ผลกระทบการเปล ีย่นแปลงภูมอิากาศกบัลกัษณะเชงิพ ืน้ท ีต่่อปรากฏการณ์เกาะความร้อนเมอืงในเขตเมอืงเชยีงใหม่

Effects of Climate Change and Spatial Characteristics on Urban Heat Island in Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area, Thailand

The 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

19 – 21 August 2010 IMPACT Exhibition and Convention Center

BANGKOK, THAILAND

น ำเสนอโดย

อำจำรยม์ำนัส ศรีวณิช คณะสถำปัตยกรรมศำสตรแ์ละกำรผงัเมอืง มหำวิทยำลยัธรรมศำสตร(์ศนูยร์งัสิต)

E-mail: s.manat@gmail.com

ปรากฏการณ์เกาะความร้อนเมือง (Urban Heat Island :UHI)?

Figure 1: A stylized cross-section of a typical urban heat island (from Oke, 1978) Source: http://www.sc.edu/acmooregarden/UrbanHeatIslands.htm

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

“การท่ีอุณหภูมิท่ีช้ันอากาศใกล้พืน้ดิน ในเขตชุมชนเมืองสูงกว่าพืน้ท่ีโดยรอบท่ีเป็นเขตกสิกรรมและพืน้ท่ีปกคลมุด้วยป่าไม้ ประมาณ 2-5 องศาเซลเซียส”

Fig. Schematic depiction of radiation and energy fluxes over an urban and a rural area on a clear day. source: adapted from Oke, T. 1988, The urban energy balance, Progress in Physical Geography.

กระบวนการเกิดปรากฏการณ์เกาะความร้อนเมือง

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

วตัถปุระสงคข์องการวิจยั (Objectives)

1. เพ่ือติดตามสถานการณ์อุณหภมิูพ้ืนผิวเมือง (Surface Urban Heat Island: SUHI) ของเมืองเชียงใหม่ดว้ยวธีิการประยกุตใ์ชเ้ทคโนโลยดีา้นการส ารวจระยะไกล (Remote Sensing) จากขอ้มูลคล่ืนอินฟราเรดความร้อน (Thermal Infrared Band) ดาวเทียม LANDSAT

2. ศึกษาปัจจยัความสัมพนัธ์ระหวา่งอุณหภมิูพ้ืนผิวกบัปัจจยัเชิงพ้ืนท่ีไดแ้ก่ ดชันีผลต่างพืชพรรณ (NDVI), ดชันีผลต่างน ้า (NDWI), ตวับ่งช้ีค่าระดบัความหนาแน่นของเมืองโดยใช ้F.A.R. และ B.C.R.

3. ใชเ้ป็นขอ้มูลพ้ืนฐานส าหรับการก าหนดมาตรการลดอุณหภมิูพ้ืนผวิและการวางแผนเมืองท่ีเป็นมิตรต่อส่ิงแวดลอ้มต่อไป

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

ÍÓàÀÍÊÒÃÀÕ

ÍÓàÀÍËÒ§´§

ÍÓàÀÍàÁ×ͧàªÕ§ãËÁè

ÍÓàÀÍÊѹ·ÃÒÂ

ÍÓàÀÍáÁèÃÔÁ

ÍÓàÀÍÊѹ¡Óᾧ

ÍÓàÀÍ´ÍÂÊÐà¡ç´

o2 0 2 4

Kilometers

#·

¡Ãا෾ÁËÒ¹¤Ã

Ñ̈§ËÇÑ´àªÕ§ãËÁè

ࢵ¡Òû¡¤Ãͧ à¹×éÍ·Õè (µÃ.¡Á.)* ÊÑ´Êèǹ (ÃéÍÂÅÐ)ÍÓàÀÍàÁ×ͧàªÕ§ãËÁè 108.23 26.47ÍÓàÀÍ́ ÍÂÊÐà¡ç´ 17.85 4.37ÍÓàÀÍáÁèÃÔÁ 41.84 10.23ÍÓàÀÍÊѹ¡Óᾧ 22.52 5.51ÍÓàÀÍÊѹ·ÃÒ 67.01 16.39ÍÓàÀÍÊÒÃÀÕ 88.25 21.58ÍÓàÀÍËÒ§´§ 63.19 15.45ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ 408.89 100.00

¢Íºà¢µ¾×é¹·ÕèÈÖ¡ÉÒàÁ×ͧàªÕ§ãËÁèáÅлÃÔÁ³±Å

·ÕèÁÒ: ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì´éÇÂÃкºÊÒÃʹà·ÈÀÙÁÔÈÒʵÃì (GIS)

พื้นทีศึ่กษา: เมืองเชียงใหม่และอ าเภอข้างเคียง

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

พฒันำกำรกำรขยำยตวัของเมืองเชียงใหม่

RTSD Aerial Photo 1954/2497 QuickBird Satellite 2008/2551

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

RTSD Aerial Photo 1954/2497

RTSD Aerial Photo 1975/2518

QuickBird Satellite 2008/2551

ส่ีแยกกลางเวยีง ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ เม่ือ พ.ศ. 2512 , โดย บุญเสริม สาตราภยั

ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ ทางซา้ยมือของภาพคือกาดหลวง, โดย บุญเสริม สาตราภยั

ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ บริเวณตลาดวโรรสและศาลเจา้ปุนเถา้กง เม่ือ พ.ศ.2515, โดย บุญเสริม สาตราภยั

พ.ศ.2552 ท่ีมา:ชมรมร่มบินเชียงใหม่ http://www.chiangmaiparamotor.com

พ.ศ. 2552 ท่ีมา:ชมรมร่มบินเชียงใหม่ http://www.chiangmaiparamotor.com

RTSD Aerial Photo 1975/2518 QuickBird Satellite 2008/2551

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

การสูญเสียตน้ไมใ้หญ่ท่ีถูกตดัโค่นเพ่ือการก่อสร้างในเขตพ้ืนท่ีเมืองเชียงใหม่

ตน้ฉ าฉาสองฝ่ังถนนสายเชียงใหม่-สันก าแพง เม่ือ พ.ศ.2515,โดย บุญเสริม สาตราภยั

ตน้ฉ าฉาสองฝ่ังถนนสายเชียงใหม่-สนัก าแพง

QuickBird Satellite 2008/2551

QuickBird Satellite 2008/2551

Air

Tem

pera

ture

(C

els

ius)

Date/Time

Urban

Rural สถานีท่าแพ ต.ช้างคลาน อ.เมืองเชียงใหม่

สถานีดอยสะเกด็ ต.เชิงดอย อ.ดอยสะเกด็

ท่ีมา: ข้อมลูอากาศประเทศไทย http://www.thaiweather.net

Wet Season Dry Season Dry Season

ความแตกต่างของอุณหภูมิอากาศในเขตเมืองเชียงใหม่กับนอกเขตเมืองในปี พ.ศ. 2552

Urban Heat Island Intensity

Urban Heat Island Intensity

Extend detail

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

ความแตกต่างของอุณหภมูอิากาศระหว่างวันช่วงที่เกดิปรากฎการณ์เกาะความร้อน

Rural

Air

Tem

pe

ratu

re

(Cels

ius)

Heat Is

land

Inte

nsity

I February25,2009 I February 26,2009 I

Urban

Sunset Sunrise Sunset Sunrise

CLUHIT ru

Daytime Daytime Nighttime Nighttime Nighttime

ท่ีมา: ข้อมลูอากาศประเทศไทย http://www.thaiweather.net

Date/Time (hrs.)

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

Characteristics of Landsat ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) Imagery of Chiang Mai, Thailand. February18,2006.

a. Band1 (0.450-0.515µm) b. Band2 (0.525-0.605µm) c. Band3 (0.603-0.690µm) d. Band4 (0.750-0.900µm)

Visible Blue Visible Green Visible Red Near Infrared

e. Band5 (1.550-1.750µm) f. Band6 (10.40-12.50µm) g. Band7 (2.080-2.350µm)

Middle Infrared Thermal Infrared Middle Infrared

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

METHODOLOGY AND PROCESSING OF SATELLITE DATA

LANDSAT ETM+

Satellite images

March 5th, 2000 and February 18th, 2006

Thermal Infrared

Band (10.4–12.5 m) or Band 6

Conversion of digital

numbers to absolute radiance value

surface temperature in Celsius (˚C)

Radiometric and Geometric correction

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)

Spectral reflectance

in ETM+ red (band3)

and near-infrared (band4)

spectral reflectance

of near-infrared

band (band4) and

mid-infrared band (band5)

redNIR

redNIR

RR

RRNDVI

MIRNIR

MIRNIR

RR

RRNDWI

Normalized difference water index (NDWI)

Relationship between urban thermal environment and spatial characteristics

(correlation analysis and scatter diagram)

GIS Vector Data

Scale 1:4,000

Building Layers Survey in 2006

Spatial Pattern Analysis

(Quadrat Count Methods) 500 x 500 meters

Calculate floor area

ratio (F.A.R.) and

building coverage ratio (B.C.R.)

(Source: Department of

Public Works and Town & Country Planning)

(2)Ground-level

(3)Roof-top (4)Surface UHI (as

viewed by remote

sensor)

(1)Bird’s-eye

or plan view

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

อุณหภมูิพืน้ทีผ่ิว (Surface Urban Heat Island: SUHI)?

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0.00000 24.00000 48.00000

BCR

Y = 26.1594809 + 0.0881972X

R-Squared = 0.3097

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Me

an

LS

T (

Cen

tigra

de

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0.00000 24.00000 48.00000

BCR

Y = 26.1594809 + 0.0881972X

R-Squared = 0.3097

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Me

an

LS

T (

Cen

tigra

de

)

The unit space for spatial analysis was

built by 500m×500m GRID

การวเิคราะห์สหสัมพันธ์ร่วมกับระบบสารสนเทศภมูศิาสตร์ (GIS)

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

แนวโน้มและทศิการขยายตัวของเมืองเชียงใหม่

(a.) ปี พ.ศ. 2543 (b.) ปี พ.ศ. 2549

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

2 0 2

Kilo m eter s

Building Density

(Number of Build ing per Grid)

Retrieved from GIS data, Source: DTC P,T hailand

Grid Size: 500m.x500m.

Less than 100

101 - 200

201 - 300

301 - 400

401 - 500

More than 500

การกระจายตัวของอาคารบ้านเรือนในเขตเมืองเชียงใหม่และพืน้ทีโ่ดยรอบ

2 0 2

Kilo m eter s

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

0.0 - 0.2

0.2 - 0.4

0.4 - 0.6

0.6 - 0.8

0.8 - 1.0

1.0 - 1.5

Retrieved from GIS data, Source: DTC P,Thailand

Grid Size: 500m.x500m.

2 0 2

Kilo m eter s

Building Coverage Ratio (BCR):

(Percentage)

Statistics; M ax im um =48.00, M ean=6.89

Grid S ize: 500m .x500m .

Less than 10

10 - 15

15 - 25

25 - 30

30 - 35

Over than 35

สดัส่วนพ้ืนทีอ่าคารคลมุดินกบัระดบัความหนาแน่นของเมืองในพ้ืนทีศึ่กษา

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

(a.) สดัสว่นพืน้ท่ีอาคารคลมุดิน (b.) ระดบัความหนาแน่นของเมือง

สดัส่วนพ้ืนทีอ่าคารคลมุดินกบัระดบัความหนาแน่นของเมืองในเขตเมืองเชียงใหม่

(a.) สดัสว่นพืน้ท่ีอาคารคลมุดิน (b.) ระดบัความหนาแน่นของเมือง

(a.) มนีาคม พ.ศ.2543 (b.) กุมภาพนัธ ์พ.ศ.2549

การประเมินความสมบรูณ์ของพืชพรรณจากการค านวณหาดชันีผลต่างพืชพรรณ (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index: NDVI)

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

1

2

3

(a.) มนีาคม พ.ศ.2543 (b.) กุมภาพนัธ ์พ.ศ.2549

สถานการณ์การเปลีย่นแปลงของความสมบรูณ์พืชพรรณในเขตพ้ืนทีเ่มืองเชียงใหม่

1

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

2 โรงเรียนปรินส์รอย์

ย่านวดัเกตการาม

รร.รถไฟ

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

3

คลองแม่

ข่า

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

การประเมินความชุ่มช้ืนจากการค านวณหาดชันีผลต่างน ้ าในเขตพ้ืนทีศึ่กษา (Normalized Difference Water Index: NDWI)

(a.) มนีาคม พ.ศ.2543 (b.) กุมภาพนัธ ์พ.ศ.2549

(a.) มนีาคม พ.ศ.2543 (b.) กุมภาพนัธ ์พ.ศ.2549

สถานการณ์การเปลีย่นแปลงความชุ่มช้ืนของน ้ าในเขตพ้ืนทีเ่มืองเชียงใหม่

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

(a.) มนีาคม พ.ศ.2543 (b.) กุมภาพนัธ ์พ.ศ.2549

การประเมินสถานการณ์การเปลีย่นแปลงอณุหภมิูพ้ืนผิวในเขตพ้ืนทีศึ่กษา (Surface Urban Heat Island: SUHI)

(a.) มนีาคม พ.ศ.2543 (b.) กุมภาพนัธ ์พ.ศ.2549

ย่านวัดเกตุ

ย่านสันป่าข่อย

ย่านช้างเผือก

ย่านวัวลาย สนามบินเชียงใหม่

การเคหะฯหนองหอย

ย่านวิทยาลัยครู

รพ.สวนดอก ย่านกาดหลวง

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI)

LST 2006LST 2006LST 2000LST 2000

Distance (meters)

76600

34

.59

24

.96

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000

29

.96

A B

Su

rfa

ce T

em

pera

ture

C

en

tigra

de

)

LST2000

LST2006

Distance (meters)

76600

34

.59

24

.96

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000

29

.96

A B

Surf

ace T

em

pera

ture

C

entigra

de)

Distance (meters)

76600

34

.59

24

.96

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000

29

.96

A B

Surf

ace T

em

pera

ture

C

entigra

de)

0.2

23

-0.4

26

ND

VI / N

DW

I

LST NDVI

NDWI

A B

สนามบินเชียงใหม่

ในเขตคูเมืองเชียงใหม่

คาร์ฟร์ู

ยา่นวดัเกตุ สวนบวกหาด

ยา่นสนัป่าข่อย ยา่นววัลาย

ตลาดตน้ล าไย ยา่นประตูเชียงใหม่

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Mean NDVI

Y = 26.4673345 - 8.6954943XR-Squared = 0.3230

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Mean L

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Mean NDWI

Y = 23.8166632 - 16.6466089XR-Squared = 0.7565

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0.00000 24.00000 48.00000

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Y = 26.1594809 + 0.0881972X

R-Squared = 0.3097

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

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1.000 406.000 811.000

Building Density

Y = 26.1868939 + 0.0052722X

R-Squared = 0.2250

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-0.30000 0.03500 0.37000

Mean NDVI

Y = 26.4673345 - 8.6954943XR-Squared = 0.3230

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Mean L

ST

(C

entigra

de)

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-0.40000 -0.13000 0.14000

Mean NDWI

Y = 23.8166632 - 16.6466089XR-Squared = 0.7565

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Me

an L

ST

(C

en

tig

rad

e)

(a) (b)

(d)(c)

(e)

Land Surface Temperature (LST)

Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index (NDVI)

Normalized Difference

Water Index (NDWI)

Correlation Analysis between land surface

temperature (LST), NDVI and NDWI

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

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0.00000 0.72500 1.45000

FAR

Y = 26.3296847 + 3.9614258XR-Squared = 0.2525

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Mean L

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(C

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-0.30000 0.03500 0.37000

Mean NDVI

Y = 26.4673345 - 8.6954943XR-Squared = 0.3230

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Mean L

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FAR

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-0.30000 0.03500 0.37000

Mean NDVI

Y = 26.4673345 - 8.6954943XR-Squared = 0.3230

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30.38200

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Mean L

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-0.40000 -0.13000 0.14000

Mean NDWI

Y = 23.8166632 - 16.6466089XR-Squared = 0.7565

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Me

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0.00000 24.00000 48.00000

BCR

Y = 26.1594809 + 0.0881972X

R-Squared = 0.3097

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

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1.000 406.000 811.000

Building Density

Y = 26.1868939 + 0.0052722X

R-Squared = 0.2250

22.651

25.228

27.805

30.382

32.959

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FAR

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Mean NDVI

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Mean L

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-0.40000 -0.13000 0.14000

Mean NDWI

Y = 23.8166632 - 16.6466089XR-Squared = 0.7565

22.65100

25.22800

27.80500

30.38200

32.95900

Me

an L

ST

(C

en

tig

rad

e)

(a) (b)

(d)(c)

(e)

Land Surface Temperature (LST)

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

Building Coverage Ratio (BCR)

Density of Building

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

Correlation Analysis between land surface temperature

(LST), F.A.R. and B.C.R.

ตลาดวโรรส

วดัแสนฝาง

ตลาดวโรรส

วดัแสนฝาง

Chiang mai Business Park Chiang mai Business Park

มาตรการลดอณุหภูมิพืน้ผิวและการวางแผนเมืองที่

เป็นมิตรต่อส่ิงแวดล้อม

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

Parking Lot Shade

Cool Roofing

หลงัคาเขียว (Green roof)

ศ. เดชา บญุค า้, แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

หลงัคาเขียว (Green roof)

Fukuoka, Japan

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

ก าแพงเขียว (Green walls)

การปกคลุมผนงัอาคารดา้นถูกแดดดว้ยพืชพรรณ

ตน้ไมจ้ะลดการแผรั่งสีดว้ยการดูดซบัพลงังานแสงแดดและคายน ้าเพื่อท าความเยน็

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

แนวคดิเชิงการผงัเมือง (ความสัมพนัธ์ระหว่างความหนาแน่นกบัทีเ่ว้นว่าง)

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

แนวคดิเชิงการผังเมือง (ความสัมพนัธ์ระหว่างความหนาแน่นกบัทีเ่ว้นว่าง)

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

แนวคดิเชิงการผังเมือง (ความสัมพนัธ์ระหว่างความหนาแน่นกบัทีเ่ว้นว่าง)

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

แนวคดิเชิงการผังเมือง (ความสัมพนัธ์ระหว่างความหนาแน่นกบัทีเ่ว้นว่าง)

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

แนวคดิเชิงการผังเมือง (ความสัมพนัธ์ระหว่างความหนาแน่นกบัทีเ่ว้นว่าง)

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

แนวคดิเชิงการผังเมือง (ความสัมพนัธ์ระหว่างความหนาแน่นกบัทีเ่ว้นว่าง)

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

การแบ่งขัน้ตอนการพฒันาทางกายภาพ

การพัฒนาระยะแรก การพัฒนาระยะกลาง การพัฒนาระยะสุดท้าย ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

หมู่บ้าน Ballwin Hills ในนครลอสแองเจลลิส พ.ศ. 2472

ศ. เดชา บุญค า้ , แนวคิดการเพ่ิมพืน้ท่ีสีเขียวในภาคธุรกิจเอกชน: 2552

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

THE 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

จบการน าเสนอ, ขอบคุณทุกท่านครบั.

เสนอโดย อาจารยม์านสั ศรีวณิช คณะสถาปัตยกรรมศาสตร์และการผงัเมือง มหาวทิยาลยัธรรมศาสตร์

The 1st Climate Thailand Conference 2010:

National Risks and Opportunities in Global Climate Changes

19 – 21 August 2010 IMPACT Exhibition and Convention Center