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Effects of increasing UV radiation on Arctic phyto-and bacterioplankton biogeochemical activity
Clara Ruiz-González, Martí Galí, Josep M.Gasol & Rafel Simó
Institut de Ciències del Mar (Barcelona, Spain)
Ozone depletion
Reduction of Arctic andAntarctic ice cover
Higher doses of UVR in polar regions
Marine bacteria are among the groups of plankton more susceptible to sunlight damage!
• Photochemical transformations of DOM
• Cellular damage
UVR (280-400nm) affects microbial activity through:
Direct damage Indirect damage
Direct absortionby biologicalmolecules
Formation ofreactive oxigenspecies or free radicals
ATOS project
July, 2007
5
712
19
AIM: Determine the role of natural sunlight on Arctic phyto- andbacterioplankton biogeochemical activity
DARK PAR PAR+UV DARK PAR PAR+UV
3H-leucine 35S-DMSP
Bacterial production
Bacterial abundance
Size fractionatedassimilation
MAR-FISH
CandN source S source
AIM: Determine the role of natural sunlight on Arctic phyto- andbacterioplankton biogeochemical activity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
st5 st7 st12 st19
Tota
l UV
R(k
J/m
2)
Total radiation (MJ/m
2/day)
UVRTotal rad.
5
7
1219
0
1 106
2 106
3 106
4 106
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
St.5 St.7 St.12 St.19
Bact. ab. Bact. prod.
Cel
ls/m
l
pmol Leu/L h
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
st5 st7 st12 st19
Sal
inity
(psu
)
Salinity
Temp (ºC)
Fluorescence Temp(ºC
) & Fluorescence
Bloom of Phaeocystis!!
0
1 106
2 106
3 106
4 106
5 106
6 106
St.5 St.7 St.12 St.19
Bac
teria
l abu
ndan
ce(c
ells
/ml)
Bact. abundance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
St.5 St.7 St.12 St.19
Bac
teria
l pro
duct
ion
(pm
ol L
eu/L
h)
Before and after 10 h exposure… DARKDARK
PARPAR
FULLFULL
Higher inhibition afterexposure to full light
Bact. production
Higher cell concentrationafter DARK incubation
Time 0Time 0
5 µm
0.2 µm
Size fractionated leucineassimilation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
st5 st7 st12 st19
% a
ssim
ilate
d Le
u
DARKDARK
PARPAR
FULLFULL
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
st5 st7 st12 st19
% a
ssim
ilate
d Le
u
Phaeocystis sp.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
st5 st7 st12 st19
% a
ssim
ilate
d D
MSP
DARKDARK
PARPAR
FULLFULL
5 µm
0.2 µm
Size fractionated DMSPassimilation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
st5 st7 st12 st19
% a
ssim
ilate
d D
MSP
MICROAUTORADIOGRAPHY: detection of single cells active in the uptake ofone radiactive substrate by precipitation of silver grains from a photographic
emulsion around them
Algae Bacteria
+ FISH
… What is going on at the single cell level?
Specific hybridization ofbacteria with RNA-
targeted oligonucleotideprobes which label cells
fluorescently
MAR-FISH(Alonso & Pernthaler, 2005)
Silver grains = active cell
Bacterial community composition (Fluorescent in situ hybridization- FISH)
Gammaproteobacteria
Bacteroidetes
SAR11
Roseobacter
Other bacteriaB
5 7 12 19
A SAR11 dominated bacterial community!
Single cell activity (FISH + microautoradiography = MAR-FISH)
0
20
40
60
80
100
St.5 St.7 St.12 St.19
Leucine-Eub
% h
ybrid
ized
cel
ls a
ctiv
e in
leu
upta
ke
0
20
40
60
80
100
St.5 St.7 St.12 St.19
DMSP-Eub
% h
ybrid
ized
cel
ls a
ctiv
e in
DM
SP u
ptak
e
DARKDARK
PARPAR
FULLFULL
DARKDARK
PARPAR
FULLFULL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
DARKDARK
PARPAR
FULLFULL
Pseudonitzschia spp.
Phaeocystis sp.
Dinoflagellates
Navicula spp.
Other algae
DMSP assimilation in terms of silver grain area: different light responses!
µm2 sg
/ µm
2 ce
ll
Diatoms
Main conclusions
• UVR inhibited leucine uptake by bacteria either during exposure ofafter exposure to full sunlight
• No changes in bacterial community composition were found, butprobably after continued exposure phototolerant species would be selected
• Results on light effects on single cell bacterial activity were notconclusive probably due to early labeling of most of the cells:silvergrain area quantification needed!
• Most of the algae were very active in the uptake of the organiccompound DMSP!! (osmoheterotrophy)
• Light affected DMSP uptake by algae (PAR activation in diatomsand UV inhibition in the rest of the groups)
In a global warming scenario, ozone depletion, ice coverreduction and stronger stratification might all lead to increases in the UVR doses of the surface oceans
Since most of the energy and nutrients are channelled throughbacteria and algae, any potential effect of UV on them will leadultimately to changes in the productivity and elemental fluxes ofthe overall system
Implications…
In a global warming scenario, ozone depletion, ice coverreduction and stronger stratification might all lead to increases in the UVR doses of the surface oceans
Since most of the energy and nutrients are channelled throughbacteria and algae, any potential effect of UV on them will leadultimately to changes in the productivity and elemental fluxes ofthe overall system
Understanding and even predicting these changes requiresgaining knowledge of the sentitivity of microorganisms and theirassociated biogeochemistry to increased UVR doses
Implications…
THANK YOU!
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• Carlos Duarte (chief scientist of ATOS)
• Crew of R/V Hespérides
• Gerhard Herndl & Eva Sintes
• Renate Scharek & Dolors Vaqué