts of the extension of the Jiyeh power plant are summarised in Table 5-6. The impacts are divided into impacts during construction phase and impacts during operation phase.

Table 5-6: Summarising the Assessment of Environmental Impacts from the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant



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5.5.1 Construction phase

Summarising it can be said that during the construction phase • The impacts are only temporary • The impacts can be assessed as slight or intermediate

• For implementation of such an important project, the impacts can be stated as acceptable.

5.5.2 Operation Phase

Summarising it can be said that during the operation phase of the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant the impacts on the environment can be assessed as slight and, therefore, the impacts can be stated as acceptable (see Table 5-6). However, it should be noticed that there is an impact from the polluted environment ON the power plant: With the sea water to be used for cooling, a considerable amount of sands and plastic wastes is coming into the power plant (see Figure 5-12, Figure 5-13 and Figure 7-4).

Fig. 5-12: The plastic waste swept into the sea water inlet of the power plant (photos taken on the 7 April 2011)



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This plastic waste (together with several tons of sand swept into the sea water inlet of the plant) constitutes are considerable amount of solid waste which has to be discharged. These amounts are disposed back into the sea which is not an environmental friendly way to discharge it. The waste concept to be developed in the framework of the extension of the plant should foresee an environmentally acceptable solution to this problem.

Fig. 5-13: Amount of plastic waste swept into the sea water inlet of the power plant (photo by courtesy of the Jiyeh power plant management)



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6 Alternatives and their analysis

6.1 Introduction

This section is based on the alternative schemes presented in the study with the title ”Etude complémentaire au schema directeur de la production et du réseau de

transport d’électricité du Liban” made by EDF (Électricité De France) in January 2010. This study presents different options in order to increase the electricity generation in Lebanon. 6.2 Situation without the project

The “Do-Nothing” scenario implies that the existing situation of the electrical sector in Lebanon and the current technologies used for the production will remain the same. However, the existing plants with their limited capacities will remain unable to meet the demand of electricity. In fact, most of the power plants in Lebanon do not work with full capacities due to absence of the regular maintenance and the long operation period, especially in Jiyeh and Zouk (installed in 1971 and 1984 respectively). Furthermore, the demand for generation capacity will increase to 4,000 MW by 2015 which would require an additional capacity. It is worth mentioning that the installation of the new extension in Jiyeh power plant will have an important positive impact on the development of the Lebanese Energy Sector in general and in the greater area of Beirut in particular. Although the “Do-Nothing” scenario will avoid temporary environmental negative impacts associated with construction activities and operation, in the long-term the new proposed extension will mainly improve the efficiency and increase the generation capacity in Lebanon and, thus, help the Lebanese Energy Sector to meet with the need of the consumers. 6.3 Considered alternatives

The following alternatives were considered: 6.3.1 Alternative sites

6.3.1.1 Beddawi site

Beddawi site, located near Deir Amar a few kilometers north of Tripoli, is currently operating as a power plant equipped with two combustion combined cycle turbines



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Alstom of 150 MWe with a steam turbine Siemens of 170 MWe installed on a terraced platform, located about ten meters above sea level.

These combined cycle turbines are used interchangeably with natural gas from Syria or diesel. The natural gas is supplied via a buried pipeline that passes through the refinery located near the South of the site. The pipeline is able to satisfy 100% of the needs of the 2 installed combustion turbines and the needs of two additional combustion turbines combined cycle. The supply of fuel takes place by ships from the Mediterranean Sea or through a pipeline from the refinery located near the south of the site. Only 40% of fuel needs are supplied by gas, 60% of the fuel used is diesel oil. This site offers, at its West, to the boundary, an available zone in one plot, located between an important traffic roadway and the seaside. This available zone has an area of approximately 159,000 m2 that can be used for the installation of the new extension. The suggested extension will increase the plant’s capacity by 450 MWe. The respectively considered technologies are:

• 4-stroke diesel engines, • 2-stroke diesel engines and • Combined cycle combustion turbines.

However, for the Beddawi site, there are plans of the MoEW to install a CCGT plant burning HFO in the coming years which will be inverted to natural gas when it will be available at this site. For the exhaust fumes, it is to be checked if it is technically possible to use one of the tow already existing stacks of 60 m height. 6.3.1.2 Hraiche site

The site, away from any residential area, is currently equipped with steam turbine operating on HFO and having a total installed capacity of 75 MWe. The site is located in an elongated plot from east to west enclosed between the sea at the North and a major roadway at the South. The platform of the central is located 13 meters above sea level. The site has several available areas that could be used for the installation for the extension. These available areas with a total area of 20,750 m² are as follows:

• The north-east plant boundary at the sea, an area of 13,000 m² occupied by buildings and facilities that could be demolished. This area requires major



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work of deconstruction to be done on almost all its surface to make available a free platform and buildable.

• At the seafront, in the opposite of the knuckle disposed in the middle of the site, an area of 1500 m² is predominantly occupied by foundations. The presence of these heavy structures of reinforced concrete does not predispose the area to be reused except after implementing some very important works of deconstruction. Furthermore, it is important to note that the presence of a major paved gutter receiving the cooling water line from the block 5 makes any road access impossible to this area from the north. This zone will not be used for the installation of new extension.

• At the west of the site, an area of 6250 m² is partially occupied by buildings that could be demolished. However, the area could be used for the extension.

The only chimney of the plant has a height of about 40 meters and cannot be used for an extension of the plant. The installed facility for demineralised water production has a production capacity (about 150 m3/day) slightly above the needs of the existing facilities. Therefore a new demineralisation plant should be established in case of the installation of the new extension in this site. The plant is fed with HFO and diesel by road tankers; HFO is supplied from the storage of HFO of the Zouk plant. The unloading area for the road tankers, located in the southwest corner of the site, comprises four unloading stations which are operational, but may require rehabilitation. The planned project has a total capacity of 100 MWe. The respectively considered technologies are:

• diesel engines and • combined cycle combustion turbines.

The transport of heavy loads can be carried by road from the port of Tripoli. 6.3.1.3 Zouk site13

The Zouk power plant is currently equipped with the following plants:

• a steam turbine operating on heavy fuel with a total installed capacity of about 600 MW,

13 For more information please refer to the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project

“Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Zouk thermal power plant”.



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• four combustion turbines and diesel-powered with an overall installed capacity of 30 MWe. According to the report quoted at the beginning of this Chapter, these turbines should be dismantled.

The power plant currently has two chimneys of approximately 125 meters. One of these two could be used for the exhaust fumes from the extension of the plant. The decision of this would be technically feasible is not yet taken. The plots available for the extension of the existing Zouk plant are as follow:

• At the north of the site, an area of 6 000 m² exists which currently is almost entirely occupied by the four combustion turbines to be dismantled.

• Northern of existing plant building, a zone of approximately 16 000 m² could be made available. Currently it is mostly occupied in its western part by deposits of rubble, scrap metal and dry industrial waste, and in its eastern part by heavy reinforced concrete structures to be dismantled.

Fig. 6-1: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Zouk plant (photo taken on the 5 April 2011)

• In the prolongation of the northeast corner of Post 66 kV and to the location of the two out of service combustion turbines, a trapezoidal area of approximately 5900 m² in available.



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According to the report quoted at the beginning of this Chapter, the suggested extension will increase the plant’s capacity by 300 MWe by HFO-fuelled engines. The respectively considered technologies are:

• 4-stroke diesel engines and • combined cycle combustion turbines.

2 -stroke diesel engines are not considered as the plant is located too close to residential areas. The transfer of engines can be done by two ways:

• by road from the port of Jounieh located in some kilometres in northern direction from the plant or

• by transhipment from the port of Beirut on a barge or pontoon floating dock and then to the site. This solution, however, would require the construction of a pier at the site in order to unload the pontoons.

6.3.1.4 Zahrani site

The site of Zahrani, a few miles south of Sidon, is equipped with two combustion combined cycle turbines of 150 MWe Alstom fuelled by diesel with a steam turbine of 150 MWe Siemens installed on a terraced platform located about ten meters above sea level. The existing site has an available area in a single plot and is situated between a major roadway to the east and the waterfront to the west. The available area in this site that can receive the proposed project is about 145 000 m² located between the fence of the plant at the south and the sea at the west. This area is far from any residential constructions. It is partially occupied in its southeast corner, by the passage of 220 kV underground cables. The concerned area is fenced and identified. The suggested extension will increase the plant’s capacity by 300 MWe by HFO-fuelled engines. The respectively considered technologies are:

• 4-stroke diesel engines, • 2-stroke diesel engines and • combined cycle combustion turbines.

The transfer of engines by road is possible from the commercial port of Sidon without obstruction.



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6.3.2 Alternative fuel

According to the current expectations of the MoEW, natural gas might be available in 7 years. In Table 6-1, the efficiency of the ICE unit and the emission values in the exhaust gas of the new plant according to the tender documents available in May 2011 are shown.

Emissions Unit Maximum if operated by HFO* Maximum if operated by natural gas*

SO2 mg/m³ 1700 35

NOx mg/m³ 450 150

CO mg/m³ 175 100

Dust mg/m³ 100 5

Noise dB(A) 85 85

Efficiency % 39,4% 41%

*: expressed in mg/m3 and related to dry combustion products with 3% contents O2 at 0° C and 101.32 kPa

Table: 6- 1: Efficiency of the ICE unit and emission value in the exhaust gas of the new plant according to the tender documents available in May 2011

6.3.3 Alternative technology

The alternative technology suggested is the combustion turbine type Siemens 2000E and GE 9E running on gas or Diesel Oil (DO) with a capacity of 168 MW and 125 MW respectively. 6.3.3.1 Economic aspects

In the absence of gas, HFO is more economic and more affordable by the Lebanese Government then DO. In fact, the study of the evolution of prices shows that the price of HFO is substantially at two third of the price of the DO. The prices on the Mediterranean market in 2010 are about:

• 650 USD/ton for the DO and • 450 USD/ton for the HFO.



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Therefore, the expected gain is about 200 USD / ton, or about 30%. However, integrating the maintenance costs and the differences in performance and availability, this expected gain for the specific cost (USD / kWh) for a simple cycle combustion turbine is reduced to about 15%. 6.3.3.2 Technical aspects

Running the turbines on HFO implies a significant reduction in their capacity:

• Siemens 2000E: 168 MW on gas/DO decreasing to 150 MW on HFO. • GE 9E: 125 MW on gas /DO decreasing to 105 MW au HFO.

Adding to the previous reduction in the capacity due to the use of HFO, the reduction in the capacity due to the deposits in the machine during the process should also be taken into consideration. Therefore, the use of HFO leads to a total capacity loss of 15-20%. For basic use and production, the theoretical availability is necessarily low, about 78%, taking into account washes that last about 20 h of operation all 250 to 300 h to which must be added the extremely heavy maintenance (3 inspections per year).

In addition, the phenomena of corrosion should lead to changing almost all of the hot parts of the machine after two years of operating base. In fact, the use of HFO in these combustion turbines lead to a smoke composition (corrosive elements) that can have significant impact on the design as well as on the risks of corrosion of the heat exchangers. This mode of operation seems to be possible to uses at peak time or to a few hundred hours per year. This operational mode allows performing washes without many constraints. The use in the base load production mode will lead to more acute problems.

HFO requires the installation of centrifuges for separation of water and a portion of the corrosive elements. This treatment, however, has no effect on vanadium and sulphur. It is important noting that the combustion turbines have a clear advantage on the diesel engines: The relatively easy passage to gas. However, after being running on HFO, a major inspection should be performed because many parts of the turbine will be replaced including the burners.



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6.4 Comparison and conclusion

From the point of view of the structure of the national Lebanese electricity system, preference should be given to place the capacity extensions close to the highest voltage grid, i. e. for Lebanon today a voltage of 220 kV. Under this consideration, the best sites places are in Beddawi and Zahrani. On these two sites where the gas is possible via the gas pipeline connecting Syria to Beddawi and via creation of a gas terminal at Zahrani, the most economic solution is the installation of a GCC Class F with 57% yield (see Table 6-2).

Table: 6-2: Economic comparison of different technologies and different fuels.14 DE: diesel engine; 4-S: four stroke; HFO: heavy fuel oil; NG: natural gas; E: class E; F: class F; CC: combined cycle; GT: gas turbine. N.B.: For HFO-fuelled CC and GT, the given performance data are theoretical, the real performance might be lower.

However, this solution has several disadvantages because it involves:

• Several years to be implemented (approximately three years after the decision instead of two for other solutions)

• A long-term reliable operation of a machine of class F on DO can not be guaranteed yet by the manufacturers. Indeed, the dual-fuel option proposed

14 Prices without taxes. Source: EDF: Etude complémentaire au Schéma Directeur de la Production

et du Réseau de Transport d Electricité du Liban. Janvier, 2010.



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by the manufacturers is only intended for short-term operation and as emergency fuel.

For Zahrani, there are two short-term options:

• If the Lebanese authorities are ready to decide on the creation of a gas terminal, the installation of two diesel oil-fuelled combustion turbines is recommended. These turbines may be changed later in GCC.

• If the Lebanese authorities are not ready to decide on the creation of a gas terminal, a set of up to 300 MW diesel engines should be installed.

• If a decision on the gas supply will be taken later, the diesel engines can be converted from their HFO operation mode with an efficiency reduction of about 4 points.

For Beddawi, the potential development of the gas supply in the country must be taken into account. The existing gas pipeline is able to supply at least three GCC of 440 MW (24 to 70 bars). The following two options are possible:

• If the Lebanese authorities want to follow plans to increase the volume of the contract of gas deliveries, the installation of two diesel oil-fuelled combustion turbines is recommended. These turbines may be changed later into GCC.

• If not, the installation of a set of up to 300 MW diesel engines is recommended.

At sites of Jiyeh and Zouk, there is no short-term perspective for a gas supply. Only the installation of diesel generators (which, at a later stage, can be switched to natural gas once it will available) should therefore be considered. The sites Zouk and Jiyeh are connected to a lower voltage grid (150 kV and 66 kV), they are therefore intended to sideline the plants connected to the 220 kV grid. An installed capacity of 80 MW for Jiyeh and 180 MW for Zouk can be envisaged in the short term at each of the two sites, a higher capacity in Jiyeh would require the connection to the 220kV that is not in sight for the next two years. It should be noted that Jiyeh and Zouk are located in relatively densely populated urban zones and, therefore, their might be problems with the acceptance of such extensions. At the Hrayché site, there is no possibility of capacity extension in the short term given the currently insufficient grid. The upgrading of the network is not in sight in the time requested. Thus, summarising, it can be said that, according to the Policy Paper of the Ministry, the planned volume of the extension of the capacity by 600 to 700 MW can be distributed on the sites Beddawi, Jiyeh and Zouk under condition of the achievement of the corresponding network developments.



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7 Mitigation plan

The mitigation plan for the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant considers three different phases:

• The design phase, • The construction phase and • The operation phase.

7.1 Design phase

In the project area there are no mosques and churches or other religious or cultural buildings, no natural forests or wildlife sanctuaries that could be encroached upon by the construction or operation of the extension of the Jiyeh power plant. Therefore, measures for encroachment limitation of populated, cultural and protected sites are not necessary. The project will be established on empty land of the Jiyeh power plant territory (see Figure 7-1). Due to this no people have to be resettled and no Resettlement Action Plan is required for this project.

Fig. 7-1: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

The design of the new plant should ensure that:



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The emissions of CO, dust, VOC, SO2 and NOx are minimised and will meet the emission standards.

The requirements of the World Bank and Lebanese noise regulations will be respected.

The waste water treatment systems will be completed according to the requirements of the Lebanese and World Bank guidelines.

All required safety measures (fire prevention with adequate control measures, workers health and safety) will be in accordance with Lebanese regulations.

7.2 Construction phase

The following measures will be considered during the construction phase of the extension of the Jiyeh power plant: 7.2.1 Protection of ground water and soil quality

The measures for the protection of ground water and soil quality during the construction phase should comprehend, but should not be limited to:

• Disposal of solid waste (construction waste, sand, stone etc.) and waste grease and oil from construction equipment to the soil and local ground water will be prevented. All the waste will be collected and transported to the approved disposal sites.

• Installation of adequate sanitation systems (for example mobile toilet facilities) for workers to prevent untreated or inappropriate domestic waste water discharge.

A positive impact on the the protection of ground water and soil quality during the construction phase will be the removal of the amounts of old metal, bins and other wastes which are stored on the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (see Figure 7-2 and Figure 5-2). 7.2.2 Protection of air quality

Air pollution during the construction phase (mainly during civil work activities) may occur mainly due to dust emission. The Contractor will be required to implement and apply the following measure to mitigate dust and prevent traffic accidents:

• Limitation of the maximum speed at the construction site, and the access road leading to the site.

• Watering of the site during works • Install a wind sealed fence at the border of site. • Vehicles transporting open loads of construction materials such as sand or

clay shall be covered.



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Fig. 7-2: Amounts of old metal on the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

7.2.3 Noise

The closest residential buildings are only some hundred meters away from the site. To reduce noise during the construction phase appropriate measures shall be taken to comply with local regulations:

• Prohibition of noisy activities during the night. • Speed restrictions to be applied to heavy / articulated vehicles, which pass

through residential areas. 7.2.4 Impact by Traffic

To maintain the traffic safety it is considered to keep the traffic slow which will pass through residential areas by appropriate measures such as speed limits and giving safety education to the drivers.



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Fig.7-3: The road to the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

7.2.5 Summary

No. Impact Possible Effects Assessment / Mitigation Measures

1 Traffic/ Transportation

Increase in traffic volume

Temporarily affects. Transport of all plant equipment by road. Keep the traffic slow for safety

2 Construction labour and activities

Increase in air pollution, noise and waste quantity

Temporarily affects. Avoiding of dust pollution by periodic watering of site during civil works. Avoiding of noisy activities during the night. Wastewater and solid waste disposal according to the local regulations

3 Socio-economic impact

Employment aspects Positive effects on temporary employment for local workers

Table 7-1: The main project impacts and mitigation measures during construction phase

A summary of all important impacts during the construction phase and the applied mitigation measures are given in Table 7-1.



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7.3 Operation phase

As shown in Chapter 6, there are no acceptable alternatives to the extension of the Jiyeh power plant and to the use of HFO as fuel in the short and mid-term perspective. From this operation mode, a number of impacts on the environment are generated:

• Flue gas emissions into the atmosphere (e. g. NOx, SO2, VOC, CO2) • Noise within the plant boundary • Solid waste generation • Waste water production

7.3.1 Long term air pollution15

In the technical specifications for the extension of the Jiyeh plant, no specific requirements for the emission control system to reduce the long term air pollution is given. However, the plant must (as a minimum) fulfil completely the requirements of the current legislation (see Chapter 2). In order to minimize the SO2 emission, fuel oil with a low content of sulphur should be used. It should be mentioned that another reduction of the air pollution and a mitigation of the ambient air quality will result from the installation of an emission control system of the existing Jiyeh plant. 7.3.2 Water

In the technical specifications for the extension of the Jiyeh plant, requirements for the installation of an oily water treatment are laid down.16 No further building regulations for a water pollution control system are given. However, the plant must (as a minimum) fulfil completely the requirements of the current legislation in Lebanon (see Chapter 2). 7.3.3 Soil

In the Jiyeh plant, heavy fuel oil (HFO) is used as primary fuel. HFO, however, has a high potential for contaminating the soil and the ground (incl. ground water) once it has penetrated into the soil surface. Respective measures should be taken that the impacts from the fuel on the ground are minimised, e.g.

• clean work without oil dripping or

15 Please refer also to Chapter 10 of this report. 16 Chapter 2.1.22 of the Technical specifications as from March 2011.



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• appropriate measures to avoid that oil is swept from sealed surfaces into the ground.

These measures should be considered for both, the use of the HFO for the boilers and the connected pipes and tanks as well as for the oil sludge to be burnt on the power plant’s plot. A further aspect for the protection of the soil during the operation phase is the storage and discharge of the amounts of plastic waste swept into the sea water inlet of the power plant (Figure 7-4).

Fig.7-4: Amount of plastic waste swept into the sea water inlet of the power plant (photo by courtesy of the Jiyeh plant management)

7.3.4 Noise

In the technical specifications for the extension of the Jiyeh power plant, it is laid down that “the design of all buildings must ensure that the noise, vibration and

temperature levels are within acceptable limits. The Contractor shall give full details of the measures to be adopted and the materials he proposes to use to achieve those requirements.“17

17 Chapter 1.6 of the Technical specifications as from March 2011.



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Furthermore, noise tests are foreseen in the technical specifications.18 However, the plant must (as a minimum) fulfil completely the requirements of the current legislation in Lebanon (see Chapter 2). 7.3.5 Industrial and other solid wastes

No Impact Possible Effects Assessment / Mitigation Measures

1 Climate Greenhouse effect Minimising of specific CO2 emissions by optimizing the plant efficiency

2 Emissions NOx and SO2 pollutions, dust

Limitation of SO2 emission by using fuel oil with low sulphur content

Installation and good maintenance of emission control system

3 Ambient air quality

Increasing of pollutant concentration

Stack height supports good dispersion and reduces impact on ambient air quality in the vicinity of the plant (see Chapter 109

4 Noise Plant surrounding Applying noise protection measures in order to meet the required standard

5 Wastewater discharge

Soil, ground and sea water pollution

Applying of wastewater treatment in order to meet the required standards

6 Solid waste disposal

Pollution of the sea, soil and ground water

The solid waste will be disposed by an authorised local disposal company according to local regulations

8 Socio-economic

Country and future development

The impact of the project on the local and national Lebanese socio-economic development can be assessed as positive and important

Table 7-2: The main project impacts and mitigation measures during operation phase

Although there are no quantitative regulations to be applied for solid wastes, the impact from the power plant on the environment is to be minimised. Examples for such impacts are

• the production of oil sludges, • the ashes from the ESP that should be disposed in an environmentally friendly

manner (e.g. no transport and disposal without coverage in order to avoid the blowing away) or

• solid wastes generated from the staff of the plant.

18 E.g. according to Chapter 5.2.4 of the Technical specifications as from March 2011.



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All these wastes (as a minimum) must be discharged and / or treated according to the current requirements of the Lebanese legislation. 7.3.6 Summary

A summary of all important impacts during operation phase and the applied mitigation measures are given in Table 7-2.



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8 Environmental management plan

The extension of the Jiyeh Power Plant with a capacity of 80 MW will be implemented on the area of the already existing power plant in a distance of less than one kilometer from the Jiyeh community. The infrastructure systems are already present (e.g. roads, power transmission lines) or need to be constructed (e.g. the additional cooling water inlet). The development of this project is designated an "Environmental Screening Category A" project, for which, according to the EBRD and World Bank policies, the EIA report shall include an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). According to the World Bank Operational Policies (OP.4.01, January, 1999, revised in August 2004) the EMP shall describe mitigation19, monitoring20 and institutional21 measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the project to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, or reduce them to acceptable levels. 8.1 Organisation

In order to properly assess environmental impacts of the extension of the Jiyeh Thermal Power Plant as well as evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures applied for the abatement of environmental impairment, a program of monitoring and oversight of the project will be implemented. This oversight program will be implemented by the official administrations in cooperation with the Jiyeh Plant Management Board. According to the article 4 of the Decree 9765/2003 of the Ministry of Industry, the authorities in charge of the industrial pollution control are the Ministry of Industry-Control Department, the Municipalities and the competent authorities of MoE and MoPH. Figure 8-1 indicates a possible organisation of the environmental management and monitoring of the Jiyeh Power Plant. The Jiyeh Management Board should be responsible for the internal environmental management and monitoring of the plant. For this purpose, the board will have to nominate and appoint an Environmental Engineer as head of an “Environmental Management Group” (EMG). This group shall be responsible for the execution of environmental related issues such as:

• Stack emission monitoring

19 See Chapter 7. 20 See Chapter 9. 21 See Chapter 8.1 and Chapter 8.2.



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• Internal noise monitoring • Internal waste management • Waste water monitoring • Labour safety • Coordination with local and regional authorities • Power plant related reporting • Cooperation in performing labour/staff training • Ambient air monitoring • Noise monitoring at residential area • Waste management for the total complex • Coordination with Lebanese authorities



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JiyehManagement Board

Jiyeh PPEnv. Engineer (EMG)

MoE Lebanese Authorities

Local and regional

Authorities

Reporting

Noiseinternal monitoring

EmissionStack monitoring

Teamname

Ambient air monitoring

Wasteinternal

management

Waste waterinternal

monitoring

Moise Vicinity

monitoring

Safetyinternal

organisation

TrainingCooperation with

staff training

coordination

Fig. 8-1: Organisation of Environmental Management for Jiyeh Power Plant

The organisation of the environmental management of Jiyeh power plant shall be set in place early in order to commence work during the construction phase. 8.2 Training Programme



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Activity Subject Specialist Duration Months

Staff-Months

Cost USD

Consulting Preparation of the training program

Environmental Engineer

2 1 foreign / 2 local

30'000

Consulting Support in establishing an environmental management group and management program



50'000

Training Environmental monitoring of thermal power plants and potential mitigation measures



25'000

Training Emission monitoring equipment: • Requirements • Specification • Operation • Maintenance

1 Environmental Engineer of Jiyeh Power Plant

1 15'000

Training Wastewater analysis and waste management


1 15'000

Training Worker safety and health aspects


1 15'000

Table 8-1: Brief Summary of Consultant / Training Services and a first cost estimate

lt is recommended to conduct a consulting and training program for key personnel of the Jiyeh Power Plant. This will ensure that highly qualified staff will take over the responsibility and will work on environmental management and monitoring. The training program should be performed in coordination with the responsible local authorities. The consulting and training program should commence towards the end of the construction period and be completed in the first few months of operation. The detailed scope and schedule may be established later, an initial brief outline of a possible scope, what could partly be supplied by the Contractor within the framework of point 1.4 of the Tender documents22, is given in the Table 8-1.

22 Chapter “1.4: Training” of the Technical specifications from March 2011.



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9 Monitoring plan

9.1 Legal documents

According to the article 4 of the Decree 9765/2003 of the Ministry of Industry, the authorities in charge of the industrial pollution control are the Ministry of Industry-Control Department, the Municipalities and the competent authorities of MoE and MoPH. Another important Document related to the requirements of environmental monitoring are the “Guidelines of World Bank (OD 4.00, October 1989 and OP 4.01, January 1999)”. 9.2 Atmospheric pollution monitoring

Parameter to be monitored

Location / Method / Frequency Responsibility Estimated Cost

Construction Phase

Ambient Air: Dust

• Jiyeh site and surrounding • Approx. monthly during civil

work activities

• EMG of Jiyeh PP • Measurement cost:

10,000 USD

Operational Phase

Emissions: NOXl SO2, CO, O2

Temperature

• Stack • Analysers with evaluation

unit • Automatic, continuously

• EMG of Jiyeh PP • Cost of instruments:

ca 150,000 USD

Operational Phase

Ambient Air: NOx, SO2

• Site surroundings • Ambient air monitoring

stations • 2 times per year (summer

and winter)

• MIn • Measurement cost: ca

15,000 USD/a

Operational Phase

Meteorological Parameters: Wind velocity and direction, temperature, pressure, humidity

• Site surroundings • Ambient air monitoring

stations • 2 times per year (summer

and winter)

• MIn • Cost included in

above position

Table 9-1: Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring Plan

Impacts on air quality shall be monitored, by measuring the emissions of the Jiyeh power plant as well as by monitoring the ambient air quality and meteorological parameters in the area around the plant site.



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The Environmental Management Group (EMG) of Jiyeh Power Plant (see Chapter 8.1) shall be responsible for the execution and evaluation of the emission measurements at the stacks of the plant and for the ambient air quality monitoring. The measurement and monitoring activities shall be performed by the Ministry of Industry-Control Department. All monitoring activities shall be coordinated between the parties involved. Table 9-1 summarises the recommended scope and plan of air pollution monitoring.

9.3 Noise monitoring

During operation phase, noise measurements shall be performed in order to monitor the noise level within the boundary of the Jiyeh plant as well as the residential area outside of the plant site. The EMG of Jiyeh shall record the measurements at the plant boundary. The measurements should be performed by Ministry of Industry-Control Department, according to the World Bank regulations. Table 9-2 summarises the noise monitoring plan.

Parameter Location / Method /Frequency Responsibility

Construction Phase Noise levels • site boundary, close to nearest residential area

• Portable acoustimeter • During peak hours of construction

EMG of Jiyeh PP

Main equipment of Jiyeh PP (e. g. turbines, generators)

Noise levels • 1m from equipment • Portable acoustimeter • 1 time per month

EMG of Jiyeh PP

Noise at surroundings of site

Noise level • Outside Jiyeh site, close to nearest residential area

• Portable acoustimeter • 2 times a year

MIn

Table 9-2: Noise Monitoring Plan

9.4 Water pollution monitoring

The discharge of waste water from within the Jiyeh power plant boundary shall be monitored regularly by the Jiyeh EMG during the operation phase. The monitoring plan of Jiyeh power plant is shown in Table 9-3.



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Parameter Parameter to be monitored

Location / Frequency Responsibility

Effluent discharge

pH, susp. Solids, oil/grease, BOD5, COD, coliforms, temperature

• At boundary of Jiyeh PP,

before discharge into irrigation pond

• 1 time / month

EMG of Jiyeh PP Measurement in plant laboratory

Table 9-3: Water Pollution Monitoring Plan

9.5 Monitoring agencies

In Lebanon, according to the article 4 of the Decree 9765/2003 of the Ministry of Industry, the authorities in charge of the industrial pollution control are the Ministry of Industry-Control Department, the Municipalities and the competent authorities of MoE and MoPH.



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10 Qualitative conclusions on the dispersion of the exhaust gases

Based on the information available, the following conclusions for the dispersion of the exhaust fumes from the extension of the Jiyeh power plant can be drawn:

1. The main wind direction in Jiyeh is south west (see Figure 10-1), blowing the fumes into a north eastern direction.

2. Leeward the residential areas of Nabi Younos, Haret Beid Madi and Jiyeh are located. The distance to the nearest of these villages, Nabi Younos, is about 2,5 km. Between the power plant and the community lays a bay of the Mediterranean Sea (see Figure 10-2).

3. Other residential areas are situated closer to the power plant (see Figure 10-2). However, they are not located leeward the main wind direction.

4. The currently available tender documents for the planned extension of the Jiyeh power plant foresee a “stack with minimum height of 20 m from ground level“.23

Fig. 10-1: Wind rose for Beirut for the year 2005 24

23 Chapter 2.1.13 of the technical specifications as of March 2011.



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Fig. 10-2: The location of the Jiyeh power plant (marked in red) and the main wind direction (marked in blue) (photo by Google Earth)

From these primary facts and at the current status, no reliable quantitative conclusion on the dispersion, the resulting concentrations and on the impacts from the exhaust fumes from the extension of the Jiyeh power plant can be drawn. Especially it cannot be said if the ambient air quality standards issued by the World Bank will completely be fulfilled in the communities mentioned above (see Table 10-1).

24 Source: Beirut International Airport.



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Averaging Period Guideline value in mg/m3

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour 10 minute

125 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 20 (guideline) 500 (guideline)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year 1-hour

40 (guideline) 200 (guideline)

Particulate Matter PM10

1-year 24-hour

70 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) 20 (guideline) 150 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline)

Particulate Matter PM2.5

1-year 24-hour

35 (Interim target-1) 25 (Interim target-2) 15 (Interim target-3) 10 (guideline) 75 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 37.5 (Interim target-3) 25 (guideline)

Ozone 8-hour daily maximum

160 (Interim target-1) 100 (guideline

Table 10-1: Ambient air quality standards of World Bank25

A reliable answer to the question if these World Bank standards will be fulfilled, should be based on the calculations with a quantitative dispersion model. This model must consider parameters as (e. g.) wind direction and speeds, exhaust gas temperature or the topography of the area concerned.

25 World Health Organisation (WHO): Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update, 2005.



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11 References

• CDR, Land Use and Environment, July 2005. • Climate Change and Variability in Lebanon: Impact on Land Use and

Sustainable Agriculture Development, Fadi Karam. • Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Lebanon 2005–2009. • Damage and Early Recovery Needs Assessment of Agriculture, Fisheries and

Forestry; FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS November 2006.

• Digital Documentation Center at AUB in collaboration with Al Mashriq of Høgskolen i Østfold, Norway.

• Earth Link and Advances Resources Development S.A.R.L. (ELARD): Environmental and social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project (Study Update), Final Report, August 2010.

• Earth Link and Advances Resources Development S.A.R.L. (ELARD): Environmental and social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project (Study Update), Final Report, August 2010.

• EDF: Etude complémentaire au Schéma Directeur de la Production et du Réseau de Transport d Electricité du Liban. Janvier, 2010.

• Electricity Regulatory, Law No. 462 of date 09/02/2002, Official Gazette 05/09/2002; Volume 50, p. 5934.

• Electricity Sector Public Expenditure Review, Republic of Lebanon, Sustainable Development Department, Middle East and North Africa Region, January 31, 2008

• European Commission, DGXI; Environment; Nuclear safety and Civil Protection: A Handbook on Environmental Assessment of Regional Development Plans and EU Structural Funds Programmes. August 1998.

• European Commission: Guidance on EIA. EIS Review. June 2001.

• European Commission: Guidance on EIA. Scoping. June 2001.

• European Commission: Guidance on EIA. Screening. June 2001.

• Formulation of a Strategy for Social Development in Lebanon; Council for Development and Reconstruction, Economic and Social Fund for Development (ESFD) Project, December 2005.

• IFC (International Finance Corporation): Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, noise management. April 2007.

• IFC (International Finance Corporation): Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, air emission and ambient air quality. April 2007.

• IFC (International Finance Corporation): Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, hazardous materials management. April 2007.

• IFC (International Finance Corporation): Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, waste management. April 2007.



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• IFC (International Finance Corporation): Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, waste water and ambient air quality. April 2007.

• International Stationary Engines – World Bank Standards. Revision 2006.10. http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/inter/wbank.php

• Khaled Fares Nakhle Le Mercure, le Cadmium et le Plomb dans les eaux littorales libanaises: Apport et suivi au moyen de biomarqueurs quantitatifs (Eponges, bivalves et gastéropodes), Decembre 2003.

• Ministry of Environment/LEDO: Lebanon Sate of the Environment Report 2001.

• Mohafazat Mont Lebanon, Promenade Caza Keserwan. • MVV Consulting: Environmental Impact Assessment Report for DEIR

AZZOUR Combined Cycle Power Plant. By order of Public Establishment of Electricity For Generation and Transmission (PEEGT), Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic. 2006.

• MVV decon: Tender document for Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units at existing Jiyeh and Jiyeh thermal power plants: Technical Specifications as submitted on 8 March 2011. By order of the Ministry of Energy & Water & Electricité du Liban (EDL) on behalf of the Republic of Lebanon.

• MVV decon: Tender document for Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units at existing Jiyeh and Jiyeh thermal power plants: General conditions of contract, part I, as submitted on 8 March 2011. By order of the Ministry of Energy & Water & Electricité du Liban (EDL) on behalf of the Republic of Lebanon.

• MVV decon: Tender document for Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units at existing Jiyeh and Jiyeh thermal power plants: Conditions of particular application, part II, as submitted on 8 March 2011. By order of the Ministry of Energy & Water & Electricité du Liban (EDL) on behalf of the Republic of Lebanon.

• Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector, Ministry of Energy and Water, June 2010.

• President of the Republic, Lebanese Law 690; Defining the functions of the Ministry of Environment and its organization. Official Gazette 27/8/2005; Volume 37, 4200-4211.

• Sami Karaki, Farid Chaaban, Riad Chedid, and Toufic Mezher, Ali Hamzeh, Ahmad Harb, and Fayez Abdulla: Electric Energy Access in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.

• The Ministry of Environment, Law 444; Protection of the environment, 29 July 2002.

• The Ministry of Planning and The Ministry of Finance, Legislative Decree number 5, 24/1/1977.

• USJ (Université Saint Joseph) : La Population Libanaise et Ses Caractéristiques ; 2003.



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• USJ, SO2 in Beirut: air quality implication and effects of local emissions and long-range transport, 2008.

• Water Sector Regulation, Law No. 221 of date 29/05/2000, Official Gazette 08/06/2000. Volume 25 , p. 1949.

• World Health Organisation (WHO): Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update, 2005.

• www.moe.gov.lb



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56

12 Annexes

12.1 Site map for the extension of the Jiyeh power plant



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12.2 Quality parameter for the fuel oil

The fuel oil should be conform to the following parameters:



58

Parameters Accepted Unaccepted Tests

Density at 15°C [kg/l] - >0.991 ASTM D 1298:1999

ASTM D 4052: 1996

Kinematic Viscosity at 15°C

[mm2/ s]

165 >340 ASTM D 445:1997

Flash point, Pensky-Martens

closed cup [°C]

- <66 ASTM D 93: 2002

Sulfur content %, mass - >1 ASTM D129:2000

ASTM D 4294: 2002

Sediment Pct Mass - >0.2 ASTM D 473: 2002

Water and Sediments %,

volume

- >1.5 ASTM D 1796: 1997

Ash Content Pct Mass 0.12 >0.15 ASTM D 482:2000

Sodium content [ppm] 40 >45 ASTM D 5863: 2000

Vanadium (Va) content [ppm] 110 >135 ASTM D 5863: 2000

Pour point [°C] >30 ASTM D 97: 1996

Asphaltenes Pct Mass 3 >5 IP 143

Heat of combustion [Mj/kg] <41 D 4868: 2000 ASTM

Carbon residue Pct Wt >18 ASTM D 524: 2000



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12.3 Pollutants classification into groups (inorganic solid pollutants, inorganic gas pollutants)

Inorganic solid pollutants

Group I Group II Group III Group IV

Cadmium Cd, Mercury

Hg, Thallium Tl

Arsenic As, Cobalt Co,

Nickel Ni, Selenium Se,

Tellurium Te

Antimony Sb, Lead Pb,

Chrome Cr, Cyanide CN,

Fluor F, Copper Cu,

Manganese Mn, Platinum

Pt, Palladium Pd,

Rhodium Rh, Vanadium

V, Pewter Sn

-

Inorganic gas pollutants


Arsenic hydrogen

compounds, Cyanide

chloride, Phosgene,

Hydrogen-phosphorous

compounds

Hydrogen-bromine,

Chlorine, Hydrogen

cyanide, Hydrogen

fluoride, hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen chlorine

compounds non

mentioned in group I

Sulfur oxides, Nitrogen

oxides

Carcinogenic pollutants


Asbestos,

Benzo(A)pyrene

compounds, Beryllium

and its inhalable and

containing Beryllium

compounds, Dibenz

(A,E) intrasin, 2-

naphtilamin

Arsenic oxides, Chrome

compounds III and VI,

Cobalt, Nickel and its

inhalable and containing

Nickel compounds, 3,3

dichlorobenzedene,

dimethylsulfate,

ethylamine

Acrylonitril, benzene, 3,1

butadiene, 1 chloro-3,2

apoxypropane

(epichlorohydrine), 1,2

dibromomethane, 1,2-

epoxypropane, ethylene

oxide, Hydrazine, phenyl

chloride

-



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12.4 Pollutants classification into groups (organic gas pollutants)

Organic gas pollutants Chemical formula Group

1,1,1 trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 II 1,1,2 – trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 I 1,1 – dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 I 1,1 – dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 II 1,2 – dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 III 1,2 – dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 I 1,2 – dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 I 1,4 dioxane C4H8O2 I 1,4 – dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 II 2,2 – aminodiethanol C4H11O2 II 2,4 – xylenol C8H10O II 2,6–dimethylheptane –4– one C7H14O II

2 – ethoxyethanol C4H10O II 2 – propene –1–ol C3H4O I 2 – butanone C4H8O III

2 – butoxyethanol C6H14O2 II 2 – foraldehyde C5H4O2 I

2 – chloro–1,3–butane C4H5Cl II 2 – chloropropane C3H7Cl II 2 – chloropri (2 – chloro – 1,3 – butadiene)

2 – methoxyethanol C3H8O2 II 4 – methyl – 2 – pentanone C6H12O III 4–methylenevynildiisocyanate C9H6N2O2 I 4–hydroxyl–4 methyl–2 pentanone C6H12O2 III Ether (diethylether) Ethylester (ethylacetate) Ethylacetate C4H8O2 III Ethylacrylate C5H8O2 I Ethylamine C2H7N I Ethylbenzene C8H10 II Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 III Ethylene glycol ethyl ether (2 – ethoxyethanol) Ethylene glycol methyl ether (2 - methoxyethanol) Ethylene chloride (chlorethane) Azote, azote – dimethylformamide C3H7NO II Azote – methylpyrolidone C5H9NO III

Estel aldehyde C2H4O I Acetone C3H6O III Acroleine (2 - propinal)

Acrylethylester (ethylacrylate) Acrylmethylester (methylacrylate)

Alfa – chlorotoleine C7H7Cl I



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Maleic acid anhydride C4H2O3 I Aniline C6H7N I

Ortho – toloedine C7H9N I Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) Isopropenylbenzene C9H10 II Isopropylbenzene C9H12 II Isobuthylmethylcetone (4 – methyl – 2 – pentanone) Brchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) Propene aldehyde (propanal) C2H6O II Benzylchloride (alpha – chlorotoleine) Butylacetate C6H12O2 III Butyl aldehyde C4H8O II Butyl glycol ester (2 – Butoxyethanol) Pyridine C5H5N I Pynene C10H16 III Triethylamine C6H15N I

Trichloroethylene C2HCl3 II Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F III Trichlorophenol C6H3OCl3 I Trichloromethane CHCl3 I Trimethylbenzene C9H12 II

Diethylether C4H10O III Diethylamine C4H11N I Dioctylphtalate (di – (2 – ethylhexyl ) phtalate) Diethanolamine (2,2 Aminodiethanol) Diisopropylether C6H14O III

Diisopropylcetone (di 2,6 – dimethylheptane – 4 – one) Diphenyl C12H10 I Dibutylether C8H18O III Disulphidecarbone CS2 II Diphenyl Dichlordifluoromethane CCl2F2 III Dichlorophenol C6H4Cl2O I Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 III Dimethylether C2H6O III Dimethylamine C2H7N I Di – (2–ethylhexylphtalate) C24H38O4 II Thioethyrate I Thioalcohol I Acetic acid (vinegar) C2H4O2 II

Acetic acid ethyl ester (ethyl acetate) Acetic acid butyl ester (butyl acetate) Acetic acid vinyl ester (vinyl acetate) Acetic acid methyl ester (methyl acetate) Acrylic acid C3H4O2 I

Formic acid (formate) CH2O2 I



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Propionic acid C3H6O2 II Chloroacetic acid C2H3ClO2 I

Metacrylicmethylether acid (methylmetacrylate) Tetrachloroethane C2H2Cl4 I Tetrachloromethane CCl4 I Tetrahydroforane C4H8O II Citrine C8H8 II Cyclohexanone (cyclic hexanone) C6H10O II Toleine C7H8 II Toleine – 2,4 – diisocyanate (4 – methylenediisocyanate) Furfural (2 – furaldehyde) Formaldehyde CH2O I Formic methyl ester (methylformate) Phenol C6H6O I Phenylacetate C4H6O2 II Alkylic Alcohol III

Diacetone alcohol (4 – hydroxyl – 4 methyl – 2 pentanone) Furfural alcohol (furfuryl alcohol) C5H6O6 II Cresol C7H8O I Xylene C8H10 II Xylinol (except 2,4 – xylinol) C8H10O I

Chloroestelaldehyde C2H3ClO I Chloroethane C2H5Cl III Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl II Chloroform (trichloromethane) Chloromethane CH3Cl I

Methylethylcetone (butanone) Methylacetate C3H6O2 II Methylacrylate C4H6O2 I Methylamine CH5N I Methylisobutylcetone (4 – methyl – 2 – pentanone) Methylbenzoate C8H8O2 III Methylglycolether (2 – methoxyethanol) Methylformate C2H4O2 II Methylchloroform (1,1,1 - trichloroethane) Methylchloride (chloromethane) Methylmetacrylate C5H8O2 II Cyclomethylhexane (Cyclohexane) C7H12O II Methylenechloride (dichloromethane) Mercaptan (thioalcohol)

Alkylic lead compounds I Oliphinic hydrocarbonic compounds (except 1,3 – butadiene) III Methanol paraphinic hydrocarbonic compounds (alkylic alcohol) III Naphthalene C10H8 II Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 I

Nitrotoleine C7H7NO2 I



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Nitrophenol C6H5NO3 I Nitrocresol C7H7NO3 I

12.5 General environmental limit values of the emissions related to the air pollutants

1 2 3

Indicator (pollutant) Emission limit values Remarks

Dust (mg/m3) 200 (new installations), 500 (existing installations)

Do not contain dangerous substances

Inorganic solid pollutants (mg/m3)

Group I 1 Group II 10 Group III 30

Blocks flow greater than 5g/h Blocks flow greater than 25g/h Blocks flow greater than 50g/h


Group I 1 Group II 5 Group III 30 Group IV 500

Blocks flow greater than 50g/h Blocks flow greater than 300g/h Blocks flow greater than 1kg/h Blocks flow greater than 10kg/h


Group I 20 Group II 100 Group III 200

Blocks flow greater than 500g/h Blocks flow greater than 4kg/h Blocks flow greater than 6kg/h


Group I 0,2 Group II 2 Group III 10

Blocks flow greater than 5g/h Blocks flow greater than 10g/h Blocks flow greater than 50g/h

eia jiyeh part 2

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