History

e-Government (e-Gov) emerged in the late 1990s, but the history of computing in government organizations can be traced back to the beginnings of computer history.

A literature on “IT in government” goes back at least to the 1970s [Kraemer, et al, 1978, Danziger and Andersen, 2002].

This literature concerns IT use within government, while the recent e-Government literature more often concerns external use, such as services to the citizens [Ho, 2002].

Introducing E-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues by Å. Grönlund and T.A. Horan

Origin

e-Government was born out of the Internet boom. However, it is not limited to Internet use or publicly accessible systems for direct use by customers or citizens.

e-Government started as a practitioner field, basically convening practitioners struggling to meet the new challenges of the Internet medium by implementing new systemscreatively.

For example, in the United States the (then) Vice President Gore led the National Performance Review, which placed a strong emphasis on the role of e-government in federalservices [Gore, 1993; Salem, 2003].

Introducing E-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues by Å. Grönlund and T.A. Horan

What is e-Government?

“the use by the Government of web-based Internet applications and other information technologies, combined with processes that implement these technologies, to:

a)enhance the access to and delivery of Government information and services to the public, other agencies, and other Government entities or

b) bring about improvements in Government operations that may include effectiveness, efficiency, service quality, or transformation;”

(US 2002 E-Government Act [U.S. Congress, 2002].)

“E-Government refers to the use by government agencies of information technologies that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.

These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: a.better delivery of government services to citizensb.improved interactions with business and industryc.citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management.

The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or cost reductions”

(World Bank, 2004; AOEMA Report)

What is e-Governance?

e-Governance is the public sector’s use of information and communication technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable, transparent and effective.

UNESCO (www.unesco.org)

E-Government e-Governance

electronic service delivery

electronic consultation

electronic workflow electronic controllership

electronic voting electronic engagement

electronic productivity network societal guidance

Taxonomy of e-Government

Internal ICT applications for e-government

Solutions for streamlining in-house processes. Processes such as data encoding, file

retrieval, document processing, data transfer, and other administrative

tasks all exist in a government agency. These tasks may be accomplished more efficiently through the introduction of ICT solutions.

Government to Employee (G2E)Includes services such as internal information on demand, reports via laptop or Palm, information

systems for timing-in and checking of attendance, on-field-data-logging and remote data uploads and

downloads. Government to Government (G2G) - Examples of

G2G are inter-office teleconferencing, Wide Area Networks for geographically displaced offices,

centralized clearance, licensing or accreditation from various office

Front-line ICT applications for e-government

Act as interface between the Government and Citizens or Business. Front line applications interact or transact with the Citizen via electronic media.

Government to Citizens (G2C)Are all services wherein the citizens interact with the government through ICT. These include information or transaction accessible via websites, processing of applications via kiosks, agency hotlines or call centers, online voting or council meetings, government payments with commercial banks, application status updates via landline or mobile phone, and the like.Government to Business (G2B)Philippine’s e-Procurement (http://www.procurement.net). EPS currently serves as the official system for public bidding opportunities by the Philippine government. Eventually, the system will be extended to support other aspects of the procurement process including direct purchases, bid submission, central accreditation, and payments.

United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

E-government for the people, public services can be designed to be responsive, citizen-centric and socially inclusive. Engage citizens through participatory service delivery processes

E-government shifted expectations of what governments can and should do using modern ICTs to strengthen public service, advance equitable, people –centered development.

Principles of E-Government

when supported by an effective e-governance institutional framework, it will improve the internal workings of the public sector by:

reducing financial costs and transaction times so as to better integrate workflows and processes

enable effective resource utilization across the public sector agencies aiming for sustainable solutions

United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

Keywords in E-Government

Better processes and systems aimed at more efficiency, effectiveness, inclusion and sustainability

Inclusiveness as parameters of sustainable development efforts worldwide

Social equity and inclusion possible if institutional barriers to citizen inclusion are removed and opportunities for their participation through ICTs are equitably distributed

United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

Also…

Holistic approach to governance for sustainable development

Hierarchical and bureaucratic structures are to be transformed into horizontal integrated systems

E-governance support development by improving inter-linkages and consolidation of government systems

Holistic vision that emphasizes synergies among different sectors and approaches that will help advance economic sustainability and social equityUnited Nations E-Government Survey 2012

Results of the UN E-Government Survey for 2012 show that:

Many countries are moving from a decentralized single-purpose organization model, to an integrated unified whole-of-government model

Increasing power of ICT provided governments with the flexibility to provide information and services through multi-channels

Many developing countries have adopted citizeninclusion as key in providing “customer”-orientedservices.

United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

3 Important Dimensions of E-Government

1.Scope and Quality of Online Services

- based on the 4 stages of E-gov i.e. emerging presence, enhanced presence, transactional presence and connected presence

2. Development Status of Telecommunication Infrastructure

- estimated internet users, number of mobile subscribers, number of fixed internet subscription, number of fixed broadband facilities

3. Inherent Human Capital- adult literacy rate, combined

primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ration

http://www.korea.go.kr/main.do

Evolution of e-Governance in the Evolution of e-Governance in the PhilippinesPhilippines1971 The National Computer Center (NCC)was established by EO

322

1978 NCC was designated as the primary agency in government with the responsibility of directing IT use for national development and rationalizing computerization in the country

1994 Creation of the National Information Technology Council (NITC) by EO 190 the highest planning and policy advisory body of IT matters

1998 Government launched IT21Electronic Commerce Promotion Council (ECPC) was created EO468

2000 Enactment of e-commerce ActGovernment Information System Plan (GISP) was approved and adopted as a framework of all computerization effort

2002 Merging of NITC and ECPC to form Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Council (ITECC) EO 264.

2003 e-Procurement Act

2004 Creation of Commission on Information and Communications Technology (CICT)

2011 Data Privacy Act

2012 Cybercrime Prevention Act

State of e-Government State of e-Government in the Philippinesin the Philippines

UN Report 2012◦ Moved 10 steps down in the world ranking

from 78th in 2010 to 88th in 2012◦ Rank 5th among South East Asian countries◦ Lower in all 5 parameters (e-participation, e-

Government, human capital, online service and infrastructure) compared to Singapore and all parameters of Malaysia except for human capital

◦ As compared to other regional countries, the Philippines is higher in e-Government, human capital, online service but lower in e-participation and infrastructure

ICT Infrastructure

Out of 99.9 M Filipinos, 29.7 are using the internet

7.27 % of the Filipinos use fixed telephone lines

85.67% use mobile phones

94.7% of the total municipalities used mobile phones while 53.9 has fixed telephone connections

3.93% subscribed to the internet

1.85 % fixed broadband connectionSource: UN 2012 E-Government Survey

Laws and regulations currently employed in the Philippines

1.RA 8792 – “Philippine e-Commerce Law”(2000)2.RA 9184 – “Government Procurement Reform Act “(2003)3.EO 810 -"Institutionalizing the Certification Scheme for Digital Signatures and Directing the Application of Digital Signature in e-Government Services” (2011)4.RA10173 “Data Privacy Act of 2011”5.RA 10175 “Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”

Walk-through of the Walk-through of the Philippine E-GovernancePhilippine E-Governance

http://www.gov.ph/

Philippine e-Government Master Philippine e-Government Master PlanPlanObjective

Build a blueprint of the future e-Government Master Plan that will lead to the innovation of government work processes, better public service to both business and citizens and promote citizen participation

Subject

Infrastructure, G2G, G2C, G2B

Time Period

2013-2016

Budgetary Requirements

$266.840 M

Hierarchical StructureHierarchical Structure

Implementation strategyImplementation strategy

1. e-Government Roadmap

◦Method of Project Priority Evaluation

In order to set priority , each project is evaluated based upon parameters like : Degree of Importance, Degree of Urgency, effectiveness of government innovation and ease of implementation

2. Legal Framework2. Legal Framework

3. Organization3. OrganizationTo-Be Model of e-Government Organization

e-Government or e-Governance?

Some issues and concerns

REGION VI Investment Requirements by Sector/Chapter (RDIP 2011-2016)Major Concern/Chapter Investment

Requirement(P Million)

%

Competitive Industry and Services Sector 1,878.5 0.81

Modern and Competitive Agriculture and Fisheries

18, 561.8 8.01

Tourism Development 371.1 0.16

Infrastructure Support 153,146.2 66.13

Human Resource Development 53,533.9 23.12

Research and Development Thrusts 188.9 0.08

Bio-fuels and Renewable Energy Development

10.3 0.004

Good Governance and the Rule of Law 492.5 0.21

Peace and Security 1,696.3 0.73

Environment and Natural Resources 1,711.7 0.74

Total 231,591.2 100

1. Infrastructure/support facilities

a. Developments in the Information Communications Technology sector are primarily private sector-driven, with government providing regulatory oversight and promotional support via public policy and incentives;

b. In Region VI, access to ICT was made possible with the increase in the number of local exchange carriers (LECs) providing services to the different cities and municipalities from 136 LECs in 2004 to 150 LECs in 2009. Of the 133 municipalities and cities, 121, or 91.73 percent have digital LECs as of 2009;

c. Telephone load density in the region showed an erratic trend during the period and there was an observed decline in the telephone density between 2004 and 2009: there were 2.04 telephones per 100 persons in 2004 compared to only 1.87 in 2009. This may be explained by the growth of wireless and broadband technologies, resulting in more people availing of the Cellular Mobile Telephone Services (CMTS). To date, there are 887 CMTS stations in the region;

d. Only nine internet service providers were established due to inadequate connectivity/capability and intermittent signals and “deadspots” in certain areas;

e. Availability of ICT tools/equipment in public institutions

f. The issues related to electrification and power supply

2. ICT skills

a. ICT centers vis-à-vis Information Offices;

b. A regional strategy: Harness the potential and power of Information and Communications Technologies through education;

b. Regional R&D thrusts: A knowledge management system will facilitate the flow of data and provide the necessary platform for sharing information among the academe, research institutions and industry. A research and development ICT enhanced library will be established in strategic state universities and colleges and private educational institutions as depository of commercially viable technologies;

3. Citizens capacity for feedback

How ‘wired’ are we? Having a pc is still beyond the reach of most Filipinos

4. Filipino cultural values and preferences:

face-to-face transactions

5. Leadership and political will

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