effect of mycorrhizal symbioses on tree plant...
TRANSCRIPT
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Effect of Mycorrhizal Symbioses on Tree Plant
Nutrition
İbrahim ORTASThe University of Çukurova, Department of Soil
Science and Plant Nutrition, Adana- Turkey
Three types of symbiosisThree types of symbiosis
Commensalism
One partner living on theother with no obviouseffect on the second
Parasitism/Antagonism
One partner living on theother with detrimentaleffect on the second
Both partners live togetherand gets benefit fromeach other
Mutualism/Symbiosis
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Micro-organisms which benefit soil/plant systems
• They can be divided into saprotrophs (which need the organic compounds released by the plant in order to live) and symbionts (which live intimately with the plant, colonizing the roots without damaging them)
• Many saprotrophs and symbionts carry out activities such as:– Stimulating the germination of seeds– Improving rooting– Increasing the availability of nutrients– Improving the soil structure– Protecting the plant from stresses (salinity, drought, nutrient
deficiency, heavy metals, pathogens….)
• The main symbionts are N2 fixing bacteria (nodules in legumes) and mycorrhizal forming fungi
Mutualism Mycorrhizae• “myco” = fungus and “rhiza” = root
• Symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi
• Several different types of association (defined by structure of fungus:plant interface)
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Dependency on Microorganisms
• The microorganisms play an important role in plant, soil and environmental sustainability.
• Numerous plants,microorganisms can not survive without undergoing association with- friendly mycorrhizal fungi
Almost ALL plant species depend on mycorrhizae to some extent
2 of 6 Types of mycorrhizae
Plant partners
Vesicular-arbuscular(VAM)
~170 species of fungi
Nearly all terrestrial plants(200,000 species including grasses, crops, flowering plants, and flowering trees not listed below)
Ectomycorrhizae
~5,000-10,000 species of fungi
Conifer trees, oaks, birches, beeches, Eucalyptus)
(~2000 species of trees)
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Root surface
Arbuscule
Intercellular and intracellular hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhiza
Highly interwoven arbuscule which is the site for nutrient transport
Characteristic Features of Mycorrhizal Fungi
Advantages to plant
• Fungi are better than plants at acquiring mineral nutrition (P,K, N, Zn, Cu, Ca) from the soil.
• Fungi improve a plant’s access to water
Because fungi– can access greater soil volume– can break molecules down into useable forms– Can turn inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen into forms
usable by plants.
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There is a mutual benefit
Carbon from leaves to rhizospher for benifit of both sidesThe most efficient method of carbon mitigation is photosets mechanism which can download the atmospheric carbon to the rhizospher soil. Carbon is veryimportant for sustanabel life.
Plant get nutrients P, Zn, Cu, N, waterThe fungus getcarbohydrates
The role of mycorrhizae in rehabilitation of decertified ecosystems
Mycorrhizal fungi are important through thefollowing mechanisms:
1. Enhancing establishment and growth of plants byincreasing nutrient uptake.
2. Contributing to efficient recycling of nutrients and thusto long-term stability.
3. Stabilizing the soil structure and quality
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Soil structure is very important for horticultural plants. More or less all horticultural plants are mycorrhiza demending and they need O2.
Soil structure is very important for horticultural plants. More or less all horticultural plants are mycorrhiza demending and they need O2.
Mycorrhizal Hyphae
Recent research suggests that mycorrhizal fungi might be an important component of the SOC pool, in addition to facilitating carbon sequestration by stabilizing soil aggregates. And SOC and aggregates are helping root growth.
Soil fertility affected by rhizosphere interactions
Therefore rhizosphere soil differs from non-rhizosphere soil, chemically, physically andbiologically. These differences depend on plantspecies, mineral supply , nutrient statues of soil.
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Root hair Smallest hyphae
•Roots and root hairs cannot enter the smallest pores• Hyphae is 1/10th diameter of root hair• Increased surface area•Surface area/volume of a cylinder:SA/vol ≈ 2/radius
Roots and root hairs cannot enter the smallest pores
Table Comparison of characteristics of roots and hyphae of AM fungi in soil. (Smith 2004)
HyphaeRoots
Diameter (µm) 2 - 10 > 300
Specific length (m/g soil)
2 - 40 < 0.1
Influence away from roots (m)
0.25 0.01
Inter-hyphal distance (µm)
130 2000
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Mycorrhizae have many haveother benefits for plants such as;• Promotes uptake of nutrients especially
phosphates.
• Enhances plant growth.
• Fosters development of the healthy seedlings.
• Increased yields.
• Increases the survival rate of transplanting.
• Strengthens plants against environmental stress
• Increases the number of flowers.
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Plant roots can alter their close environment (in the root-soil interface), called the rhizosphere, by absorbing nutrients and liberating exudate. Nutrient and water uptake, root respiration and root exudate and pH changes (either increases or decreases) can occur at this thin soil layer.
Enhanced nutrient uptake
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Mycorrhizae induced P Uptake Mechanisms
There is three mechanisms are responsible for enhanced P uptake in mycorrhizal plants. 1) the hyphal network of AM fungi that extends
the plant root system, 2) release of organic acids that solubilize
phosphate from insoluble Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P complexes,
3) phosphatase enzyme production and exudate to the rhizosphere that accelerates organic P mineralization to inorganic phosphate.
Rbizospher and Mycorhizospher
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(Bücking and Kafle 2015, Smith et al, 2011), (Li et al, 1991)
Mycorrhiza effeects on P deplation
Mycorrhizae deplation zone
+M
-M
P level is critical for mycorrhizal dependency
Plant responce to P level is diffrent and s
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Type of microorganism Results of the interaction
N 2 -fixing bacteria (biofertilizers) N 2 fixation, N-cycling, N 'transfer' for some furit trees
Phosphate solubilizers (biofertilizers) P-cycling, use of rock and organicphosphates as an alternative P source
Plant hormone producers(phytostimulators)
Rooting and establishment ofseedlings
Agents for biological control of plant diseases ('biopesticides', bioprotectors)
Increased resistance/tolerance to root diseases
Bacteria and fungi related to formationof stable aggregates (ecosystem bioremediators)
Improvement of soil quality
Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizas and other beneficial soil microorganisms (Azcon ‐Aguilar and Barea, 1997)
NH4» NO3NH4« NO3
(Ortas, 1994), (Marschner et al. 1987)
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Soil phosphorus content is critical for mycorrhizal dependency
• Mycorrhizal dependency has often been quantified by calculating the yield between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal control plants grown in a particular soil at a single soil P level.
• MD = ((M - NM) / NM) x 100 (Plenchette et al., 1983)
Gerdemann (1975) defined mycorrhizal dependency as "the degree to which a plant species is dependent on the mycorrhizal condition to produce its maximum growth at a given soil fertility".
Mycorrhizal dependency depend on root development
GENERALISED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FEATURES OF ROOT SYSTEMS AND THE MYCORRHIZAL DEPENDENCY OF PLANTS
Root feature Mycorrhizal dependency of plantHigh <--------------------------> Low
A. Root Surface Area low high1. Root System Surface Area low high2. Branching Orders Of Lateral Roots few many3. Branching Frequency sparse frequent4. Root Hair Abundance And Length few/short many/longB. Root Actıvıty slow fast1. Root Growth Rate slow fast2. Response to Soil Conditions slow fast3. Primary Root Lifespan long short4. Protective Structural Features strong weak5. Root Exudation ? less ? moreC. Mycorrhızal Formatıon efficient inefficient or inhibited
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Plant Family Plant Mycorrhizal Type Family Actinidiaceae Common Name
Genus: Actinidia Kiwi Endo Mycorrhizal Family Annonaceae
Genus: Asimina Pawpaw Endo Mycorrhizal Family Berberidaceae
Genus: Mahonia Oregon grape Endo Mycorrhizal Family Elaeagnaceae
Genus: Elaeagnus Russian Olive Endo Mycorrhizal Family Fagaceae
Genus: Castanea Chestnut Ecto Mycorrhizal Family Juglandaceae
Genus: Carya Hickory, pecan Ecto Mycorrhizal Genus: Juglans Walnut Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Pterocarya Wingnut Endo Mycorrhizal
Family Moraceae Genus: Maclura Osage Orange Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Morus Mulberry Endo Mycorrhizal
Family Musaceae Genus: Musa Banana Endo Mycorrhizal
Family Rosaceae Genus: Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Crataegus Hawthorn Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Cydonia Quince Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Exochorda Pearlbush Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Filipendula Meadowsweet Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Geum Avens (Geum) Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Kerria Kerria Endo Mycorrhizal Genus: Malus Apple Endo Mycorrhizal
Genus: Prunus Almond, Peach, Plum, Apricot, Cherry
Endo Mycorrhizal
Genus: Pyrus Pear Endo Mycorrhizal
Table 1. Mycorrhizal horticultural tree plants and their families
Obligatorily Myycorrhizal Plants
• Plants which will not survive to reproductive maturity without being associated with mycorrhizal fungi in the soils (or at the fertility levels) of their natural habitats (Janos 1980).
• Orkid plant is the exampel.
Also many tree plants (kive, pine)
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Mycorrhiza dependency
Crops
Very high Avocado, Black pepper, Cassava, Citrus, Coffee, Cocoa, Cowpea, Guava, Mango, Linseed, Ffaba bean, Lablab, Pigeon pea,
High Maize, Cotton Sunflower, Soybean, Mungbean, Chickpea, Navy bean, Lucerne, Ground nut, pepper, Eggplant, Tea
Low Sorghum, Tomato, Wheat (Triticale), Oats, Field pea
Very low Barley
Nil Canola, Cabbage, Brassica, Broccoli, Spinach, Radish
Table Dependency of crops on mycorrhiza
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Contro
l
G.moss
eae
G.intra
radi
ces
G.caled
oniu
m
G.clariu
m
G.etu
nicat
um
Cockt
ail
Indig
enous
Myc
o.
Mycorrhizal Species
Shoot
Drw
(g/
pla
nt)
Banana Vineyard Cherry Citrus Fig Pistachio
Root Drw
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Contro
l
G.moss
eae
G.intra
radi
ces
G.cal
edoni
um
G.clariu
m
G.etu
nica
tum
Cocktai
l
Indigen
ous M
yco.
Mycorrhizal Species
Root D
rw (g/p
lant)
Banana Vineyard Cherry Citrus Fig Pistachio
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
G.moss
eae
G.intra
radi
ces
G.caled
oniu
m
G.clariu
m
G.etu
nicat
um
Cockt
ail
Indig
enous
Myc
o.
Mycorrhizal Species
Myco
rrh
izal D
epen
den
cy
(%) Banana Vineyard Cherry Citrus Fig Pistachio
Mycorrhiza dependency of plants are depend on soil, plant and inoculum species
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Table effects of mycorrhiza on tree plants growth
Effect Tree plants
Stimulated citrus, kive, appel
Early harvest
Increased yield citrus
Increased sweetness
Increased disease tolerance
Increased drought tolerance
Citrus (orange)
banana
grape
Screening variousmycorrhizal fungi on
horticultuaral tree plantsseedling growth and
nutrient uptake
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Since harvesting time in the Mediteranana climatearea is earlier than many other areas, early or late production of horticultural fruits bring relatively high income to the farmers. The most important temperate horticultural fruit species are cherry, plum, peach, apple, pear, nectarine, apricot, grape, kiwifruit, pomegranate, grape and pistachio along with several native fruits such as wild black cherry, pecan, fig which are receiving interest by the farmers in the region. Also all those plant roots are mycorrhizal naturally inoculated.
Horticultural fruit trees are importantfor Mediteranana farmers
Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Problem of Region
● Horticultural cultivation becoming widespread in all over the World, becuse of high quality of food demend.
● Soils in Mediteranana region consists of high levels of clay and lime that causes P, Zn, Fe deficiency.
● Increasing fertilizer use recently affected both human health and natural life.
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Our work on mycorrhizae takes three major focused:
• 1) the factors influencing whether or not mycorrhizas formation in several filed, horticulture and forestry plants,
• 2) once mycorrhizas do form properly in plant roots, what are the consequences for host survival and growth and nutrient uptake,
• 3) management of unidentified field mycorrhiza effect on plant growth and soil quality.
We attempted to study the possibility of using several mycorrhizae species for several plant species under the greenhous conditions and to see the role of mycorrhizal on plant growth and nutrents uptake for sustanable agriculture.For this we tried to determine;
a: the suitable host plantsb: the suitable growth medium for seedlingsc: Seedling establishment
WHAT WE ARE WORKING?
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Three mycorrhizae strategies
Since 1995 we have three strategies formycorrhize use in agriculture.
1. Using selected mycorrhizae fungi for crop and horticulture plant growth
2. Producing mycorrhizae inoculatedhorticultural seedlings
3. Soil and crop managements system
Plant species has been studied
Wheat MaizeGarlic LettucTomato Sweet CornPepper CucumberEggplant WatermelonMelon CheakbeanOnion CottonHorsbeen SoybeanMarrow CitrusAppel CherryOlive FigPistacia ApricotBanana, Grapevine, Persimmon
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Mycorrhizal biotechnology can use in horticultural seedling
production
• Usually horticultural plants propagation is started from seedlings, cuttings or graftings produced and developed under soil or suitable substrates.
• It is easy to inoculate horticultural plant roots rather than field crops
Micropropagated grapevine plantleswere inoculated with mycorrhiza
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Mycorrhiza Is a Powerful Mechanism For Plant Growth
• Micro propagation production of plantlets has an outstanding place in biotechnology industry. Mycorrhizae can be a strong supporter to help symbiosis needed plantlets. Mycorrhiza may act as bio-regulators, bio-fertilizers and bio-protectors, making possible the production of healthy high-quality plants.
Many woody horticultural plants mycorrhizae dependent
• In particular for woody horticultural plants which that are difficult to root in vitro which are known to improve their d survival rates and quality when they are mycorrhizaldependent.
• Mycorrhizal inocula production techniques need to be improved for the proper application of AM biotechnology in commercial horticultural plant production systems (Azcón and Barea, 1997).
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Role AMF in relation to micropropagation
• Woody horticultural plants which are difficult to root in vitro which are known to improve their survival rates and quality when they are mycorrhizal dependent.
• Mycorrhizal Fungi seems to act in 3 ways:– help the plants to attain its best performance
– buffering the stress during acclimatization
– improve overall plant and soil health
AM Fungi help plantlets to resists to stress factors
• For normal growth and development, mycorrhizal inoculation favors acclimatization of in vitro produced plantlets and they are resistant to physical-chemical and biological stress
• Mycorrhization provides better adaptation to physical-chemical stresses in plants
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AMF can help micropropagatedplants
AMF can
• 1) reduce plant losses during the acclimatisation phase,
• 2) subsequently stimulate plant development (including flowering) and
• 3) increase productivity aftertransplantation to the field.
(Lovato et al. 1996; Estaun et al. 1999)
1. Working on Mycorrhizae Inoculated Fig Seedling
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Fig
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Control
G.moss
ea
G. etin
icatu
m
G.Intra
radic
es
G. mac
rocar
pium
G.cal
edoni
um
G.mar
garita
G.cla
rium
Cockt
ail
Mycorrhizal Species
Sh
oo
t D
ry W
eig
ht
(g/p
lan
t)
Fig. Effect of different mycorrhizae speacies inoculation on fig plant growth
Mycorrhzal species were different in term of response to fig plant growth
parameters. Compare to the control and other species, G. caledonium and G.
margarita species have given a high response to the plant growth and P and Zn
uptake. Mycorrhizal inoculation also increased plant Zn concentration. G.caledonium inoculated plant have 26,2 mg Zn kg-1 but control plant have18,2 mg Zn kg-1.
2. Working on Mycorrhizae Inoculated Cherry Seedling-Screening and Growth Medium
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Table 1. Influence of seven differenet species of AM fungi inoculation of micropropagated cherry rootstock on various parameters.
Treatment
Dry weigth
Root Dry weigth
Colonisation (%)
P (ppm)
Zn (ppm)
Growth Media Andezite material: Perlit:Peat (V/V 1:1:1) 1.18 az 0.47 a 49.0 b 0.29 c 20.8 b Andezite material: Soil:Compost (V/V:6:3:1) 0.35 b 0.28 c 54.8 a 0.37 b 27.0 a Peat :Perlit (V/V1:1) 0.30 b 0.34 b 53.2 ab 0.39 a 26.5 a
Treatment
Indigenous 0.53 ab 0.40 ab 65.9 d 0.37 c 27.7 a
G. caledonium 0.44 b 0.32 c 38.0 e 0.36 c 23.5 d
G. clarium 0.53 ab 0.40 ab 81.4 a 0.38 b 25.2 bc
G. etinucatum 0.43 b 0.33 c 58.0 cd 0.41 a 28.7 a
G. intradica 0.52 ab 0.46 a 74.3 b 0.35 d 24.8 c
G. mossea 1.47 a 0.32 c 51.4 d 0.39 b 26.1 b
Cokteyl 0.36 b 0.23 d 60.6 d 0.38 b 28.8 a
C D
amil
Çher
ry R
oots
tock
1
Control 0.49 ab 0.34 bc 0.6 f 0.20 e 17.8 e
Average 0.58 0.36 52.6 0.35 25.0
Growth Media Andezite material: Perlit:Peat (V/V 1:1:1) 0.35 c 0.39 b 42.3 c 0.43 b 31.9 a Andezite material: Soil:Compost (V/V:6:3:1) 0.76 a 0.59 a 58.7 b 0.27 c 30.1 b Peat :Perlit (V/V1:1) 0.45 b 0.42 b 61.5 a 0.45 a 29.4 b
Treatment
Indigenous 0.58 a 0.53 a 67.7 a 0.37 c 34.0 ab
G. caledonium 0.46 ab 0.38 c 55.0 b 0.39 bc 29.0 d
G. clarium 0.50 bc 0.42 bc 64.1 a 0.47 a 32.5 bc
G. etinucatum 0.43 d 0.46 b 61.5 a 0.49 a 31.0 c
G. intradica 0.48 cd 0.41 bc 48.5 b 0.41 b 28.2 d
G. mossea 0.50 bc 0.58 a 62.6 a 0.42 b 35.2 a
Cokteyl 0.56 ab 0.43 bc 67.8 a 0.39 bc 32.9 b
C G
isel
A5
Çhe
rry
Roo
tsto
ck 2
Control 0.44 cd 0.43 bc 1.2 c 0.22 d 22.6 e
Average 0.49 0.45 53.21 0.40 30.6 z Different letters represents significance differences by Duncan test at 5% level. The tests were conducted within each group separately.
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3. Working on Mycorrhizae Inoculated Banana Seedling
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Banana
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
Medium 1 Medium 2
Growth Mediums
Sh
oo
t D
ry W
eig
ht g
/pla
nContol G. caledonium Macrocarpium
Fig. Effect of different mycorrhizae speacies inoculation on banan plant growth
4. Working on Mycorrhizae Inoculated Citrus Seedling
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Mycorrhizal Inoculated Citrus Seedling Workin Mediterranean Region is Vital
The selection of the most effective AM fungi for growth enhancement of Citruscultivars used as rootstocks was the first step toward development of a AMinoculation system in Citrus nurseries in cost of the East Coast of theMediterranean part of the countries.
Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) are the mostcommon rootstocks presently used in this area.
1 million seedlings per year are produce.It is vital to have inoculated seedling forbetter establishment.
Mycorrhiza inoculated seeedlings have high root growth
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02468
101214161820
1. h
arve
st
2. h
arve
st
3. h
arve
st
4. h
arve
st
5. h
arve
st
6. h
arve
st
Harvest Time
Shoot D
ry W
eig
ht (g
) - M -+M
Indigenous mycorrhiza is so effective. But some time is not
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Citrus plant is so much dependent on Mycorrhizalinoculation.
It has been found that G. clarium is the one of the most effective spores for further inoculation for sour orange citrus.
Now we have established a field experiment.
Since citrus plant dependent to mycorrhizae after soil sterilization plant are not growing because of elimination of indigenous mycorrhiza spores
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Fig. The effect of P and Zn and mycorrhizal inoculation on the shoot dry weight of citrus plantsZn0 (0 mg Zn kg
-1 soil), Zn1 ( 2.5 mg Zn kg
-1soil), Zn2 (5 mg Zn kg
-1soil)
Uninoculated
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
P0 P100 P200Phosphate applied (mg P kg soil-1)
Dry
wei
ght
of s
hoot
s (g
pla
nt-1
)
Zn0Zn1Zn2
VAM-inoculated
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
P0 P100 P200Phosphate applied (mg P kg soil-1)
Dry
wei
ght
shoo
ts (
g pl
ant-1
)
Fig. 2. The effect of P and Zn and mycorrhizal inoculation on total P uptake by citrus plants Zn0 (0 mg Zn kg-1 soil), Zn1 ( 2.5 mg Zn kg-1 soil), Zn2 (5 mg Zn kg-1 soil)
Uninoculated
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P0 P100 P200Phosphate applied (mg P kg soil-1)
P c
onte
nt o
f pl
ant
(mg
P p
lant
-1)
Zn0Zn1Zn2
VAM-inoculated
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P0 P100 P200Phosphate applied (mg P kg soil-1)
P c
onte
nt o
f pl
ant
(mg
P p
lant
-1)
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Co
ntro
l
G. m
oss
ea
G. c
ale
do
nium
G. e
tinca
tuni
um
G. c
lariu
m
Ind
ige
nous
Co
ckta
il
Treatments
Sho
ot d
ry m
atte
r (g
/po
t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1- 0 g com+ 0 g RP 2- 0 g com+ 2 g RP 3- 0 g com+ 4g RP4- 20 g com+ 0 g RP 5- 20 g com+ 2 g RP 6- 20 g com+ 4g RP7- 40 g com+ 0g RP 8- 40 g com+ 2g RP 9- 40 g com+ 4g RP
RP = Rock PhosphateCom= Compost
Mycorrhizae and rock phosphate (RP)
Shoot P Concentration
1- 0 g com+ 0 g RP 2- 0 g com+ 2 g RP 3- 0 g com+ 4g RP4- 20 g com+ 0 g RP 5- 20 g com+ 2 g RP 6- 20 g com+ 4g RP7- 40 g com+ 0g RP 8- 40 g com+ 2g RP 9- 40 g com+ 4g RP
RP = Rock PhosphateCom= Compost
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Co
ntro
l
G. m
oss
ea
G. c
ale
do
nium
G. e
tinca
tuni
um
G. c
lari
um
Ind
ige
nous
Co
ckta
il
Treatments
P c
onc
ent
ratio
n (%
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Mycorrhiza inoculation to rhizospher of seedling before transplanting to field (metod I)
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Mycorrhiza inoculation to rhizospher of seedling before transplanting to field (metod II)
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Mycorrhize Field Experiment
Effect of mycorrhiza species inoculation on nutrient content (Year 2015)
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5. Working onMycorrhizaeInoculated Vineyard,Pistacia, PersimmonSeedlings
0369
1215182124
Kırmızı
Siirt
Genot
ip 0
8
Genot
ip11
Genot
ip 1
3
Genot
ip 1
4
Genot
ip 1
6
Genot
ip 1
9
P. vera P. eurycarpa P. atlantica P. terebinthus
Sh
oo
t D
ry M
ette
r (g
/po
t
G.mosseae G.caledonium G.etunicatum G.clarium G.fasciculatum
G.intraradix G.margarita G.macrocarpum Kokteyl Kontrol
Pistacia genotipe related with Shoot DW
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Applications P. vera P. eurycarpa P. atlantica P. terebinthus Kırmızı Siirt Genotype I Genotype II Genotype Genotype II Genotype Genotype II
G. mosseae 9.2 cd 10.1 cd 10.5 abc 9.1 c 9.2 de 9.7 b 9.4 ef 10.7 cd G. caledonium 8.5 d 8.3 d 8.4 c 10.1 bc 8.2 e 8.2 c 11.3 c 9.4 d
G. etunicatum 12.3 b 13.0 bc 9.0 bc 10.5 bc 13.2 b 11.2 a 10.9 cd 12.9 ab
G. clarium 16.4 a 17.6 a 11.9 a 10.4 bc 14.8 a 12.4 a 8.6 f 10.1 cd
G. fasciculatum 8.4 d 8.8 d 8.1 c 9.2 c 9.5 de 8.3 bc 14.2 b 12.9 ab
G. intraradices 10.4 c 10.7 c 11.1 ab 11.0 b 9.1 de 8.7 bc 10.9 cd 12.9 ab
G. margarita 9.2 cd 11.7 bc 8.0 c 9.7 bc 9.8 d 8.8 bc 15.4 a 13.7 a
G. macrocarpum 11.8 b 10.9 c 11.8 a 13.3 a 11.4 c 11.2 a 10.1 cde 12.9 ab
Cocktail 10.2 c 11.3 bc 9.9 abc 10.5 bc 10.2 cd 8.9 bc 9.7 def 11.3 bc
Control 9.1 cd 8.6 d 9.0 bc 8.8 c 8.4 de 8.5 bc 9.1 ef 10.8 cd
D%5 1.34 1.79 2.22 1.59 1.31 1.32 1.20 1.61
Effects of mycorrhizae species on the Zn uptakes of Pistacia species / genotypes
RESULTS
● There were significant differences between pistacia species in growth, nutrient uptake and percentage of mycorrhizal infection. Also banana, fig and cherry plant are strongly responded to the mycorrhizal species. The results were revolved that tree plants are strongly mycorrhizal plant.
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Shoot, root, total and shoot/root dry weights and mycorrhizal dependency (MD) (%) of Persimmon seedlings inoculated with different mycorrhizal species
Mycorrhizal species Shoot DW (g) Root DW (g) Shoot/root DW Total DW (g) MD (%)
G. clarium 6.90±1.19 ab 2.69±0.38 ab 2.57±0.21 a 9.59±1.54 a 40.04
G. etunicatum 7.61±0.95 a 3.59±0.54 a 2.12±0.22 a 11.20±1.40 a 48.66
G. mosseae 6.93±0.23 ab 2.75±0.08 ab 2.52±0.14 a 9.68±0.20 a 40.60
G.caledonium 6.49±0.89 ab 3.13±0.37 a 2.07±0.17 a 9.62±1.23 a 40.23
G.intraradices 4.85±0.40 bc 3.54±0.29 a 1.37±0.03 b 8.39±0.69 ab 31.47
Control 4.01±0.65 c 1.74±0.25 b 2.31±0.15 a 5.75±0.90 b -
Control G. mosseae G. etinicatum Incesu et al, 2015
Media Treatment PlantsSurvived Dead
seedlingsAcclimatizationrate
GM-I
Control 9 02 07 22.2fG. mosseae 9 02 07 22.2fG. etunicatum 9 06 03 66.7cG. intradicas 9 06 03 66,7cG. clarium 9 07 02 77,8bG. caledonium 9 07 02 77,8bCocktail 9 05 04 55,6dIndigenous Mycorrhiza 9 08 01 88,9a
GM-II
Control 9 03 06 33,3eG. mosseae 9 07 02 77,8bG. etunicatum 9 08 01 88,9aG. intradicas 9 03 06 33,3eG. clarium 9 03 06 33,3eG. caledonium 9 07 02 77,8bCocktail 9 07 02 77.8bIndigenous Mycorrhiza 9 08 01 88.9a
Acclimatization rate and mycorrhizal dependency of micropropagated grapevine plantlets intwo different growth media
indigenousControl
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Is to define where and when mycorrhiza can be used efficiently in order to maximise sustainable crop production, minimising inputs.
To achieve this aim a multidisciplinary approach should be taken to increase the knowledge needed for the implementation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in Mediterranean regions.
(Victorya et al 2009)
RESULTS
● Horticultural plants have shown different responses with different mycorrhizae species
● Mycorrhizae would increase the availability of horticultural plant nutrition.
● Under semi arid conditions, most of horticultural plants are strongly mycorrhizal dependent.
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RESULTS
●Mycorrhizal inoculation is important in the initial phase of many woody plants seedling establishment under field condations. Mycorrhiza inoculation is helping plant growth in several ways such as growth, success of grifting and water and nutrient uptake.
In general horticultural plants are more mycorrhizal dependent plants. It is important to produce mycorrhizalinoculated seedling
RESULTS
● The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nutrient uptake of micro propagated cherry, grapevine , fig, persimmon and banana rootstocks were investigated during acclimatization and plant establishment. Banana, persimmon, grapevine and fig plantlets were also produced through micro propagation and inoculated with several mycorrhizae species.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Contro
l
G.moss
eae
G.intra
radi
ces
G.caled
oniu
m
G.clariu
m
G.etu
nicat
um
Cockt
ail
Indig
enous
Myc
o.
Mycorrhizal Species
Shoot
Drw
(g/
pla
nt)
Banana Vineyard Cherry Citrus Fig Pistachio
Root Drw
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Contro
l
G.moss
eae
G.intra
radi
ces
G.cal
edoni
um
G.clariu
m
G.etu
nica
tum
Cocktai
l
Indigen
ous M
yco.
Mycorrhizal Species
Root D
rw (g/p
lant)
Banana Vineyard Cherry Citrus Fig Pistachio
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
G.moss
eae
G.intra
radi
ces
G.caled
oniu
m
G.clariu
m
G.etu
nicat
um
Cockt
ail
Indig
enous
Myc
o.
Mycorrhizal Species
Myco
rrh
izal D
epen
den
cy
(%) Banana Vineyard Cherry Citrus Fig Pistachio
Mycorrhiza dependency of plants are depend on soil, plant and inoculum species
CONCLUSIONS●Although mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant
yield, but the increases not always was related to the nutrient uptake. Since the plant nutrient
content (P, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) are some time over the critical levels.
● Mycorrhizal inoculation may have some other benefit to the plant rather than
nutrient uptake such as increasing resistance against water deficiency,
disease, pathogen and other stress factors.
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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS●In general, horticultural plants are suitable
and sound to produce inculcated seedling.●There is a big difference between plant species in
term of mycorrhizal species selection. ●The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant
growth is changed by effectiveness of inoculum’s and time.
●Moreover the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation seems to be much more depended on soil fertility, the effectiveness of spores and number of spores.