effects of violence/aggression. there’s an assumption that violence affects the audience research...
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Why is there violence in the media? It’s exciting It attracts attention It’s one way to fulfill a dramatic necessityTRANSCRIPT
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Effects of Effects of Violence/AggressionViolence/Aggression
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There’s an assumption that violence affects the audience
Research should be done to see if the assumption is true
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Why is there violence in the media?It’s excitingIt attracts attentionIt’s one way to fulfill a dramatic
necessity
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storytellingA problem upsets the balance of
the story’s universeProtagonist tries to solve the
problem, antagonist tries to prevent the problem being solved
Protagonist finally does or says something that solves the problem
The story is over
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Characters in storytellingEach character wants somethingEach character wants something
differentThis causes conflict
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So why violence?Quickest and easiest way to show
the conflict and solve it
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What Does Media Violence What Does Media Violence Look Like?Look Like?
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Has the amount of violence Has the amount of violence on television increased or on television increased or decreased over time?decreased over time?
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NTVS Results: ContextNTVS Results: Context24-28% of perpetrators are “good”
characters37-40% of perpetrators are
“attractive”~15% of violent scenes show blood &
gore71-75% of violent scenes do not have
punishment of perpetrator51-58% of violent incidents show no
pain or harm to victim39-43% of violent scenes involve
humor
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Is there a relationship Is there a relationship between violence on between violence on television and real-life television and real-life violent behavior?violent behavior?
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Meta-analysisMeta-analysis
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Basic assumption about human behaviorMuch of it is learnedLearning --the process of
acquiring, through experience including observation, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
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Cognitionthoughts, perspectives, and
expectations -- remembering the past (whether the past is real or not), relating it to the present, and making predictions about the future.
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Solving problemsTrial and errorAlgorithms
◦Step by step procedures to solve problems
Heuristically◦Mental shortcuts to solve problems
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Classical conditioninglearning is about conditioning
and association Effects of conditioning increased
or decreased by reward or punishment
an involuntary response that links stimuli and anticipates future events
Reward versus punishment
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Albert Bandura
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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory How many of you are familiar
with the Bobo doll study? Social Learning Theory
(Bandura) Observational/Social Learning
Vicarious reinforcement Bobo doll study
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PrimingPrimingMake pieces of your memory
temporarily more accessible (Leonard Berkowitz 1984)
Cats
Grass
Knife
Dogs
Blood
Guns
Cheeseviolence
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Violence and priming Violence and priming studystudyWatch violent OR non-violent clipNext, watch a cartoon
◦Fuzzy vs clearNext, students were interviewed
by researcher. ◦Microphone vs walkie-talkie
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ResultsResultsFinally, everyone played hockeyConditional effect- Primed boys with
high trait aggression ◦Showed higher levels of aggression
on the field i.e. more hitting, insulting other
players, etc.
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The effect was greater when….◦Students were frustrated by fuzzy
cartoon◦And when they used a walkie-talkie
in the interview
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Modeling Modeling Bandura’s Social
Learning/Cognitive Theory (1977/1986)◦Attention- pay attention to media◦Retention- retain the story◦Production- able to reproduce actions◦Reinforcement – positive
reinforcement present
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ResultsResultsKids imitated the people they saw
on TV◦i.e. they performed similar acts of
aggression toward the bobo dollKids were more likely to perform
similar acts of violence when model in the short film was rewarded
Less likely to imitate when model was reprimanded
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Cultivation Cultivation The more time you spend with
media, the more you think it is an accurate representation of the real world
George Gerbner (1976)
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Mean WorldMean WorldNot that exposure to violence
makes you violent, but it makes you afraid◦TV world is mean and violent◦Real world must be mean and violent
makes heavy viewers afraid (Mean World Syndrome)
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Evidence of Cultivation Evidence of Cultivation EffectsEffects
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Desensitization Desensitization Decreases arousal Indifferent to real-life violenceLess willing to helpHow does it work?
◦Classical conditioningOutcome: Fear, lack of trust, less
reaction to violenceNo one person associated with this
theory, often credited to Gerbner 1976
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Explanation Explanation If I were to ask you
◦What percent of crime is violent? ◦What’s the percent of violent crime
consisting of murder?
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CatharsisCatharsis Viewing of violent media content
helps to purge violent impulses Exposure to violent television should
reduce aggression Almost all evidence is inconsistent
with this theory
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No one technique or theory has all the answersAll hypotheses start with
assumptions◦Scientific hypotheses start with
assumptions about the world that can be empirically checked and falsified
◦Social science hypotheses start with assumptions about people that usually can’t be empirically studied and are taken as axiomatic (they’re true because I think they’re true and can’t prove it one way or the other)
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All are ways to examine the media; none are the final answer