effect of different levels of dietary calcium and ... · different levels of calcium (ca) and...

Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol (35) (I): (399-422) (2015) (1566)

Egyptian Poultry Science Journal

http://www.epsaegypt.com

ISSN: 1110-5623 (Print) – 2090-0570 (On line)

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY CALCIUM AND

AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF

LOCAL SINAI HENS FROM 42 TO 58 WEEKS OF AGE

Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa , M.M. Beshara ,M.A.A. Hussein, M.G. Kasim and

A.A.A. Rehan

Anim. Prod. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Ministry of Agric. Dokki, Giza

Received: 15/02/2015 Accepted: 01/03/2015

ABSTRACT: A total number of 166 Sinai birds (144 female and 18 male) at 42 weeks –

old were used, weighed and divided into six treatments of three replicates each to determine

the nutritional requirement of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorous (Av P) for Sinai

laying hens during 42 until 52weeks of age and the effects on laying performance

parameter, egg quality, nutrients digestibility Ca and Av P retention Ca and P in the egg

shell, tibia and blood serum, fertility and hatchability as well as economic efficiency were

measured. The dietary levels of Ca and Av P included 3x2 factorial design (3, 3.5 and 4%

Ca, each contained 0.24 and 0.3 % Av P) . Resulted obtained could be summarized in the

following:

1- Increasing dietary calcium content up to 4% resulted in significantly decreased live

body weight and change body weight in the end of the experimental period.

2- Hens fed diet containing 3, 3.5%Ca and 0.3% AvP significantly increased egg

production percentage.

3- The feed conversion was improved by using diet contained 3% Ca + 0.3% AvP.

4- No significant effects of Ca, AvP and their interaction on egg quality.

5- Increasing dietary Ca or AvP content in the diet significantly improved the fertility

and hatchability. The best value of fertility and hatchability were recorded by hens fed

diet containing 4%Ca + 0.3% AvP. And the chick weight and egg discarded percentage

was significantly improved as dietary Av P increased up to 0.3% and 3.5% Ca.

6- The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were almost similar with dietary

treatments except ether extract which was significantly improved by fed diet contained

3% Ca.

7- A significant increase in tibia P content was recorded with increasing dietary Ca at

4% level.

Key Words: Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .

400

8- The diet of 3.5% Ca resulted in a significant increase blood and egg shell Ca

concentration, also the egg shell and excreta P content were significantly increased with

increasing the dietary Ca levels.

9- The greatest value of economic efficiency was obtained by hens fed diet containing

3%Ca and 0.3%AvP.

It could be concluded that the combination of 3% Ca and 0.3% AvP could be used in Sinai

laying hens diets to obtain the maximize productive performance and economic efficiency

as well as 3.5% Ca and 0.3% AvP inclusion during period from 42 to 58 weeks of age

gave the maximize fertility and hatchability values.

INTRODUCTION

Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)

are considered the main minerals in diets of

layers and breeder , due to their expressive

participation in the metabolism and quality

of the egg shell, the metabolic and

structural function of these minerals in

bone and eggshell formation, are essential

in poultry production (Araujo et al., 2005).

The nutritional role of calcium (Ca) is

closely linked to that of phosphorus (P), it

is known that the use efficiency of Ca and

P is dependent on the quality and

interrelations existing, thus it is of utmost

importance to consider the relations

between Ca and P in the evaluation on their

requirements. More than 70% of animal

body ashes consists of Ca and P, present in

the bones (Mcdowell et al., 1992) . The hen

eggshell consists of 94% of CaCO3, 1% of

MgCO3, 1% of Ca3(PO4)2 and 4% organic

substances (Nys-Gautron et al., 2001).

According to Berne and Levy (1998),

Ca is actively absorbed in all intestinal

segments, particularly in the duodenum and

the jejunum. The speed of Ca absorption is

higher than that of any other ion, except for

Na. Animal fed Ca deficient diets increase

Ca absorption levels, whereas high dietary

levels of this mineral reduce its absorption.

The excess of calcium in the diets can

cause antagonism at the absorption of

minerals, influencing the maintenance of

the homeostasis of these minerals. In

excess, phosphorus may hamper the release

of bone calcium and adequate the

mineralization of the eggshell, whereas the

deficiency in calcium and phosphorus

might result in bad quality of the eggshell

and reduction in the size and production of

eggs.

There are controversy as for the

appropriate level to be used in the diets

from Ca and AvP, NRC (1994) suggests a

Ca requirement of 3.25% for laying hens at

a feed consumption of 100 g/bird per day,

also results obtained with P concur with the

NRC (1994) that reduced requirements

from 400 to 250 mg without affecting

either egg production or eggshell quality

(Snow et al.,2004) while, Lelis et al. (2009)

indicated the level of 2.3 g/kg for

phosphorus. Vieira et al. (2011)

recommended calcium at the level of 34.1

g/kg and Dantas et al. (2010), at level of

41.3 g/kg of diet, whereas Rostagno et al.

(2011) recommended the levels of 40.2

g/kg for calcium and 3.0 g/kg for

phosphorus, Pastore et al. ( 2012) reported

that calcium of 3.51 g/bird/day and

available phosphorus of 289 mg/bird/day,

meet the requirements of calcium and

available phosphorus of white egg layers

through the period from 42 to 58 weeks of

age. Furthermore, P is the third most

expensive component of poultry diets after

energy and amino acids, it is the mineral

that most encumbers the final cost of diets,

even though it is required at low amounts.

Thus, it is necessary to optimize the

utilization of P by poultry to reduce the

cost of feeding (Mustafa et al., 2012)

.There are some factors influence on the

requirements of Ca and Av P such as

genetic, selection, ages , production cycle

Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.

401

and breeding system. Al-Batshan et al.

(1994) observed that the percentage of shell

decreased from 9.8 to 8.9% and shell

thickness decreased from 0.403 to 0.373

mm through the period from 22 to 57 wks

of age. These authors indicated that aged

hens were less efficient in absorbing Ca

than younger ones. Therefore, increasing -

Ca content of the diet at the end of the

laying cycle might be a good strategy to

attempt to reduce the incidence of broken

eggs. The rate of calcium intake deposited

in the eggshells was higher in cage systems

compared with a floor system depending on

the age of laying hens (Lichovníková and

Zeman, 2008).

Therefore, the objective of this

study was to determine the nutritional

requirement of calcium (Ca) and : available

phosphorus ratio (AvP) for local Sinai

laying hens during the period from 42 to 58

weeks of age.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Birds management: This study was

conducted at El-Serw Poultry Research

Station, Animal Poultry Research Institute,

Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt. It is started in

December 2013 and terminated in April

2014. One hundred and sixty two Sinai

birds (144 females and 18 males) 42 weeks

of age were randomly assigned to six

treatments in an experiment that was

conducted from 42 to 58 wk of age. At the

onset of the experiment, birds were

weighed and assigned to treatments in a

completely randomized design in a 3x2 (3

levels of Ca and 2 levels of AvP) factorial

arrangement, based on body weight so that

mean body weight were similar for hens on

all treatments. Each treatment had three

replicates (8 hens and 1 male / replicate).

During the experiment period, birds

received 16 h/day of manipulated lighting

and ventilation at a natural ambient

temperature.

Experimental diets: The experimental diets

were formulated to have similar ME and

protein to satisfy the recommended

requirements of Sinai laying hens (Table 1)

according to Hussein et al., (2010), with

different levels of calcium (Ca) and

available Phosphorus (AvP) 3, 3.5 and 4%

Ca and 0.25 and 0.35 for Av P were used.

All the calcium was supplied as fine

limestone which contained 38% Ca,

whereas, the main source of phosphorous

was di-calcium phosphate which it

consisted of 18% P and 24% Ca. All diets

were offered for ad-libitum. The

experimental period had duration of 16

wks, divided in four sub periods of 28 days

and end at 58 wks of age.

Productive performance and egg quality:

Feed intake of each replicate was recorded

every 28 days in g/hen. Body weight (BW)

was weighed at the beginning and at the

end of the experiment. Egg production, egg

mass, feed conversion ratio as feed

consumed (g) / egg mass (g) were also

determined. At 12 and 15 wks of the

experimental period, 3 eggs /replicate were

collected at random to measure egg quality.

Analytical evaluation of feeds, tibiae and

serum: Digestion trial were done at the end

of experiment by using 3 males per each

treatment .The excreta were collected, dried

and ground well and stored to analysis.

The proximate analysis of

experimental diet and the excreta were

carried out according to the official

methods ( A.O.A.C.,1980 ). The

procedure described by Jakobsen et al.,

(1960) was used for separating fecal

protein in excreta samples. Urinary organic

matter was determined according to Abou

Raya and Galal (1971).

The P and Ca content of the excreta were

determined as described by Boletín Oficial

Estado (2005). At the end of the

experiment, three hens per treatment were

randomly taken, weighed, and slaughter.

The right tibiae was removed and ashed to

determined calcium (Ca) , and phosphorus

( P). Blood samples from each hen were

collected to determine the concentration of

Ca and P in the serum.


402

Reproductive traits: Artificial insemination

was used in this study, at 7 and 8 wks of

the experimental period, eggs from each

replicate were weekly collected. The eggs

were set in incubator. Fertility and

hatchability was calculated and hatched

chicks were weighed.

Statistical analysis:

Data were statistically analyzed using

General Linear Models Procedure of the

SPSS program (1997), differences between

treatments were subjected to Duncan´ s

Multiple Range- test (Duncan, 1955). A

factorial design 3x2 was used, considering

the Ca and P levels as the main effects and

the following model was used to study the

effect of main factors and interaction

between Ca and P on parameters

investigated as follows:

Yijk=µ+Ti+Rj+(TR)ij+eij

Where :Yijk=An observation;µ = overall

mean ;T= effect of Ca level; I = (1,2 and 3

); R= effect of P level; j=(1 and 2); TR=

effect of interaction between Ca and Av P ;

and ejik= Experimental error.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results concerned live body weight

(LBW) and change body weight (CBW)

showed that increasing dietary calcium

(Ca) and available phosphorus (AvP)

content resulted in significantly decreased

LBW and CBW at the end of the

experimental period studied compared to

hens fed diet contained 3% and 3.5%

Calcium (Table 2). Whereas, the LBW and

CBW were not affected by the interaction

between the levels of Ca and AvP. On the

contrary, Boling et al. (2000) reported that

average body weight for hens consumed

0.15%AvP was decreased compared to

hens fed diet of 0.45% AvP during period

of 51 to 60 wk of age.

The overall period for egg production

(Table 3) and egg number showed

significantly increased by using 3 and 3.5%

Ca inclusion compared to that of 4% Ca

level. While, 0.3% AvP was significantly

increased egg production and egg number

compared to that of the o.24% AvP at the

end of experimental period and overall

period. The interaction between Ca and

AvP were significantly increased egg

production and egg number at levels of 3%

Ca and 0.3% AvP inclusion for overall

period (46-57 wks).

Egg mass and egg weight of local Sinai

hens through 42 to 58 wks of age as

feeding diets contained different levels of

Ca and AvP are summarized in Table

4.Egg weight had no effect by using Ca and

AvP levels and the interaction between

them. Whereas, egg mass was significantly

affected by using 3% Ca and 0.3% AvP and

interaction between them in the overall

period (42-58 wks).

Results in Table 5 showed no

significant effect of different levels of Ca,

AvP and the interaction between the main

factors on feed consumption during

different interval periods and the whole

periods. Also, feed conversion ratio

significantly improved by incorporating 3%

and 3.5% Ca in the diet during the overall

period as compared to the group fed diet

containing 4% Ca. Hens supplemented with

0.3% AvP had the best significant value of

feed conversion as compared with hens fed

the 0.24% AvP during all studied periods

and the overall period except that of the 46-

49 and 50-53wk of age where no

significant effect was detected. The

interaction of Ca and AvP had no

significant effect on feed conversion during

the all experimental periods except the

period of 50 to 53 wk of the age. The best

interaction for feed conversion resulted by

using diet contained 3% Ca + 0.24% AvP

and 3.5% Ca+0.24% AvP compared to the

other interactions.

The results obtained for the

productive performance were in agreement

with Kashavarz et al. (1993) who found

that no differences in feed intake as feeding

diets contained Ca levels from 3.5 to 5.5%.

Whereas, Roland et al. (1996); Ahmed et

al. (2003) and Frost and Roland (1991)


403

reported a linear increase in feed intake

when Ca intake increases. On the other

hand, Araujo et al. (2005) found that feed

intake was decreased when Ca level of diet

increased from 3.5 to 4.2%. Also, Olivera

(2001) observed a quadratic effect, when

3.6% Ca was added to diet, feed intake was

decreased. Along the same line, the results

were in agreement with those reported by

Rodrigues (1995) who found that egg

production was decreased when hens fed

diet contained 4.5% Ca compared to 3.8 %

Ca in the diet. Ahmed et al. (2003) and

Safaa et al. (2008) found that Ca levels had

no effect on feed consumption and egg

weight. Also, Zapata and Gernat (1995)

found that Ca levels had no effect on egg

weight only.

Pelicia et al. (2009) observed no significant

effect of dietary Ca inclusion on egg

weight, feed intake and feed conversion.

El-Gamry et al. (2011) found that egg

production, egg weight and egg mass were

not significantly influenced by the dietary

Ca level of 24 to 33g/Kg for Fayomi laying

hens during 45-57wk of age.

Murata et al. (2009) indicated that egg

production was improved by using 40.5g

Ca/kg in diet and linear effect on egg

weight and feed conversion of white egg

layers fed diets contained Ca ranged from

37.5 to 45.5g/kg of diet.

The results of AvP were similar to the

study of Barreto (1994) who found that P

level below 0.2% were not able to supply

the requirements as layer aged. Also,

Boiling et al. (2000) mentioned that

0.1%AvP was inadequate for maintain egg

production. Pastore et al. (2012) reported

that diets 3.5% Ca met requirements of Ca

of white egg layer through period from 42

to 58 wk of age and 289 mg AvP/hen/day

was adequate level for egg production, this

requirement form AvP was 15.5% lower

than the value obtained in the present

study(342 mg/hen/day)during the same

period, also the recommendation of NRC

(1994) was 250 mg AvP/hen/day.

The interaction between Ca and AvP

indicated that the high level of Ca (4%)

with low level of AvP (0.24%) significantly

decreased egg production, whereas this

effect was compensated by increasing

level of AvP containing diet. These results

were in agreement with Hartel (1990) who

observed that there were significant

performance depression when low P

content with high Ca in the diet but this

defect were treated when dietary P content

was increased. Lelis et al. (2009) studied

effect of different levels of AvP from 2.3 to

4.7 g/Kg with Ca level at 42.g/Kg of diet

for brown egg layers from 50-66 wk of age

and found no differences in laying

performance except egg production. Also,

Rosa et al. (2011) with brown egg layers

aged from 28 to 36 wk of age, no

significant effect of Ca:AvP on feed intake,

egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion.

Higher egg production percentage and best

feed conversion ratio occurred ratio

occurred by using the lower Ca level (3%)

in the current study than 4% Ca in the diet

because of increasing the calcium levels of

the diet. It may be due to the reduction of

the biosynthesis of the protein which was a

carrier of calcium in the duodenum

(Bertechini, 2006), which, in addition to

damaging the functionality of the protein

through increase in the intestinal pH

(Berggard et al., 2000), decreases the

absorptive efficiency of this mineral, which

directly affects the retention of this mineral

by birds. These results prove features of the

calcium metabolism in layers, as

decreasing levels of this mineral in the diet.

So, birds improve the utilization of dietary

calcium, within their physiological limits,

as a form of compensation.

There is no significant effects of Ca,

AvP and their interaction between the main

factors on egg quality, as shown in Table 6,

except that of shape index, where dietary

3.5 % Ca resulted in a significant decreased

in this value compared to 3 and 4% Ca in

the diet.


404

The results obtained for egg quality in

function of the calcium levels in the diet

were consistent with those found by Abd

El-Maksoud (2010) and Salama et al.

(2012), who found that egg quality was not

significantly affected by different calcium

levels. Also, Murata et al. (2009) did not

observe influence from the calcium levels

(37.5; 41.5 and 45.5 g/kg) on shell weight

of white egg layers at 57 weeks of age. The

results are in agreement with Pastore et al.

(2012) who found that no significant effect

from the levels of calcium or calcium

:phosphorus ratios at the period from 42 to

58 weeks of age of white egg layers on the

parameters of egg quality. However, Safaa

et al. (2008) improved the shell thickness

of eggs with calcium at the level of 40 g/kg

in comparison with 35 g/kg, keeping the

calcium : phosphorus ratio at 12:1, in a diet

for brown egg layers in the period from 58

to 73 weeks of age.

The effects of the AvP on the egg

quality were consist with those found by

Ekmay and Coon (2010) who reported that

increments in shell quality when used non-

phytate phosphorus (Phosphorus levels

ranged from 0.2% to 0.4% NPP in 0.05%).

The effects of the calcium:

phosphorus ratio on egg quality were in

line with Pelicia et al. (2009) who reported

that no significant effects of dietary Ca and

AvP, or interaction between Ca and AvP

levels on yolk %, albumen %, or Haugh

units. Vellasco et al. (2010), found that no

effect of the calcium: phosphorus ratios

(12.12:1; 10.53:1 and 9.30:1) on shell

weight and shell thickness of white egg

layers. Also, Almeida et al. (2012)

evaluated the calcium levels (37, 40 and 43

g/kg) and calcium: available phosphorus

ratios (9.76:1; 10.81:1 and 12.12:1) in diets

and did not observe effect on shell weight,

and shell thickness white egg layers in

second production cycle. In addition,

Pastore et al. (2012) found that no

significant effect of calcium: phosphorus

ratios was observed in 42 to 58 weeks of

age of white egg layers on egg quality. In

the present study, no differences in eggshell

quality were detected. This is probably

explained by the fact that, in Ca-deficient

diets, there is a better utilization of Ca due

to better intestinal absorption efficiency

whereas, high dietary levels of Ca reduces

absorption (Hamilton and Cipera, 1981).

The results of feeding different

dietary Ca, AvP and their interaction in

reproductive traits are shown in Table 7. It

is clearly that increasing dietary Ca in the

diet significantly improved the hatchability,

but chick weight was decreased by 3 and

4% Ca. The higher level of Ca (4%)

resulted in significantly higher egg

discarded than caused by the 3 and 3.5 %,

meanwhile, in the case of 3.5% Ca the

opposite was true.

Significant effect was observed on

fertility and hatchability by feeding

experimental diets containing 0.24 and

0.3% AvP where, the results showed a

significant improvement by the hens fed

diet with 0.3%AvP as compared to the diet

with 0.24%avP. Also, the chick weight was

significantly improved as dietary AvP

decreased from0.3 to 0.24%. When the low

level of AvP (0.24%) was applied, egg

discarded percentage was significantly

higher than the diet with 0.3% AvP.

The interaction between

concentrations Ca and AvP significantly

influenced on fertility and hatchability,

where the best value were recorded from

the hens fed diet contained 4%Ca + 0.3%

AvP with a significant differences. The best

significantly value of chick weight and egg

discarded was recorded at 3.5%Ca plus

0.24%AvP.

These results illustrated that when

the diet contained 3.5%Ca it is necessary

alter the level of AvP to become 0.24%to

obtain acceptable reproductive

performance. Triyuwanta and Nys (1992)

showed that increasing AvP to amounts as

high as 1% in dwarf broiler breeders did


405

not improve fertility, hatchability and

hatching weight. Ekmay and Coon (2010)

showed that reduced dietary AvP did not

negatively impact hatchability or

subsequent progeny performance. Day old

progeny weight was not significantly

different from the breeders fed different

AvP intake from 0.2% to 0.4% AvP in

0.05% increments; and corresponded to a

daily intake of 288, 360, 432, 504 and 576

mg.

Data of carcass characteristics of

local Sinai hens were summarized in Table

8. Carcass, liver, giblets and spleen

percentages were not significantly affected

by the different levels of Ca in the diet.

Gizzard and heart percentages of hens fed

diet containing 4% Ca were significantly

higher than those fed 3%Ca. However, all

records were within the normal values. On

the other hand, abdominal fat was

significantly lower by about 1.86% as hens

fed diet of 3.5% Ca than hens receiving diet

contained 3% Ca. The result consisted with

the findings of reproductive performance

where the diet of 3.5% Ca significantly

improved the hatchability and egg

discarded. In fact, the hens reached the

average of mature live body weight thus

when the hens tended to obesity and

reflects the incidence of abdominal fat

deposition, a matter which is considered a

disadvantage especially with reproductive

performance of hens. Also, it may be

supported by Hulan et al. (1986) who found

that biological performance such as final

live weight was declines as the total Ca

increase in the diets.

All results of relative weight of carcass

and internal organs were not significantly

affected by the two levels of AvP and the

interaction between Ca and AvP, with the

exception of abdominal fat, where the

abdominal fat was significantly lower in

hens fed diet contained 3.5% Ca +0.3%

AvP than those fed all dietary treatments

except the hens fed diet of

3.5%Ca+0.24%AvP.

The effects of different levels of Ca, AvP

and their interaction on digestibility

coefficient of nutrients are presented in

Table 9. The digestibility coefficient of

ether extract of birds fed diet contained 3%

Ca significantly increased by 17.53 and

12.1% compared to the diet contained 4

and 3.5% Ca, respectively. Results

indicated that there was no significant

effect of different levels of AvP and

interaction between Ca * AvP on

digestibility coefficient. The digestion

coefficient of EE closely correlated with

the production performance of Sinai laying

hens, this might be occurred as the calcium

levels of the diet was increased, the

biosynthesis of the protein carrier of

calcium in the duodenum was decreased

(Bertechini, 2006). In addition to damaging

the functionality of the protein through

increase in the intestinal pH (Berggard et

al., 2000), decreases the absorptive

efficiency of this mineral, which directly

affects the retention of this mineral by

birds.

The mean values of Ca and P

concentrations in serum blood, egg shell,

tibia and excreta were given in Table 10. It

is evident that Ca content in serum (mg/dl)

and egg shell (mg/dl) significantly

increased for hens fed diet contained 3.5%

Ca by 15.22% compared to hens fed 3% Ca

diet, While there were non-significant

increased in Ca excreta concentration due

to the high level of Ca in the diet (4%). On

the other hand, no significant response in P

serum content results from different of Ca

diets. However, the average P egg shell and

excreta concentration significantly

increased with Ca level 4%. It was

expected that dietary Av p levels did not

significantly influence on Ca and P serum,

egg shell and excreta concentrations.

There were no significant influence of

the interaction between Ca and Av P on

concentrations of Ca and P in serum and

tibia. However, the results showed that

hens fed diet with 4% Ca*0.24% AvP

resulted in a significant increased in P egg


406

shell content, while the P excreta content

was significantly lower with diet contained

3.5% Ca*0.24% AvP.

These results were in line with Pelicia et

al. (2009) who reported that animal fed Ca

deficient diets increase absorption levels,

whereas high dietary levels of Ca reduced

absorption. They found that dietary Ca

level significantly influenced Ca blood

concentration, which was not affected by

AvP or interaction between Ca and AV Pin

the period from 42 to 58 weeks of age.

Similar results were reported by Almedia et

al. (2012) who did not observe from Ca:P

ratio on Ca egg shell content. Vellasco et

al. (2010) suggested calcium: phosphorus

ratio of 12.12:1 (calcium and phosphorus at

3.71 g/bird/day and 306 mg/bird/day,

respectively) for a better quality of egg

shell for white egg layers. Whereas

Rostagno et al. (2011) indicated calcium at

the level of 40.2 g/kg and a calcium:

phosphorus ratio of 13.4:1 in diets for

white egg layers under production

consuming 100 g/bird/day. In the present

experiment, as dietary Ca levels increased,

the birds used part of it and excreted the

excess, despite the increase in blood Ca

concentration. This is explained by the fact

that there two calcium absorption

pathways: one is saturable and the other not

(Bronner, 1987). The saturable pathway

requires Ca-binding proteins, where the

amount is constant in the epithelial cells.

Therefore, when low Ca levels fed, the

ratio between the binding protein and Ca is

higher, promoting higher Ca digestibility.

Hamilton and Cipera (1981) found that in

Ca-deficient diets, there is higher Ca

utilization due to higher efficiency of

intestinal absorption.

Also, The hens fed diet a greater Ca

(4%) the P content in tibia significantly

increased compared to the diet with lower

Ca (3 or 3.5%). Whereas, the AvP had no

effect on all parameters. These results are

consist with Rama-Rao et al. (2003), who

did not verify influence from the calcium

levels on the mineral matter content of the

tibia from white egg layers at 48 weeks of

age, after being fed diets containing six

calcium levels (32.5; 35; 37.5; 40; 42.5;

and 45 g/kg) for 20 weeks, similar results

were found by Safaa et al. (2008), who did

not verify effect from the levels of calcium

(35 and 40 g/kg), keeping the calcium:

phosphorus ratio at 12:1, in birds at 73

weeks of age, also the present by Pelícia et

al. (2011), who did not observe influence

from the calcium levels (30; 37.5; and 45

g/kg) on the calcium content in the tibia.

Some studies prove that low calcium levels

in diets for layers promote bone

mobilization of calcium to meet the need of

the bird and maintain the shell quality

(Schreiweis et al., 2003; Almeida Paz,

2009). Therefore, considering the results

obtained, it is possible to affirm that the

lowest calcium level (3.3 g/hen/day) was

enough to meet the requirements of the

layers, once the mobilization of bone

calcium to maintain the shell quality was

not significant.

In a previous study, Almeida et al.

(2012), evaluating calcium: available

phosphorus ratios (9.76:1; 10.81:1 and

12.12:1) in diets for white egg layers in

second production cycle, also did not find

influence from the calcium :phosphorus

ratio on the contents of calcium (g/kg) or

phosphorus (g/kg) in the tibia of birds.

However, Rose et al. (2011) found

significant effect of calcium: phosphorus

rations (8:1, 11:1 and 14:1) on the contents

of calcium (g/kg) or phosphorus (g/kg) in

the tibia of brown egg layers at 36 weeks of

age.

Results concerning the economic

efficiency (EE) of egg production as

influenced by dietary Ca , AvP and the

interaction between them is shown in Table

(11). EE was closely related to the

prevailing prices of eggs and the cost of

feeding. The greatest value of EE was

produced by hens fed diet containing 3%Ca

followed by diet with 3.5%Ca which were

significantly higher than the diet contained

4% Ca by about 24.4 and 19% respectively.


407

Also, the high level of AvP (0.3%) resulted

in significantly higher EE than that caused

by 0.24% AvP in the diet by 11.63%. In

respect of the interaction, hens fed diet

contained 3%Ca*0.3%AvP produced the

highest value than that achieved by 4%

Ca*0.24%AvP.

It could be concluded that the combination

of 3% Ca and 0.3% AvP could be used in

Sinai laying hens diets to maximize the

productive performance and economic

efficiency and 3.5% Ca and 0.3% AvP in

the period from 42 to 58 weeks of age

resulted to maximize fertility and

hatchability.

Table( 1): Composition and calculated nutritional value of experimental diets.

Ingredients

Calcium (Ca)%

3% 3.5% 4%

Available phosphorus (Av P)%

0.24% 0.3% 0.24% 0.3% 0.24% 0.3%

Yellow corn 65 65 65 65 65 65

Soybean meal (44%) 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75

Corn gluten (60%) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Wheat bran 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Soybean oil 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Limestone 7.5 7.3 8.85 8.65 10.2 10.0

Dicalcium phosphate 0.64 1.0 0.64 1.0 0.64 1.0

Salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Premix1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Dl-methionine 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Sand(inert) 2.96 2.80 1.61 1.45 0.26 0.10

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Calculated nutritional values 2

Crude protein% 15.17 15.17 15.17 15.17 15.17 15.17

ME (Kcal / Kg) 2746 2746 2746 2746 2746 2745

Crude fiber% 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09

Crude fat% 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33

Calcium % 3 3 3.5 3.59 4.0 4.0

Total p % 0.429 0.494 0.429 0.494 0.429 0.494

Av P % 238.0 0.304 0.239 0.304 0.239 0.304

Ca g/hen/day 3.321 3.422 3.956 3.96 4.502 4.496

Av. P mg/hen/day 266 342 271 340 270 337

Methionine% 0.339 0.339 0.339 0.339 0.339 0.339

Methionine+cystin% 0.598 0.599 0.599 0.599 0.599 0.599

Price (LE/kg) 3 279.99 281.78 280.30 281.91 280.39 282.00

1- Each 3 kg of the Vit and Min. contains: Vit. A 10 MIU, Vit. D 2 MIU, Vit E 10 g, Vit. K

2 g, Thiamin 1 g, Riboflavin 5 g, Pyridoxine 1.5 g, Niacin 30 g, Vit. B12 10 mg, Pantothenic

acid 10 g, Folic acid 1.5 g, Biotin 50 mg, Choline chloride 250 g, Manganese 60 g, Zinc 50


408

g, Iron 30 g, Copper 10 g, Iodine 1g, Selenium 0. 10 g, Cobalt 0.10 g. and carrier CaCO3 to

3000 g.

2- According to feed composition Tables of animal and poultry feedstuffs used in Egypt

(2001)

3- Price of one kg (Egyptian pound/Kg) at time of experiment for different ingredients :

yellow corn, 2.29 ; Soy been meal, 5.05; corn gluten , 6.5; Wheat bran, 2.22 ;Soybean oil,

8.5; Di-calcium,4.55 ; limestone, 0.10 ; Vit&Min.,20.0 ; Nacl,0.50 and Meth.,32.0.

Table(2 ): Live body weight and body weight change of local Sinai hens fed diets

contained different levels of calcium and availabl phosphorus during period of 42-58

weeks old.

Factors

Variables

Initial Body weight Final body weight Change body

weight

Calcium (Ca) %

3 1709 1920a 211 a

3.5 1697 1895 ab 198a

4 1706 1863 b 157 b

±SE mean 17.97 16.51 5.55

Significant NS * *

Available Phosphorus (AvP) %

0.24 1700 1899 198 a

0.3 1707 1886 178 b

± SE mean 14.67 13.48 4.53

Significant NS NS *

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3% AvP

0.24%

1709 1927 218

AvP 0.3% 1709 1913 204

Ca 3.5% AvP

0.24%

1690 1908 218

AvP 0.3% 1703 1881 178

Ca 4% AvP

0.24%

1702 1861 159

Av.P 0.3% 1710 1865 155

±SE mean 25.41 23.34 7.84

Significant NS NS NS

a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly

different (p≤0.05)


409

Table (3):Egg production and egg number of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus during

period 42 to 58 weeks old.

Variable

Factors

Egg production%

Age(weeks)

egg number/hen/28day

Age(weeks)

42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58 42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58

Calcium (Ca) %

3 64.81a 66.61a 68.38a 61.3ab 65.39a 18.15a 18.65a 19.15a 17.2ab 73.11a

3.5 55.80c 69.94a 68.69a 63.69a 64.30a 15.63c 19.59a 19.02a 17.84a 72.06a

4 60.79b 60.49b 62.65b 59.00b 60.74b 17.3b 16.94b 17.55b 16.52b 68.02b

±SE mean ±0.94 1.41 1.17 1.08 0.58 0.26 0.40 0.33 0.30 0.62

Significant * * * * * * * * * *

Available phosphorus (Av P) %

0.24 58.38b 64.54 65.48 58.88b 61.74b 16.35b 18.07 18.20 16.49b 69.10b

0.3 62.55a 66.82 67.67 63.79a 65.20a 17.52a 18.71 18.95 17.86a 73.03a

±SE mean ±0.77 1.15 0.95 0.88 0.47 ±0.22 0.32 0.27 .025 0.51

Significant * NS NS * * * NS NS * *

Interaction Ca*P

Ca 3 AvP

0.24

61.31 63.86 66.97a 90.27 63.33b 17.17 17.87 18.75a 16.88 70.67b

AvP 0.3 68.3 69.35 69.79a 62.35 67.45a 19.13 19.42 19.54a 17.46 75.54a

Ca 3.5

AvP

0.24

53.72 71.13 70.69a 61.75 63.86b 15.04 19.92 19.38a 17.29 71.63b

AvP 0.3 57.89 68.75 66.69a 65.62 64.73b 16.21 19.25 18.67a 18.38 72.50b

Ca 4 AvP

0.24

60.12 58.63 58.78b 54.61 58.4c 16.84 16.42 16.46b 15.29 65.00c

AvP 0.3 61.46 62.35 66.52a 63.39 63.43b 17.21 17.46 18.63a 17.75 71.04b

±SE mean 1.33 1.99 1.65 1.53 .082 0.37 0.56 0.47 0.43 0.88

Significant NS NS * NS * NS NS * NS *

a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)


410

Table (4): Egg mass and egg weight of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus during


Variables

Factors

Egg mass g/hen/28 day

Age(weeks)

Egg weight (g)

Age(weeks)

42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58 42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58

Calcium (Ca) %

3 978a 1026a 1065a 975a 4081a 53.83 54.98 55.65 56.79 55.84

3.5 830c 1075a 1063a 1008a 3977a 53.1 54.88 55.90 56.52 55.18

4 894b 907b 958b 913b 3700b 52.54 53.55 54.60 55.29 54.44

±SE mean ±18.5 24.87 19.75 18.50 42.48 ±0.87 0.78 .084 0.80 0.66

Significant * * * * * NS NS NS NS NS

Available phosphorus (AvP)%

0.24 868b 981 1006 928b 3828b 53.07 54.24 55.22 56.30 55.40

0.3 933a 1023 1052 1002a 4010a 53.25 54.70 55.54 56.10 54.90

±SE mean 15.1 20.31 16.13 15.11 34.68 0.71 0.64 0.68 0.65 0.54

Significant * NS NS * * NS NS NS NS NS

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 922 975 1039 966a 3978 53.64 54.49 55.39 57.19 56.29

AvP 0.3 1033 1076 1091 984a 4183 54.03 55.48 55.92 56.39 55.38

Ca 3.5 AvP 0.24 798 1090 1082 971a 3940 52.98 54.69 55.80 56.16 55.00

AvP 0.3 862 1060 1045 1045a 4013 53.22 55.07 56.00 56.89 55.36

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 884 879 897 848b 3566 52.58 53.55 54.48 55.54 54.91

AvP 0.3 903 934 1019 978a 3833 52.49 53.54 54.72 55.03 53.97

±SE mean 26.2 35.17 27.93 26.17 60.07 1.23 1.11 1.18 1.13 0.94

Significant NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS NS NS



411

Table (5): Feed consumption and feed conversion of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available

phosphorus during period 42-58 weeks old.

Variables

Factors

Feed consumption g/hen/day

Age(weeks)

feed conversion g. feed/g. egg mass

Age(weeks)

42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58 42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58

Calcium(Ca) %

3 111.1 114 112.7 111.8 112.4 3.19b 3.13b 2.96b 3.2ab 3.12b

3.5 108.1 114.8 117.8 111.7 113.1 3.7a 3.00b 3.11b 3.11b 3.23b

4 107.8 113.3 119.4 109.4 112.5 3.37ab 3.51c 3.51a 3.38a 3.41a

±SE mean 2.85 0.82 2.42 1.53 0.94 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.05

Significant NS NS NS NS NS * * * * *

Available phosphorus (AvP) %

0.24 108.9 114.1 114.1 111.2 112.1 3.54a 3.29 3.21 3.37a 3.29a

0.3 109.0 114 119.2 110.7 113.2 3.29b 3.13 3.18 3.10b 3.17b

±SE mean 2.32 0.67 1.98 1.25 0.78 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.04

Significant NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS * *

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 110.6 111.4 108.3 112.6 110.7 3.37 3.21 2.91bc 3.27 3.11

AvP 0.3 111.5 116.6 117.1 111.0 114.1 3.03 3.04 3.01bc 3.16 3.05

Ca 3.5 AvP 0.24 112.3 115.2 114.3 110.4 113.0 3.96 2.97 2.97c 3.18 3.22

AvP 0.3 103.9 114.4 121.4 113.0 113.2 3.37 3.03 3.25b 3.03 3.16

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 104.0 115.7 119.8 110.7 112.5 3.29 3.69 3.75a 3.65 3.54

AvP 0.3 111.6 111.0 115.0 108.1 112.4 3.46 3.33 3.27b 3.12 3.29

±SE mean 4.02 1.16 3.42 2.16 1.4 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.1 0.07

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS



412

Table( 6): Egg quality of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus.

Factors Variables

Shape index Yolk index Yolk weight

%

Albumin

weight %

Shell weight

%

Shell

thickness

Haugh units

Calcium (Ca) %

3 0.81a 0.24 33.02 54.83 12.15 0.325 85.83

3.5 0.78b 0.23 32.73 55.24 12.04 0.328 86.08

4 0.8a 0.23 32.97 54.94 12.09 0.328 84.50

±SE 0.01 0.003 0.557 0.569 0.232 0.006 1.254

Significant * NS NS NS NS NS NS

Available Phosphorus( AvP) %

0.24 0.800 0.23 33.12 54.95 11.93 0.324 86.78

0.3 0.796 0.23 32.69 55.06 12.26 0.330 84.17

±SE .005 0.002 0.454 0.47 0.19 0.005 1.02

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 0.82 0.233 33.05 54.66 12.29 0.327 86.00

AvP 0.3 0.81 0.237 32.99 55.00 12.01 0.323 85.67

Ca 3.5

AvP 0.24 0.78 0.227 32.90 55.15 11.96 0.327 87.67

AvP 0.3 0.78 0.230 32.55 55.32 12.13 0.330 84.50

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 0.81 0.230 33.41 55.04 11.55 0.320 86.67

AvP 0.3 0.80 0.227 32.52 54.84 12.64 0.337 82.33

±SE mean 0.008 0.004 0.787 0.805 0.328 0.008 1.773

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS



413

Table( 7): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on reproductive traits of local Sinai hens at 42- 58 weeks of age

Factors Reproductive traits

Fertility % Hatchability% of egg

set

Hatchability% of

fertile egg

Chick weight (g) Eggs

discarded%

Calcium (Ca) %

3 90.00b 81.59b 89.84b 37.65c 16.65b

3.5 92.98ab 86.93a 93.50a 38.89a 13.18c

4 94.70a 90.76a 95.83a 38.23b 24.76a

±SE ±1.22 ±1.44 ±0.84 ±0.13 ±0.55

Significant * * * * *


0.24 91.85b 85.26b 92.78 38.47a 19.54a

0.3 93.27a 87.60a 93.33 38.04b 16.84b

±SE 1.00 1.18 0.68 0.1 0.45

Significant * * NS * *

Interaction Ca*P

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 90.47b 80.03c 88.43c 37.26d 20.89b

AvP 0.3 89.52b 83.15bc 91.25bc 38.04c 12.40d

Ca 3.5

AvP 0.24 92.23ab 86.48abc 93.76ab 39.51a 11.29d

AvP 0.3 93.73ab 87.38ab 93.24ab 38.27bc 15.06c

Ca4 AvP 0.24 92.84ab 89.26ab 96.13a 38.65b 26.45a

AvP 0.3 96.56a 92.26a 95.52a 37.80cd 23.07b

±SE mean 1.73 2.04 1.19 0.18 0.77

Significant * * * * *

a,b,c,d :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)


414

Table (8): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on relative weight of carcass characteristics of local Sinai hens.

Factors

Carcass % Liver % Gizzard % Heart % Giblets % Pancreas % Spleen % Ab.fat%

Calcium (Ca) %

3 64.28 2.76 1.07b 0.47b 4.29 0.16b 0.17 5.93a

3.5 64.42 2.48 1.18ab 0.40ab 4.05 0.15b 0.16 4.07b

4 64.22 2.84 1.23a 0.52a 4.68 0.19a 0.17 4.88ab

±SE 1.05 0.25 0.06 0.03 0.26 0.01 0.02 0.46

Significant NS NS * * NS * NS *


0.24 64.82 2.53 1.14 0.46 4.12 0.16 0.14 4.84

0.3 63.79 2.85 1.24 0.47 4.56 0.17 0.18 5.08

±SE 0.86 0.20 0.05 0.02 0.21 0.1 0.2 0.37

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

Interaction Ca*P

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 64.17 2.49 1.11 0.47 4.06 0.13 0.16 5.64ab

AvP 0.3 64.38 3.02 1.04 0.46 4.52 0.18 0.17 6.22a

Ca 3.5

AvP 0.24 65.11 1.96 1.06 0.38 3.39 0.15 0.13 4.83abc

AvP 0.3 63.73 3.00 1.29 0.43 4.71 0.14 0.19 3.31c

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 65.16 3.15 1.24 0.52 4.91 0.20 0.14 4.05bc

AvP 0.3 63.27 2.52 1.40 0.53 4.45 0.19 0.19 5.71ab

±SE mean 1.49 0.35 0.09 0.04 0.37 0.02 0.03 0.65

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS *



415

Table( 9): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on digestibility coefficient % of nutrients of local Sinai hens.

Factors

Crude protein Ether extract Crude fiber Organic

matter

Nitrogen free

extract

Ash retention

Calcium (Ca) %

3 94.12 49.01a 19.51 78.89 94.97 28.22

3.5 94.69 43.74b 23.11 79.96 96.28 30.66

4 94.45 41.70b 19.08 78.75 95.48 27.62

±SE 0.185 1.48 1.526 0.635 0.44 1.139

Significant NS * NS NS NS NS


0.24 94.41 44.57 19.45 79.41 96.11 29.96

0.3 94.43 45.12 21.68 79.00 95.04 27.70

±SE 0.151 1.206 1.246 0.519 0.36 0.930

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 93.98 49.11 19.25 78.70 95.36 29.51

AvP 0.3 94.26 49.08 19.76 79.08 94.57 26.92

Ca 3.5

AvP 0.24 94.47 42.87 19.53 79.31 96.00 30.14

AvP 0.3 94.92 44.61 26.69 80.61 96.56 31.18

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 94.78 41.73 19.57 80.20 96.96 30.24

AvP 0.3 94.12 41.67 18.58 77.3 94.00 24.99

±SE mean 0.261 ±2.088 ±2.16 ±0.90 ±0.62 1.61

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS

a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different(p≤0.05)


416

Table (10): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on calcium and phosphorus concentrations of the blood, egg shell,

tibia and excreta of local Sinai hens.

Factors

Blood Ca

(mg/dl)

Blood P

(mg/dl)

Shell Ca

(mg/dl)

Shell P

(mg/dl)

Excreta Ca

(mg/dl)

Excreta P

(mg/dl)

Tibia Ca

(mg/dl)

Tibia

P(mg/dl)

Calcium (Ca) %

3 9.33b 8.18 12.60b 1.92c 12.63 7.90ab 14.25 8.57b

3.5 10.75a 7.99 15.10a 3.77b 12.58 7.71b 15.42 8.56b

4 10.07ab 7.77 13.13b 6.62a 13.50 8.18a 15 9.24a

±SE 0.279 0.15 0.379 0.326 0.548 0.108 0.835 0.123

Significant * NS * * NS * NS NS


0.24 10.23 7.96 13.73 3.97 12.68 7.95 16.33 8.35

0.3 9.87 8.01 13.48 4.24 13.13 7.91 13.44 8.10

±SE 0.227 0.12 0.309 0.266 0.448 0.088 0.682 0.123

Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 9.22 8.12 12.50 1.29d 12.21 8.07abc 16.00 8.45

AvP 0.3 9.44 8.24 12.70 2.56cd 13.04 7.74bc 12.50 8.24

Ca 3.5 AvP 0.24

10.67 7.96 15.37 3.61bc 12.67 7.58c 16.50 8.27

AvP 0.3 10.83 8.02 14.83 3.93b 12.50 7.84bc 14.33 7.94

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 10.80 7.79 13.33 6.99a 13.17 8.19a 16.50 8.98

AvP 0.3 9.33 7.76 12.92 6.24a 13.83 8.17ab 13.5 9.49

±SE mean 0.394 0.209 0.536 0.462 0.775 0.15 1.18 0.174

Significant NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS



417

Table( 11): Economic efficiency (EE) of local Sinai layers fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus during


Factors

Parameters of EE

Feed con. Kg

/rep

Feed cost/Kg

(LE) 3

Feed con.

Cost /rep.(LE)

Egg number

/rep

Total return

(LE)

Net return

(LE)

EE*

Calcium (Ca) %

3 100.69 280.89 282.83 585.33 409.73 126.90 0.45a

3.5 101.33 281.11 284.85 576.5 403.55 118.70 0.42a

4 100.77 281.20 283.37 544.17 380.92 97.56 0.34b


0.24 100.43 280.23 281.40 552.78 386.94 105.54 0.38b

0.3 101.43 281.9 285.93 584.56 408.96 123.03 0.43a

Interaction Ca*AvP

Ca 3 AvP 0.24 99.19 279.9 277.63 565.33 395.73 118.10 0.43ab

AvP 0.3 102.19 281.78 287.95 605.33 423.73 135.78 0.47a

Ca 3.5

AvP 0.24 101.27 280.30 283.86 573.00 401.10 117.24 0.41ab

AvP 0.3 101.38 281.91 285.80 580.00 406.00 120.20 0.42ab

Ca 4 AvP 0.24 100.84 280.39 282.75 520.00 364.00 81.25 0.29b

AvP 0.3 100.71 282.0 284.00 568.33 397.83 113.83 0.40ab


* Economic efficiency = Selling income – Cost of feeding / cost of feeding


418

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الملخص العربي

علي األداء اإلنتاجي لدجاج سينا المحلي خالل الفسفور المتاح وتأثير مستويات مختلفة من الكالسيوم

أسبوع من العمر85-24الفترة من

قوت القلوب مصطفي السيد مصطفي، مالك منصور بشارة ، مجدي أحمد عوض حسين، محمد جاد الحق قاسم، عبد

الرحيم عبده عبد الباسط ريحان

جيزةال -الدقي -مركز البحوث الزراعية -معهد بحوث اإلنتاج الحيواني

أسبوع تم وزنهم وتقسيمهم إلي ستة 14(عند عمر ذكر61وأنثي 611طائر سينا ) 611استخدم في الدراسة عدد

معامالت تجريبية وبكل مجموعة ثالث مكررات لتقدير االحتياجات الغذائية من الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح لدجاج السينا

تأثير علي أداء إنتاج البيض و جودة البيض ومعامالت هضم المن العمر وأسبوع 81وحتى 14البياض خالل الفترة من

المركبات الغذائية والكالسيوم والفسفور المحتجز و مستوي الكالسيوم والفسفور في قشرة البيض وعظمة التبيا وسيرم

.االقتصاديةالدم ونسبة الخصوبة والفقس والكفاءة

%1و 3,8و 3املي بحيث تحتوي علي ثالث مستويات من الكالسيومالعالئق التجريبية في تصميم ع وينتم تك

.4,38و 4,41ومستويان من الفسفور

ويمكن تلخيص النتائج المتحصل عليها فيما تلي:

( إلي انخفاض معنوي في وزن الجسم الحي ومعدل التغير في %1أدي المستوي العالي من الكالسيوم في العليقة ) -6

لتجربة.وزن الجسم في نهاية ا

كالسيوم وكذلك بالعليقة المحتوية علي %3.8و 3تحسن معدل إنتاج البيض معنويا بالتغذية علي عليقة تحتوي علي -4

.فسفور متاح 4.3%


422

فسفور % 4.3كالسيوم+%3تحسنت معنويا كفاءة التحويل الغذائي إلنتاج البيض بالتغذية علي عليقة تحتوي على -3

.متاح

.الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح والتداخل بينهما بمستوياتويا جودة البيض لم تتأثر معن -1

وأفضل نسبة خصوبة وفقس في العليقةوالفسفور تحسنت معنويا نسبة الخصوبة والفقس بزيادة مستوي الكالسيوم -8

بيض الغير فوسفور متاح.بينما تحسنت معنويا كل من نسبة ال %4.3كالسيوم+ %1سجلت للمعامالت المحتوية على

فسفور متاح. %4.3كالسيوم %3.8صالح للتفريخ ووزن الكتكوت عند الفقس بالعليقة المحتوية علي

لم تتأثر معامالت الهضم معنويا بالمستويات المختلفة من الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح وبالتداخل بين الكالسيوم -1

كالسيوم . %3سن معنويا بالتغذية علي العليقة المحتوية علي والذي تح األثيريوالفسفور المتاح فيما عدا المستخلص

. بينما %1تالحظ وجود زيادة معنوية في مستوي الفسفور في عظمة الفخذ بزيادة مستوي الكالسيوم في العليقة إلى -7

أدت زيادة فسفور العليقة إلى انخفاض معنوي لمستوي الكالسيوم في عظمة الفخذ .

, قشرة البيضوكالسيوم إلي زيادة معنوية لتركيز الكالسيوم في سيرم الدم %3.8يقة المحتوية علي أدي استخدام العل-1

بينما ذاد معنويا الفسفور في القشرة والزرق بزيادة مستوي الكالسيوم في العليقة.

.متاحفسفور %4.3وكالسيوم %3بالتغذية علي عليقة محتوية علي إلنتاج البيض تحسنت الكفاءة االقتصادية -9

هى أن االحتياجات الغذائية لدجاجات السينا المحلية من الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح إستنتاج من النتائج السابقة يمكن

بينما كانت تلك االحتياجات وكفاءة إقتصادية, لحصول علي أفضل أداء إنتاجيلفسفور متاح %4.3كالسيوم و 3%

أسبوع 81الي 14للحصول علي أفضل أداء للخصوبة والفقس خالل الفترة من فسفور متاح %4.3كالسيوم و 3.8%

من العمر.

effect of different levels of dietary calcium and ... · different levels of calcium (ca) and...

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