bis2c: lecture 35: symbioses across the tree of life
TRANSCRIPT
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 35:
Interactions Across The Tree of Life
BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
1
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been…
2
•Previous lecture: •34: Fungi
•Current Lecture: •35: The End
•Next Lecture: •36: The Future
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
The Tree of Life (used in LIFE Version 10)
3
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 4
BIS2C is ORGANIZED BY THE TREE OF LIFE
and
PHYLOGENY
The Tree of Life (used in LIFE Version 10)
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 5
Week 1
Phylogeny
Week 1: Phylogenetic Trees
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 7
Week 2
The Tree of Life
Week 2: The Tree of Life
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Protists
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
LifePlants
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Fungi
Animals
8
Week 3
MicrobialDiversity
Week 3: Microbial Diversity
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Weeks 4-5: Plants
9
Protists
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
LifePlants
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Weeks 4-5
Plants
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Protists
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
LifePlants
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Weeks 7-9: Animals
11
Weeks 6-8
Animals
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Protists
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
LifePlants
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Week 6: Fungi
13
Week 9
Fungi
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Pierce’s Disease• Caused by overgrowth of
Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterium
19
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Pierce’s Disease• Caused by overgrowth of
Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterium
19
Xylem
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Pierce’s Disease• Caused by overgrowth of
Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterium
19
Xylem
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Pierce’s Disease• Caused by overgrowth of
Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterium
• Blocks xylem circulation
• Eventually whole plant dies
• Vines, even whole vineyards, if infected may be destroyed
• Same bacterial species causes problems in many other plants
• Potential for billions of $$ of economic damage
• Many of world’s experts at UC Davis and other UCs
19
Xylem
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker Question
• What kind of symbiosis is the one between Xylella and Grapes?
• A: Mutualism
• B: Pathogenism
• C: Commensalism
• D: Parasitism
• E: Primary
20
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker Question
• What kind of symbiosis is the one between Xylella and Grapes?
• A: Mutualism
• B: Pathogenism
• C: Commensalism
• D: Parasitism
• E: Primary
21
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 22
Pierce’s Disease
Should be easy to contain
Prevent plant to plant contact
Like w/ human infectious diseases
• Obligate xylem feeder
• Transmits Xylella between plants
• Much like mosquitoes transmit malarial pathogen
• Only animal listed as possible “bioterror” agent by US DHS
!24
Glassy winged sharpshooter
GLASSY-WINGEDSHARPSHOOTERA Serious Threat to California Agriculture
FROM THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA’S PIERCE’S DISEASE RESEARCH AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TASK FORCE
Glassy-winged sharpshooter eggs are laid together on theunderside of leaves, usually in groups of 10 to 12. The eggmasses appear as small, greenish blisters. These blisters areeasier to observe after the eggs hatch, when they appearas tan to brown scars on the leaves.
Parasitized egg masses are tan to brown in color withsmall, circular holes at one end of the eggs.
This informational brochure was produced by ANRCommunication Services for the University of Califor-nia Pierce’s Disease Research and EmergencyResponse Task Force. You may download a copy of thebrochure from the Division of Agriculture and NaturalResources web site at http://danr.ucop.edu or from theCommunication Services web site athttp://danrcs.ucdavis.edu.
Download a copy of this brochure from http://danr.ucop.edu or http://danrcs.ucdavis.edu
For local information, contact your UC CooperativeExtension farm advisor:
Adults
Egg masses
Glassy-winged SharpshooterGeneralized Lifecycle
100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan.
Mar
.
May
July
Sept
.
Nov.
Glassy-winged sharpshooters overwinter as adultsand begin laying egg masses in late Februarythrough May. This first generation matures asadults in late May through late August. Second-generation egg masses are laid starting in mid-June through late September, which develop intoover-wintering adults.
Clicker
• The glassy winged sharpshooter is an insect. Which of the following groups are insects part of?
• A. Chordata
• B. Diploblasts
• C. Deuterostomes
• D. Protostomes
• E. None of the above
!25
Clicker
• The glassy winged sharpshooter is an insect. Which of the following groups are insects part of?
• A. Chordata
• B. Diploblasts
• C. Deuterostomes
• D. Protostomes
• E. None of the above
!26
Symbiosis between Xylella and sharpshooter?
Symbiosis between Xylella and sharpshooters
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
!30
Symbiosis between Xylella and sharpshooter?
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
!31
Symbiosis between Xylella and sharpshooters
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
!32Symbiosis between Xylella and sharpshooter?
Symbiosis between Xylella and sharpshooters
Figure 35.11 The Pressure Flow Model
!33Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Source cell
Phloem sieve tubeXylem
Sink cell
Sucrose
Sucrose
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Which Would You Choose to Eat?
Figure 35.11 The Pressure Flow Model
!34Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Source cell
Phloem sieve tubeXylem
Sink cell
Sucrose
Sucrose
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Figure 35.11 The Pressure Flow Model
!38Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Source cell
Phloem sieve tubeXylem
Sink cell
Sucrose
Sucrose
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Figure 35.11 The Pressure Flow Model
!39Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Source cell
Phloem sieve tubeXylem
Sink cell
Sucrose
Sucrose
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Plant vs. Insect
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Remove key nutrients
!41
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• ????
Figure 35.11 The Pressure Flow Model
!42Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Source cell
Phloem sieve tubeXylem
Sink cell
Sucrose
Sucrose
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
• Very low in sugar
Figure 35.11 The Pressure Flow Model
!47Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Source cell
Phloem sieve tubeXylem
Sink cell
Sucrose
Sucrose
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
• Very low in sugar
• Remove essential amino acids
• Remove vitamins and cofactors
!48Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• ???
• ???
• ???
!49Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• Eat other things
• Eat other things
• Eat other things
!51Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• ???
• ???
• ???
!52Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• Evolve synthetic pathway
• Evolve synthetic pathway
• Evolve synthetic pathway
!52Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• Evolve synthetic pathway
• Evolve synthetic pathway
• Evolve synthetic pathway
!53Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• ???
• ???
• ???
How Do Eukaryotes Get Many New Biochemical Functions?
• Eukaryotic organelles (plastids and mitochondria)
• Secondary symbioses (eukaryote with another eukaryote)
• Lichens (fungi and photosynthetic microbe)
• Coral & dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae)
• Ant - fungus farming
• Pogonophoran worms and chemosynthetic bacteria
• Legumes and N2 fixing bacteria
• Herbivores and cellulolytic gut microbes
• Wood eating organisms and gut microbes
!54
!55Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
• Thicken walls
• Fill up xylem with toxins
• Immune response
• Reduced sugar
• Removes key amino acids
• Removes vitamins
• Removes cofactors
Plant Adaptations Insect Responses• Better piercing
• Detoxify
• Immune suppression
• Pump a lot
• Symbiosis
• Symbiosis
• Symbiosis
Moran N. A. PNAS 2007;104:8627-8633
©2007 by National Academy of Sciences !57
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
7
10!m
“Candidatus Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
in “red” portion of bacteriome of Homalodisca vitripennis
N=host nucleus B=Bacteriocyte membrane E=Endosymbionts
Irregularly spherical
~2 !m diameter
Phylogeny of Sulcia muelleri from Auchenorrhyncha
(Hemiptera): the oldest insect symbiont
Moran et al. Appl Env Micro 2005
Permian
age fossils
(>270 myr)
•= 100% Bootstrap
•support, all methods
Broad congruence with host
relationships
Dates to the origins of vascular
plant-feeding in insects
Symbionts derived
from sharpshooters
Studying the microbe-like entities in the aphid gut
!58
Field Observations
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
Studying the microbe-like entities in the aphid gut
!59
Field Observations
Appearance of limited value
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
!60
Culturing Field Observations
Studying the microbe-like entities in the aphid gut
Appearance of limited value
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
!61
Culturing Field Observations
Key bacteria in sharpshooter gut have
not been cultured
Studying the microbe-like entities in the aphid gut
Appearance of limited value
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
!62
Culturing Field Observations
Studying the microbe-like entities in the aphid gut
Appearance of limited value
DNA
Key bacteria in sharpshooter gut have
not been cultured
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
• What is this issue with the difficulty in culturing organisms been called?
• A. Great microscope anomaly
• B. Great count anomaly
• C. Great plate count anomaly
• D. Grate cheese anomaly
• E. Great plating anomaly
!63
• What is this issue with the difficulty in culturing organisms been called?
• A. Great microscope anomaly
• B. Great count anomaly
• C. Great plate count anomaly
• D. Grate cheese anomaly
• E. Great plating anomaly
!64
DNA extraction
PCRSequence
rRNA genes
Sequence alignment = Data matrixPhylogenetic tree
PCR
rRNA1
Yeast
Makes lots of copies of the rRNA genes
in sample
E. coli
Humans
A
T
T
A
G
A
A
C
A
T
C
A
C
A
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
T
CrRNA1
E. coli Humans
Yeast
!66
rRNA1 5’ ...TACAGTATAGGTGGAGCTAGCGATCGAT
CGA... 3’
PCR and phylogenetic analysis of rRNA genes
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
DNA extraction
PCRSequence
rRNA genes
Sequence alignment = Data matrixPhylogenetic tree
PCR
rRNA1
rRNA2
Makes lots of copies of the rRNA genes
in sample
rRNA1 5’ ...ACACACATAGGTGGAGCTAGCGATCGAT
CGA... 3’
E. coli
Humans
A
T
T
A
G
A
A
C
A
T
C
A
C
A
A
C
A
G
G
A
G
T
T
CrRNA1
E. coli Humans
rRNA2
!67
rRNA2 5’ ...TACAGTATAGGTGGAGCTAGCGATCGAT
CGA... 3’
PCR and phylogenetic analysis of rRNA genes
!
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5'$#4/#*+&,6/7889/-%.)$/%0+1)2$/3)/,05'$#4/#*+&,0+788:/455,0+-%.)$/%0+1)2$/3)/,0+
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+B0/#$91'9#>79C66D96%2&.+%$)%3"*17&'.+8&+*+9:4
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
Baumania is close relative of Buchnera symbionts of aphids
SharpshootersAphidsAphidsAphidsAntsFlies
!68
DNA extraction
PCR
!73
Genome sequencing
Sequence the whole genome
Predict functions by comparison to other organisms
5
Sharpshooter:Cuerna sayi
bacteriomes
Sharpshooters harbor two obligatesymbionts in their bacteriomes
Moran et al. 2003 Environ. Microbiol.Moran et al. 2005 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Candidatus “Baumannia cicadellinicola” (Gammaproteobacteria)
Candidatus “Sulcia muelleri” (Bacteroidetes)
D Takiya
0.1mm
Bacteriome dissected from anterior abdomen of H. vitripennis
Orange-red portion- Baumannia only
Yellow portion- Baumannia and Sulcia
(Moran et al. 2003 Environmental Microbiology)
Baumannia is a Vitamin and Cofactor Producing Machine
Wu et al. 2006 PLoS Biology 4: e188.
!75
BAUMANNIA IS A VITAMIN AND
COFACTOR PRODUCING MACHINE
Wu et al. 2006 PLoS Biology 4: e188.
Baumannia makes vitamins and cofactors
Sulcia makes essential amino acids
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker Question
• What kind of symbiosis is the one between Baumania and Sharpshooters?
• A: Endemism
• B. Commensalism
• C. Mutualism
• D: Parasitism
• E: Pathogenism
79
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Clicker Question
• What kind of symbiosis is the one between Baumania and Sharpshooters?
• A: Endemism
• B. Commensalism
• C. Mutualism
• D: Parasitism
• E: Pathogenism
80