Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol (35) (I): (399-422) (2015) (1566)
Egyptian Poultry Science Journal
http://www.epsaegypt.com
ISSN: 1110-5623 (Print) – 2090-0570 (On line)
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY CALCIUM AND
AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF
LOCAL SINAI HENS FROM 42 TO 58 WEEKS OF AGE
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa , M.M. Beshara ,M.A.A. Hussein, M.G. Kasim and
A.A.A. Rehan
Anim. Prod. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center, Ministry of Agric. Dokki, Giza
Received: 15/02/2015 Accepted: 01/03/2015
ABSTRACT: A total number of 166 Sinai birds (144 female and 18 male) at 42 weeks –
old were used, weighed and divided into six treatments of three replicates each to determine
the nutritional requirement of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorous (Av P) for Sinai
laying hens during 42 until 52weeks of age and the effects on laying performance
parameter, egg quality, nutrients digestibility Ca and Av P retention Ca and P in the egg
shell, tibia and blood serum, fertility and hatchability as well as economic efficiency were
measured. The dietary levels of Ca and Av P included 3x2 factorial design (3, 3.5 and 4%
Ca, each contained 0.24 and 0.3 % Av P) . Resulted obtained could be summarized in the
following:
1- Increasing dietary calcium content up to 4% resulted in significantly decreased live
body weight and change body weight in the end of the experimental period.
2- Hens fed diet containing 3, 3.5%Ca and 0.3% AvP significantly increased egg
production percentage.
3- The feed conversion was improved by using diet contained 3% Ca + 0.3% AvP.
4- No significant effects of Ca, AvP and their interaction on egg quality.
5- Increasing dietary Ca or AvP content in the diet significantly improved the fertility
and hatchability. The best value of fertility and hatchability were recorded by hens fed
diet containing 4%Ca + 0.3% AvP. And the chick weight and egg discarded percentage
was significantly improved as dietary Av P increased up to 0.3% and 3.5% Ca.
6- The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were almost similar with dietary
treatments except ether extract which was significantly improved by fed diet contained
3% Ca.
7- A significant increase in tibia P content was recorded with increasing dietary Ca at
4% level.
Key Words: Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
400
8- The diet of 3.5% Ca resulted in a significant increase blood and egg shell Ca
concentration, also the egg shell and excreta P content were significantly increased with
increasing the dietary Ca levels.
9- The greatest value of economic efficiency was obtained by hens fed diet containing
3%Ca and 0.3%AvP.
It could be concluded that the combination of 3% Ca and 0.3% AvP could be used in Sinai
laying hens diets to obtain the maximize productive performance and economic efficiency
as well as 3.5% Ca and 0.3% AvP inclusion during period from 42 to 58 weeks of age
gave the maximize fertility and hatchability values.
INTRODUCTION
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
are considered the main minerals in diets of
layers and breeder , due to their expressive
participation in the metabolism and quality
of the egg shell, the metabolic and
structural function of these minerals in
bone and eggshell formation, are essential
in poultry production (Araujo et al., 2005).
The nutritional role of calcium (Ca) is
closely linked to that of phosphorus (P), it
is known that the use efficiency of Ca and
P is dependent on the quality and
interrelations existing, thus it is of utmost
importance to consider the relations
between Ca and P in the evaluation on their
requirements. More than 70% of animal
body ashes consists of Ca and P, present in
the bones (Mcdowell et al., 1992) . The hen
eggshell consists of 94% of CaCO3, 1% of
MgCO3, 1% of Ca3(PO4)2 and 4% organic
substances (Nys-Gautron et al., 2001).
According to Berne and Levy (1998),
Ca is actively absorbed in all intestinal
segments, particularly in the duodenum and
the jejunum. The speed of Ca absorption is
higher than that of any other ion, except for
Na. Animal fed Ca deficient diets increase
Ca absorption levels, whereas high dietary
levels of this mineral reduce its absorption.
The excess of calcium in the diets can
cause antagonism at the absorption of
minerals, influencing the maintenance of
the homeostasis of these minerals. In
excess, phosphorus may hamper the release
of bone calcium and adequate the
mineralization of the eggshell, whereas the
deficiency in calcium and phosphorus
might result in bad quality of the eggshell
and reduction in the size and production of
eggs.
There are controversy as for the
appropriate level to be used in the diets
from Ca and AvP, NRC (1994) suggests a
Ca requirement of 3.25% for laying hens at
a feed consumption of 100 g/bird per day,
also results obtained with P concur with the
NRC (1994) that reduced requirements
from 400 to 250 mg without affecting
either egg production or eggshell quality
(Snow et al.,2004) while, Lelis et al. (2009)
indicated the level of 2.3 g/kg for
phosphorus. Vieira et al. (2011)
recommended calcium at the level of 34.1
g/kg and Dantas et al. (2010), at level of
41.3 g/kg of diet, whereas Rostagno et al.
(2011) recommended the levels of 40.2
g/kg for calcium and 3.0 g/kg for
phosphorus, Pastore et al. ( 2012) reported
that calcium of 3.51 g/bird/day and
available phosphorus of 289 mg/bird/day,
meet the requirements of calcium and
available phosphorus of white egg layers
through the period from 42 to 58 weeks of
age. Furthermore, P is the third most
expensive component of poultry diets after
energy and amino acids, it is the mineral
that most encumbers the final cost of diets,
even though it is required at low amounts.
Thus, it is necessary to optimize the
utilization of P by poultry to reduce the
cost of feeding (Mustafa et al., 2012)
.There are some factors influence on the
requirements of Ca and Av P such as
genetic, selection, ages , production cycle
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
401
and breeding system. Al-Batshan et al.
(1994) observed that the percentage of shell
decreased from 9.8 to 8.9% and shell
thickness decreased from 0.403 to 0.373
mm through the period from 22 to 57 wks
of age. These authors indicated that aged
hens were less efficient in absorbing Ca
than younger ones. Therefore, increasing -
Ca content of the diet at the end of the
laying cycle might be a good strategy to
attempt to reduce the incidence of broken
eggs. The rate of calcium intake deposited
in the eggshells was higher in cage systems
compared with a floor system depending on
the age of laying hens (Lichovníková and
Zeman, 2008).
Therefore, the objective of this
study was to determine the nutritional
requirement of calcium (Ca) and : available
phosphorus ratio (AvP) for local Sinai
laying hens during the period from 42 to 58
weeks of age.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Birds management: This study was
conducted at El-Serw Poultry Research
Station, Animal Poultry Research Institute,
Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of
Agriculture, Egypt. It is started in
December 2013 and terminated in April
2014. One hundred and sixty two Sinai
birds (144 females and 18 males) 42 weeks
of age were randomly assigned to six
treatments in an experiment that was
conducted from 42 to 58 wk of age. At the
onset of the experiment, birds were
weighed and assigned to treatments in a
completely randomized design in a 3x2 (3
levels of Ca and 2 levels of AvP) factorial
arrangement, based on body weight so that
mean body weight were similar for hens on
all treatments. Each treatment had three
replicates (8 hens and 1 male / replicate).
During the experiment period, birds
received 16 h/day of manipulated lighting
and ventilation at a natural ambient
temperature.
Experimental diets: The experimental diets
were formulated to have similar ME and
protein to satisfy the recommended
requirements of Sinai laying hens (Table 1)
according to Hussein et al., (2010), with
different levels of calcium (Ca) and
available Phosphorus (AvP) 3, 3.5 and 4%
Ca and 0.25 and 0.35 for Av P were used.
All the calcium was supplied as fine
limestone which contained 38% Ca,
whereas, the main source of phosphorous
was di-calcium phosphate which it
consisted of 18% P and 24% Ca. All diets
were offered for ad-libitum. The
experimental period had duration of 16
wks, divided in four sub periods of 28 days
and end at 58 wks of age.
Productive performance and egg quality:
Feed intake of each replicate was recorded
every 28 days in g/hen. Body weight (BW)
was weighed at the beginning and at the
end of the experiment. Egg production, egg
mass, feed conversion ratio as feed
consumed (g) / egg mass (g) were also
determined. At 12 and 15 wks of the
experimental period, 3 eggs /replicate were
collected at random to measure egg quality.
Analytical evaluation of feeds, tibiae and
serum: Digestion trial were done at the end
of experiment by using 3 males per each
treatment .The excreta were collected, dried
and ground well and stored to analysis.
The proximate analysis of
experimental diet and the excreta were
carried out according to the official
methods ( A.O.A.C.,1980 ). The
procedure described by Jakobsen et al.,
(1960) was used for separating fecal
protein in excreta samples. Urinary organic
matter was determined according to Abou
Raya and Galal (1971).
The P and Ca content of the excreta were
determined as described by Boletín Oficial
Estado (2005). At the end of the
experiment, three hens per treatment were
randomly taken, weighed, and slaughter.
The right tibiae was removed and ashed to
determined calcium (Ca) , and phosphorus
( P). Blood samples from each hen were
collected to determine the concentration of
Ca and P in the serum.
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
402
Reproductive traits: Artificial insemination
was used in this study, at 7 and 8 wks of
the experimental period, eggs from each
replicate were weekly collected. The eggs
were set in incubator. Fertility and
hatchability was calculated and hatched
chicks were weighed.
Statistical analysis:
Data were statistically analyzed using
General Linear Models Procedure of the
SPSS program (1997), differences between
treatments were subjected to Duncan´ s
Multiple Range- test (Duncan, 1955). A
factorial design 3x2 was used, considering
the Ca and P levels as the main effects and
the following model was used to study the
effect of main factors and interaction
between Ca and P on parameters
investigated as follows:
Yijk=µ+Ti+Rj+(TR)ij+eij
Where :Yijk=An observation;µ = overall
mean ;T= effect of Ca level; I = (1,2 and 3
); R= effect of P level; j=(1 and 2); TR=
effect of interaction between Ca and Av P ;
and ejik= Experimental error.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results concerned live body weight
(LBW) and change body weight (CBW)
showed that increasing dietary calcium
(Ca) and available phosphorus (AvP)
content resulted in significantly decreased
LBW and CBW at the end of the
experimental period studied compared to
hens fed diet contained 3% and 3.5%
Calcium (Table 2). Whereas, the LBW and
CBW were not affected by the interaction
between the levels of Ca and AvP. On the
contrary, Boling et al. (2000) reported that
average body weight for hens consumed
0.15%AvP was decreased compared to
hens fed diet of 0.45% AvP during period
of 51 to 60 wk of age.
The overall period for egg production
(Table 3) and egg number showed
significantly increased by using 3 and 3.5%
Ca inclusion compared to that of 4% Ca
level. While, 0.3% AvP was significantly
increased egg production and egg number
compared to that of the o.24% AvP at the
end of experimental period and overall
period. The interaction between Ca and
AvP were significantly increased egg
production and egg number at levels of 3%
Ca and 0.3% AvP inclusion for overall
period (46-57 wks).
Egg mass and egg weight of local Sinai
hens through 42 to 58 wks of age as
feeding diets contained different levels of
Ca and AvP are summarized in Table
4.Egg weight had no effect by using Ca and
AvP levels and the interaction between
them. Whereas, egg mass was significantly
affected by using 3% Ca and 0.3% AvP and
interaction between them in the overall
period (42-58 wks).
Results in Table 5 showed no
significant effect of different levels of Ca,
AvP and the interaction between the main
factors on feed consumption during
different interval periods and the whole
periods. Also, feed conversion ratio
significantly improved by incorporating 3%
and 3.5% Ca in the diet during the overall
period as compared to the group fed diet
containing 4% Ca. Hens supplemented with
0.3% AvP had the best significant value of
feed conversion as compared with hens fed
the 0.24% AvP during all studied periods
and the overall period except that of the 46-
49 and 50-53wk of age where no
significant effect was detected. The
interaction of Ca and AvP had no
significant effect on feed conversion during
the all experimental periods except the
period of 50 to 53 wk of the age. The best
interaction for feed conversion resulted by
using diet contained 3% Ca + 0.24% AvP
and 3.5% Ca+0.24% AvP compared to the
other interactions.
The results obtained for the
productive performance were in agreement
with Kashavarz et al. (1993) who found
that no differences in feed intake as feeding
diets contained Ca levels from 3.5 to 5.5%.
Whereas, Roland et al. (1996); Ahmed et
al. (2003) and Frost and Roland (1991)
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
403
reported a linear increase in feed intake
when Ca intake increases. On the other
hand, Araujo et al. (2005) found that feed
intake was decreased when Ca level of diet
increased from 3.5 to 4.2%. Also, Olivera
(2001) observed a quadratic effect, when
3.6% Ca was added to diet, feed intake was
decreased. Along the same line, the results
were in agreement with those reported by
Rodrigues (1995) who found that egg
production was decreased when hens fed
diet contained 4.5% Ca compared to 3.8 %
Ca in the diet. Ahmed et al. (2003) and
Safaa et al. (2008) found that Ca levels had
no effect on feed consumption and egg
weight. Also, Zapata and Gernat (1995)
found that Ca levels had no effect on egg
weight only.
Pelicia et al. (2009) observed no significant
effect of dietary Ca inclusion on egg
weight, feed intake and feed conversion.
El-Gamry et al. (2011) found that egg
production, egg weight and egg mass were
not significantly influenced by the dietary
Ca level of 24 to 33g/Kg for Fayomi laying
hens during 45-57wk of age.
Murata et al. (2009) indicated that egg
production was improved by using 40.5g
Ca/kg in diet and linear effect on egg
weight and feed conversion of white egg
layers fed diets contained Ca ranged from
37.5 to 45.5g/kg of diet.
The results of AvP were similar to the
study of Barreto (1994) who found that P
level below 0.2% were not able to supply
the requirements as layer aged. Also,
Boiling et al. (2000) mentioned that
0.1%AvP was inadequate for maintain egg
production. Pastore et al. (2012) reported
that diets 3.5% Ca met requirements of Ca
of white egg layer through period from 42
to 58 wk of age and 289 mg AvP/hen/day
was adequate level for egg production, this
requirement form AvP was 15.5% lower
than the value obtained in the present
study(342 mg/hen/day)during the same
period, also the recommendation of NRC
(1994) was 250 mg AvP/hen/day.
The interaction between Ca and AvP
indicated that the high level of Ca (4%)
with low level of AvP (0.24%) significantly
decreased egg production, whereas this
effect was compensated by increasing
level of AvP containing diet. These results
were in agreement with Hartel (1990) who
observed that there were significant
performance depression when low P
content with high Ca in the diet but this
defect were treated when dietary P content
was increased. Lelis et al. (2009) studied
effect of different levels of AvP from 2.3 to
4.7 g/Kg with Ca level at 42.g/Kg of diet
for brown egg layers from 50-66 wk of age
and found no differences in laying
performance except egg production. Also,
Rosa et al. (2011) with brown egg layers
aged from 28 to 36 wk of age, no
significant effect of Ca:AvP on feed intake,
egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion.
Higher egg production percentage and best
feed conversion ratio occurred ratio
occurred by using the lower Ca level (3%)
in the current study than 4% Ca in the diet
because of increasing the calcium levels of
the diet. It may be due to the reduction of
the biosynthesis of the protein which was a
carrier of calcium in the duodenum
(Bertechini, 2006), which, in addition to
damaging the functionality of the protein
through increase in the intestinal pH
(Berggard et al., 2000), decreases the
absorptive efficiency of this mineral, which
directly affects the retention of this mineral
by birds. These results prove features of the
calcium metabolism in layers, as
decreasing levels of this mineral in the diet.
So, birds improve the utilization of dietary
calcium, within their physiological limits,
as a form of compensation.
There is no significant effects of Ca,
AvP and their interaction between the main
factors on egg quality, as shown in Table 6,
except that of shape index, where dietary
3.5 % Ca resulted in a significant decreased
in this value compared to 3 and 4% Ca in
the diet.
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
404
The results obtained for egg quality in
function of the calcium levels in the diet
were consistent with those found by Abd
El-Maksoud (2010) and Salama et al.
(2012), who found that egg quality was not
significantly affected by different calcium
levels. Also, Murata et al. (2009) did not
observe influence from the calcium levels
(37.5; 41.5 and 45.5 g/kg) on shell weight
of white egg layers at 57 weeks of age. The
results are in agreement with Pastore et al.
(2012) who found that no significant effect
from the levels of calcium or calcium
:phosphorus ratios at the period from 42 to
58 weeks of age of white egg layers on the
parameters of egg quality. However, Safaa
et al. (2008) improved the shell thickness
of eggs with calcium at the level of 40 g/kg
in comparison with 35 g/kg, keeping the
calcium : phosphorus ratio at 12:1, in a diet
for brown egg layers in the period from 58
to 73 weeks of age.
The effects of the AvP on the egg
quality were consist with those found by
Ekmay and Coon (2010) who reported that
increments in shell quality when used non-
phytate phosphorus (Phosphorus levels
ranged from 0.2% to 0.4% NPP in 0.05%).
The effects of the calcium:
phosphorus ratio on egg quality were in
line with Pelicia et al. (2009) who reported
that no significant effects of dietary Ca and
AvP, or interaction between Ca and AvP
levels on yolk %, albumen %, or Haugh
units. Vellasco et al. (2010), found that no
effect of the calcium: phosphorus ratios
(12.12:1; 10.53:1 and 9.30:1) on shell
weight and shell thickness of white egg
layers. Also, Almeida et al. (2012)
evaluated the calcium levels (37, 40 and 43
g/kg) and calcium: available phosphorus
ratios (9.76:1; 10.81:1 and 12.12:1) in diets
and did not observe effect on shell weight,
and shell thickness white egg layers in
second production cycle. In addition,
Pastore et al. (2012) found that no
significant effect of calcium: phosphorus
ratios was observed in 42 to 58 weeks of
age of white egg layers on egg quality. In
the present study, no differences in eggshell
quality were detected. This is probably
explained by the fact that, in Ca-deficient
diets, there is a better utilization of Ca due
to better intestinal absorption efficiency
whereas, high dietary levels of Ca reduces
absorption (Hamilton and Cipera, 1981).
The results of feeding different
dietary Ca, AvP and their interaction in
reproductive traits are shown in Table 7. It
is clearly that increasing dietary Ca in the
diet significantly improved the hatchability,
but chick weight was decreased by 3 and
4% Ca. The higher level of Ca (4%)
resulted in significantly higher egg
discarded than caused by the 3 and 3.5 %,
meanwhile, in the case of 3.5% Ca the
opposite was true.
Significant effect was observed on
fertility and hatchability by feeding
experimental diets containing 0.24 and
0.3% AvP where, the results showed a
significant improvement by the hens fed
diet with 0.3%AvP as compared to the diet
with 0.24%avP. Also, the chick weight was
significantly improved as dietary AvP
decreased from0.3 to 0.24%. When the low
level of AvP (0.24%) was applied, egg
discarded percentage was significantly
higher than the diet with 0.3% AvP.
The interaction between
concentrations Ca and AvP significantly
influenced on fertility and hatchability,
where the best value were recorded from
the hens fed diet contained 4%Ca + 0.3%
AvP with a significant differences. The best
significantly value of chick weight and egg
discarded was recorded at 3.5%Ca plus
0.24%AvP.
These results illustrated that when
the diet contained 3.5%Ca it is necessary
alter the level of AvP to become 0.24%to
obtain acceptable reproductive
performance. Triyuwanta and Nys (1992)
showed that increasing AvP to amounts as
high as 1% in dwarf broiler breeders did
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
405
not improve fertility, hatchability and
hatching weight. Ekmay and Coon (2010)
showed that reduced dietary AvP did not
negatively impact hatchability or
subsequent progeny performance. Day old
progeny weight was not significantly
different from the breeders fed different
AvP intake from 0.2% to 0.4% AvP in
0.05% increments; and corresponded to a
daily intake of 288, 360, 432, 504 and 576
mg.
Data of carcass characteristics of
local Sinai hens were summarized in Table
8. Carcass, liver, giblets and spleen
percentages were not significantly affected
by the different levels of Ca in the diet.
Gizzard and heart percentages of hens fed
diet containing 4% Ca were significantly
higher than those fed 3%Ca. However, all
records were within the normal values. On
the other hand, abdominal fat was
significantly lower by about 1.86% as hens
fed diet of 3.5% Ca than hens receiving diet
contained 3% Ca. The result consisted with
the findings of reproductive performance
where the diet of 3.5% Ca significantly
improved the hatchability and egg
discarded. In fact, the hens reached the
average of mature live body weight thus
when the hens tended to obesity and
reflects the incidence of abdominal fat
deposition, a matter which is considered a
disadvantage especially with reproductive
performance of hens. Also, it may be
supported by Hulan et al. (1986) who found
that biological performance such as final
live weight was declines as the total Ca
increase in the diets.
All results of relative weight of carcass
and internal organs were not significantly
affected by the two levels of AvP and the
interaction between Ca and AvP, with the
exception of abdominal fat, where the
abdominal fat was significantly lower in
hens fed diet contained 3.5% Ca +0.3%
AvP than those fed all dietary treatments
except the hens fed diet of
3.5%Ca+0.24%AvP.
The effects of different levels of Ca, AvP
and their interaction on digestibility
coefficient of nutrients are presented in
Table 9. The digestibility coefficient of
ether extract of birds fed diet contained 3%
Ca significantly increased by 17.53 and
12.1% compared to the diet contained 4
and 3.5% Ca, respectively. Results
indicated that there was no significant
effect of different levels of AvP and
interaction between Ca * AvP on
digestibility coefficient. The digestion
coefficient of EE closely correlated with
the production performance of Sinai laying
hens, this might be occurred as the calcium
levels of the diet was increased, the
biosynthesis of the protein carrier of
calcium in the duodenum was decreased
(Bertechini, 2006). In addition to damaging
the functionality of the protein through
increase in the intestinal pH (Berggard et
al., 2000), decreases the absorptive
efficiency of this mineral, which directly
affects the retention of this mineral by
birds.
The mean values of Ca and P
concentrations in serum blood, egg shell,
tibia and excreta were given in Table 10. It
is evident that Ca content in serum (mg/dl)
and egg shell (mg/dl) significantly
increased for hens fed diet contained 3.5%
Ca by 15.22% compared to hens fed 3% Ca
diet, While there were non-significant
increased in Ca excreta concentration due
to the high level of Ca in the diet (4%). On
the other hand, no significant response in P
serum content results from different of Ca
diets. However, the average P egg shell and
excreta concentration significantly
increased with Ca level 4%. It was
expected that dietary Av p levels did not
significantly influence on Ca and P serum,
egg shell and excreta concentrations.
There were no significant influence of
the interaction between Ca and Av P on
concentrations of Ca and P in serum and
tibia. However, the results showed that
hens fed diet with 4% Ca*0.24% AvP
resulted in a significant increased in P egg
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
406
shell content, while the P excreta content
was significantly lower with diet contained
3.5% Ca*0.24% AvP.
These results were in line with Pelicia et
al. (2009) who reported that animal fed Ca
deficient diets increase absorption levels,
whereas high dietary levels of Ca reduced
absorption. They found that dietary Ca
level significantly influenced Ca blood
concentration, which was not affected by
AvP or interaction between Ca and AV Pin
the period from 42 to 58 weeks of age.
Similar results were reported by Almedia et
al. (2012) who did not observe from Ca:P
ratio on Ca egg shell content. Vellasco et
al. (2010) suggested calcium: phosphorus
ratio of 12.12:1 (calcium and phosphorus at
3.71 g/bird/day and 306 mg/bird/day,
respectively) for a better quality of egg
shell for white egg layers. Whereas
Rostagno et al. (2011) indicated calcium at
the level of 40.2 g/kg and a calcium:
phosphorus ratio of 13.4:1 in diets for
white egg layers under production
consuming 100 g/bird/day. In the present
experiment, as dietary Ca levels increased,
the birds used part of it and excreted the
excess, despite the increase in blood Ca
concentration. This is explained by the fact
that there two calcium absorption
pathways: one is saturable and the other not
(Bronner, 1987). The saturable pathway
requires Ca-binding proteins, where the
amount is constant in the epithelial cells.
Therefore, when low Ca levels fed, the
ratio between the binding protein and Ca is
higher, promoting higher Ca digestibility.
Hamilton and Cipera (1981) found that in
Ca-deficient diets, there is higher Ca
utilization due to higher efficiency of
intestinal absorption.
Also, The hens fed diet a greater Ca
(4%) the P content in tibia significantly
increased compared to the diet with lower
Ca (3 or 3.5%). Whereas, the AvP had no
effect on all parameters. These results are
consist with Rama-Rao et al. (2003), who
did not verify influence from the calcium
levels on the mineral matter content of the
tibia from white egg layers at 48 weeks of
age, after being fed diets containing six
calcium levels (32.5; 35; 37.5; 40; 42.5;
and 45 g/kg) for 20 weeks, similar results
were found by Safaa et al. (2008), who did
not verify effect from the levels of calcium
(35 and 40 g/kg), keeping the calcium:
phosphorus ratio at 12:1, in birds at 73
weeks of age, also the present by Pelícia et
al. (2011), who did not observe influence
from the calcium levels (30; 37.5; and 45
g/kg) on the calcium content in the tibia.
Some studies prove that low calcium levels
in diets for layers promote bone
mobilization of calcium to meet the need of
the bird and maintain the shell quality
(Schreiweis et al., 2003; Almeida Paz,
2009). Therefore, considering the results
obtained, it is possible to affirm that the
lowest calcium level (3.3 g/hen/day) was
enough to meet the requirements of the
layers, once the mobilization of bone
calcium to maintain the shell quality was
not significant.
In a previous study, Almeida et al.
(2012), evaluating calcium: available
phosphorus ratios (9.76:1; 10.81:1 and
12.12:1) in diets for white egg layers in
second production cycle, also did not find
influence from the calcium :phosphorus
ratio on the contents of calcium (g/kg) or
phosphorus (g/kg) in the tibia of birds.
However, Rose et al. (2011) found
significant effect of calcium: phosphorus
rations (8:1, 11:1 and 14:1) on the contents
of calcium (g/kg) or phosphorus (g/kg) in
the tibia of brown egg layers at 36 weeks of
age.
Results concerning the economic
efficiency (EE) of egg production as
influenced by dietary Ca , AvP and the
interaction between them is shown in Table
(11). EE was closely related to the
prevailing prices of eggs and the cost of
feeding. The greatest value of EE was
produced by hens fed diet containing 3%Ca
followed by diet with 3.5%Ca which were
significantly higher than the diet contained
4% Ca by about 24.4 and 19% respectively.
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
407
Also, the high level of AvP (0.3%) resulted
in significantly higher EE than that caused
by 0.24% AvP in the diet by 11.63%. In
respect of the interaction, hens fed diet
contained 3%Ca*0.3%AvP produced the
highest value than that achieved by 4%
Ca*0.24%AvP.
It could be concluded that the combination
of 3% Ca and 0.3% AvP could be used in
Sinai laying hens diets to maximize the
productive performance and economic
efficiency and 3.5% Ca and 0.3% AvP in
the period from 42 to 58 weeks of age
resulted to maximize fertility and
hatchability.
Table( 1): Composition and calculated nutritional value of experimental diets.
Ingredients
Calcium (Ca)%
3% 3.5% 4%
Available phosphorus (Av P)%
0.24% 0.3% 0.24% 0.3% 0.24% 0.3%
Yellow corn 65 65 65 65 65 65
Soybean meal (44%) 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75
Corn gluten (60%) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Wheat bran 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Soybean oil 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Limestone 7.5 7.3 8.85 8.65 10.2 10.0
Dicalcium phosphate 0.64 1.0 0.64 1.0 0.64 1.0
Salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Premix1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Dl-methionine 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Sand(inert) 2.96 2.80 1.61 1.45 0.26 0.10
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Calculated nutritional values 2
Crude protein% 15.17 15.17 15.17 15.17 15.17 15.17
ME (Kcal / Kg) 2746 2746 2746 2746 2746 2745
Crude fiber% 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09
Crude fat% 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33
Calcium % 3 3 3.5 3.59 4.0 4.0
Total p % 0.429 0.494 0.429 0.494 0.429 0.494
Av P % 238.0 0.304 0.239 0.304 0.239 0.304
Ca g/hen/day 3.321 3.422 3.956 3.96 4.502 4.496
Av. P mg/hen/day 266 342 271 340 270 337
Methionine% 0.339 0.339 0.339 0.339 0.339 0.339
Methionine+cystin% 0.598 0.599 0.599 0.599 0.599 0.599
Price (LE/kg) 3 279.99 281.78 280.30 281.91 280.39 282.00
1- Each 3 kg of the Vit and Min. contains: Vit. A 10 MIU, Vit. D 2 MIU, Vit E 10 g, Vit. K
2 g, Thiamin 1 g, Riboflavin 5 g, Pyridoxine 1.5 g, Niacin 30 g, Vit. B12 10 mg, Pantothenic
acid 10 g, Folic acid 1.5 g, Biotin 50 mg, Choline chloride 250 g, Manganese 60 g, Zinc 50
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
408
g, Iron 30 g, Copper 10 g, Iodine 1g, Selenium 0. 10 g, Cobalt 0.10 g. and carrier CaCO3 to
3000 g.
2- According to feed composition Tables of animal and poultry feedstuffs used in Egypt
(2001)
3- Price of one kg (Egyptian pound/Kg) at time of experiment for different ingredients :
yellow corn, 2.29 ; Soy been meal, 5.05; corn gluten , 6.5; Wheat bran, 2.22 ;Soybean oil,
8.5; Di-calcium,4.55 ; limestone, 0.10 ; Vit&Min.,20.0 ; Nacl,0.50 and Meth.,32.0.
Table(2 ): Live body weight and body weight change of local Sinai hens fed diets
contained different levels of calcium and availabl phosphorus during period of 42-58
weeks old.
Factors
Variables
Initial Body weight Final body weight Change body
weight
Calcium (Ca) %
3 1709 1920a 211 a
3.5 1697 1895 ab 198a
4 1706 1863 b 157 b
±SE mean 17.97 16.51 5.55
Significant NS * *
Available Phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 1700 1899 198 a
0.3 1707 1886 178 b
± SE mean 14.67 13.48 4.53
Significant NS NS *
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3% AvP
0.24%
1709 1927 218
AvP 0.3% 1709 1913 204
Ca 3.5% AvP
0.24%
1690 1908 218
AvP 0.3% 1703 1881 178
Ca 4% AvP
0.24%
1702 1861 159
Av.P 0.3% 1710 1865 155
±SE mean 25.41 23.34 7.84
Significant NS NS NS
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (p≤0.05)
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
409
Table (3):Egg production and egg number of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus during
period 42 to 58 weeks old.
Variable
Factors
Egg production%
Age(weeks)
egg number/hen/28day
Age(weeks)
42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58 42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58
Calcium (Ca) %
3 64.81a 66.61a 68.38a 61.3ab 65.39a 18.15a 18.65a 19.15a 17.2ab 73.11a
3.5 55.80c 69.94a 68.69a 63.69a 64.30a 15.63c 19.59a 19.02a 17.84a 72.06a
4 60.79b 60.49b 62.65b 59.00b 60.74b 17.3b 16.94b 17.55b 16.52b 68.02b
±SE mean ±0.94 1.41 1.17 1.08 0.58 0.26 0.40 0.33 0.30 0.62
Significant * * * * * * * * * *
Available phosphorus (Av P) %
0.24 58.38b 64.54 65.48 58.88b 61.74b 16.35b 18.07 18.20 16.49b 69.10b
0.3 62.55a 66.82 67.67 63.79a 65.20a 17.52a 18.71 18.95 17.86a 73.03a
±SE mean ±0.77 1.15 0.95 0.88 0.47 ±0.22 0.32 0.27 .025 0.51
Significant * NS NS * * * NS NS * *
Interaction Ca*P
Ca 3 AvP
0.24
61.31 63.86 66.97a 90.27 63.33b 17.17 17.87 18.75a 16.88 70.67b
AvP 0.3 68.3 69.35 69.79a 62.35 67.45a 19.13 19.42 19.54a 17.46 75.54a
Ca 3.5
AvP
0.24
53.72 71.13 70.69a 61.75 63.86b 15.04 19.92 19.38a 17.29 71.63b
AvP 0.3 57.89 68.75 66.69a 65.62 64.73b 16.21 19.25 18.67a 18.38 72.50b
Ca 4 AvP
0.24
60.12 58.63 58.78b 54.61 58.4c 16.84 16.42 16.46b 15.29 65.00c
AvP 0.3 61.46 62.35 66.52a 63.39 63.43b 17.21 17.46 18.63a 17.75 71.04b
±SE mean 1.33 1.99 1.65 1.53 .082 0.37 0.56 0.47 0.43 0.88
Significant NS NS * NS * NS NS * NS *
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
410
Table (4): Egg mass and egg weight of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus during
period 42 to 58 weeks old.
Variables
Factors
Egg mass g/hen/28 day
Age(weeks)
Egg weight (g)
Age(weeks)
42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58 42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58
Calcium (Ca) %
3 978a 1026a 1065a 975a 4081a 53.83 54.98 55.65 56.79 55.84
3.5 830c 1075a 1063a 1008a 3977a 53.1 54.88 55.90 56.52 55.18
4 894b 907b 958b 913b 3700b 52.54 53.55 54.60 55.29 54.44
±SE mean ±18.5 24.87 19.75 18.50 42.48 ±0.87 0.78 .084 0.80 0.66
Significant * * * * * NS NS NS NS NS
Available phosphorus (AvP)%
0.24 868b 981 1006 928b 3828b 53.07 54.24 55.22 56.30 55.40
0.3 933a 1023 1052 1002a 4010a 53.25 54.70 55.54 56.10 54.90
±SE mean 15.1 20.31 16.13 15.11 34.68 0.71 0.64 0.68 0.65 0.54
Significant * NS NS * * NS NS NS NS NS
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 922 975 1039 966a 3978 53.64 54.49 55.39 57.19 56.29
AvP 0.3 1033 1076 1091 984a 4183 54.03 55.48 55.92 56.39 55.38
Ca 3.5 AvP 0.24 798 1090 1082 971a 3940 52.98 54.69 55.80 56.16 55.00
AvP 0.3 862 1060 1045 1045a 4013 53.22 55.07 56.00 56.89 55.36
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 884 879 897 848b 3566 52.58 53.55 54.48 55.54 54.91
AvP 0.3 903 934 1019 978a 3833 52.49 53.54 54.72 55.03 53.97
±SE mean 26.2 35.17 27.93 26.17 60.07 1.23 1.11 1.18 1.13 0.94
Significant NS NS NS * NS NS NS NS NS NS
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
411
Table (5): Feed consumption and feed conversion of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available
phosphorus during period 42-58 weeks old.
Variables
Factors
Feed consumption g/hen/day
Age(weeks)
feed conversion g. feed/g. egg mass
Age(weeks)
42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58 42-46 46-50 50-54 54-58 42-58
Calcium(Ca) %
3 111.1 114 112.7 111.8 112.4 3.19b 3.13b 2.96b 3.2ab 3.12b
3.5 108.1 114.8 117.8 111.7 113.1 3.7a 3.00b 3.11b 3.11b 3.23b
4 107.8 113.3 119.4 109.4 112.5 3.37ab 3.51c 3.51a 3.38a 3.41a
±SE mean 2.85 0.82 2.42 1.53 0.94 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.05
Significant NS NS NS NS NS * * * * *
Available phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 108.9 114.1 114.1 111.2 112.1 3.54a 3.29 3.21 3.37a 3.29a
0.3 109.0 114 119.2 110.7 113.2 3.29b 3.13 3.18 3.10b 3.17b
±SE mean 2.32 0.67 1.98 1.25 0.78 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.04
Significant NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS * *
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 110.6 111.4 108.3 112.6 110.7 3.37 3.21 2.91bc 3.27 3.11
AvP 0.3 111.5 116.6 117.1 111.0 114.1 3.03 3.04 3.01bc 3.16 3.05
Ca 3.5 AvP 0.24 112.3 115.2 114.3 110.4 113.0 3.96 2.97 2.97c 3.18 3.22
AvP 0.3 103.9 114.4 121.4 113.0 113.2 3.37 3.03 3.25b 3.03 3.16
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 104.0 115.7 119.8 110.7 112.5 3.29 3.69 3.75a 3.65 3.54
AvP 0.3 111.6 111.0 115.0 108.1 112.4 3.46 3.33 3.27b 3.12 3.29
±SE mean 4.02 1.16 3.42 2.16 1.4 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.1 0.07
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
412
Table( 6): Egg quality of local Sinai hens fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus.
Factors Variables
Shape index Yolk index Yolk weight
%
Albumin
weight %
Shell weight
%
Shell
thickness
Haugh units
Calcium (Ca) %
3 0.81a 0.24 33.02 54.83 12.15 0.325 85.83
3.5 0.78b 0.23 32.73 55.24 12.04 0.328 86.08
4 0.8a 0.23 32.97 54.94 12.09 0.328 84.50
±SE 0.01 0.003 0.557 0.569 0.232 0.006 1.254
Significant * NS NS NS NS NS NS
Available Phosphorus( AvP) %
0.24 0.800 0.23 33.12 54.95 11.93 0.324 86.78
0.3 0.796 0.23 32.69 55.06 12.26 0.330 84.17
±SE .005 0.002 0.454 0.47 0.19 0.005 1.02
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 0.82 0.233 33.05 54.66 12.29 0.327 86.00
AvP 0.3 0.81 0.237 32.99 55.00 12.01 0.323 85.67
Ca 3.5
AvP 0.24 0.78 0.227 32.90 55.15 11.96 0.327 87.67
AvP 0.3 0.78 0.230 32.55 55.32 12.13 0.330 84.50
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 0.81 0.230 33.41 55.04 11.55 0.320 86.67
AvP 0.3 0.80 0.227 32.52 54.84 12.64 0.337 82.33
±SE mean 0.008 0.004 0.787 0.805 0.328 0.008 1.773
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
413
Table( 7): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on reproductive traits of local Sinai hens at 42- 58 weeks of age
Factors Reproductive traits
Fertility % Hatchability% of egg
set
Hatchability% of
fertile egg
Chick weight (g) Eggs
discarded%
Calcium (Ca) %
3 90.00b 81.59b 89.84b 37.65c 16.65b
3.5 92.98ab 86.93a 93.50a 38.89a 13.18c
4 94.70a 90.76a 95.83a 38.23b 24.76a
±SE ±1.22 ±1.44 ±0.84 ±0.13 ±0.55
Significant * * * * *
Available Phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 91.85b 85.26b 92.78 38.47a 19.54a
0.3 93.27a 87.60a 93.33 38.04b 16.84b
±SE 1.00 1.18 0.68 0.1 0.45
Significant * * NS * *
Interaction Ca*P
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 90.47b 80.03c 88.43c 37.26d 20.89b
AvP 0.3 89.52b 83.15bc 91.25bc 38.04c 12.40d
Ca 3.5
AvP 0.24 92.23ab 86.48abc 93.76ab 39.51a 11.29d
AvP 0.3 93.73ab 87.38ab 93.24ab 38.27bc 15.06c
Ca4 AvP 0.24 92.84ab 89.26ab 96.13a 38.65b 26.45a
AvP 0.3 96.56a 92.26a 95.52a 37.80cd 23.07b
±SE mean 1.73 2.04 1.19 0.18 0.77
Significant * * * * *
a,b,c,d :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
414
Table (8): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on relative weight of carcass characteristics of local Sinai hens.
Factors
Carcass % Liver % Gizzard % Heart % Giblets % Pancreas % Spleen % Ab.fat%
Calcium (Ca) %
3 64.28 2.76 1.07b 0.47b 4.29 0.16b 0.17 5.93a
3.5 64.42 2.48 1.18ab 0.40ab 4.05 0.15b 0.16 4.07b
4 64.22 2.84 1.23a 0.52a 4.68 0.19a 0.17 4.88ab
±SE 1.05 0.25 0.06 0.03 0.26 0.01 0.02 0.46
Significant NS NS * * NS * NS *
Available Phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 64.82 2.53 1.14 0.46 4.12 0.16 0.14 4.84
0.3 63.79 2.85 1.24 0.47 4.56 0.17 0.18 5.08
±SE 0.86 0.20 0.05 0.02 0.21 0.1 0.2 0.37
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Interaction Ca*P
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 64.17 2.49 1.11 0.47 4.06 0.13 0.16 5.64ab
AvP 0.3 64.38 3.02 1.04 0.46 4.52 0.18 0.17 6.22a
Ca 3.5
AvP 0.24 65.11 1.96 1.06 0.38 3.39 0.15 0.13 4.83abc
AvP 0.3 63.73 3.00 1.29 0.43 4.71 0.14 0.19 3.31c
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 65.16 3.15 1.24 0.52 4.91 0.20 0.14 4.05bc
AvP 0.3 63.27 2.52 1.40 0.53 4.45 0.19 0.19 5.71ab
±SE mean 1.49 0.35 0.09 0.04 0.37 0.02 0.03 0.65
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS *
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
415
Table( 9): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on digestibility coefficient % of nutrients of local Sinai hens.
Factors
Crude protein Ether extract Crude fiber Organic
matter
Nitrogen free
extract
Ash retention
Calcium (Ca) %
3 94.12 49.01a 19.51 78.89 94.97 28.22
3.5 94.69 43.74b 23.11 79.96 96.28 30.66
4 94.45 41.70b 19.08 78.75 95.48 27.62
±SE 0.185 1.48 1.526 0.635 0.44 1.139
Significant NS * NS NS NS NS
Available Phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 94.41 44.57 19.45 79.41 96.11 29.96
0.3 94.43 45.12 21.68 79.00 95.04 27.70
±SE 0.151 1.206 1.246 0.519 0.36 0.930
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 93.98 49.11 19.25 78.70 95.36 29.51
AvP 0.3 94.26 49.08 19.76 79.08 94.57 26.92
Ca 3.5
AvP 0.24 94.47 42.87 19.53 79.31 96.00 30.14
AvP 0.3 94.92 44.61 26.69 80.61 96.56 31.18
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 94.78 41.73 19.57 80.20 96.96 30.24
AvP 0.3 94.12 41.67 18.58 77.3 94.00 24.99
±SE mean 0.261 ±2.088 ±2.16 ±0.90 ±0.62 1.61
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different(p≤0.05)
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
416
Table (10): Effect of different levels of calcium and available phosphorus on calcium and phosphorus concentrations of the blood, egg shell,
tibia and excreta of local Sinai hens.
Factors
Blood Ca
(mg/dl)
Blood P
(mg/dl)
Shell Ca
(mg/dl)
Shell P
(mg/dl)
Excreta Ca
(mg/dl)
Excreta P
(mg/dl)
Tibia Ca
(mg/dl)
Tibia
P(mg/dl)
Calcium (Ca) %
3 9.33b 8.18 12.60b 1.92c 12.63 7.90ab 14.25 8.57b
3.5 10.75a 7.99 15.10a 3.77b 12.58 7.71b 15.42 8.56b
4 10.07ab 7.77 13.13b 6.62a 13.50 8.18a 15 9.24a
±SE 0.279 0.15 0.379 0.326 0.548 0.108 0.835 0.123
Significant * NS * * NS * NS NS
Available Phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 10.23 7.96 13.73 3.97 12.68 7.95 16.33 8.35
0.3 9.87 8.01 13.48 4.24 13.13 7.91 13.44 8.10
±SE 0.227 0.12 0.309 0.266 0.448 0.088 0.682 0.123
Significant NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 9.22 8.12 12.50 1.29d 12.21 8.07abc 16.00 8.45
AvP 0.3 9.44 8.24 12.70 2.56cd 13.04 7.74bc 12.50 8.24
Ca 3.5 AvP 0.24
10.67 7.96 15.37 3.61bc 12.67 7.58c 16.50 8.27
AvP 0.3 10.83 8.02 14.83 3.93b 12.50 7.84bc 14.33 7.94
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 10.80 7.79 13.33 6.99a 13.17 8.19a 16.50 8.98
AvP 0.3 9.33 7.76 12.92 6.24a 13.83 8.17ab 13.5 9.49
±SE mean 0.394 0.209 0.536 0.462 0.775 0.15 1.18 0.174
Significant NS NS NS NS NS * NS NS
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
Calcium, Available Phosphorus, Productive, Reproductive and Local Hens.
417
Table( 11): Economic efficiency (EE) of local Sinai layers fed diets contained different levels of calcium and available phosphorus during
period 42 to 58 weeks old.
Factors
Parameters of EE
Feed con. Kg
/rep
Feed cost/Kg
(LE) 3
Feed con.
Cost /rep.(LE)
Egg number
/rep
Total return
(LE)
Net return
(LE)
EE*
Calcium (Ca) %
3 100.69 280.89 282.83 585.33 409.73 126.90 0.45a
3.5 101.33 281.11 284.85 576.5 403.55 118.70 0.42a
4 100.77 281.20 283.37 544.17 380.92 97.56 0.34b
Available Phosphorus (AvP) %
0.24 100.43 280.23 281.40 552.78 386.94 105.54 0.38b
0.3 101.43 281.9 285.93 584.56 408.96 123.03 0.43a
Interaction Ca*AvP
Ca 3 AvP 0.24 99.19 279.9 277.63 565.33 395.73 118.10 0.43ab
AvP 0.3 102.19 281.78 287.95 605.33 423.73 135.78 0.47a
Ca 3.5
AvP 0.24 101.27 280.30 283.86 573.00 401.10 117.24 0.41ab
AvP 0.3 101.38 281.91 285.80 580.00 406.00 120.20 0.42ab
Ca 4 AvP 0.24 100.84 280.39 282.75 520.00 364.00 81.25 0.29b
AvP 0.3 100.71 282.0 284.00 568.33 397.83 113.83 0.40ab
a,b,c :means in the same row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p≤0.05)
* Economic efficiency = Selling income – Cost of feeding / cost of feeding
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
418
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الملخص العربي
علي األداء اإلنتاجي لدجاج سينا المحلي خالل الفسفور المتاح وتأثير مستويات مختلفة من الكالسيوم
أسبوع من العمر85-24الفترة من
قوت القلوب مصطفي السيد مصطفي، مالك منصور بشارة ، مجدي أحمد عوض حسين، محمد جاد الحق قاسم، عبد
الرحيم عبده عبد الباسط ريحان
جيزةال -الدقي -مركز البحوث الزراعية -معهد بحوث اإلنتاج الحيواني
أسبوع تم وزنهم وتقسيمهم إلي ستة 14(عند عمر ذكر61وأنثي 611طائر سينا ) 611استخدم في الدراسة عدد
معامالت تجريبية وبكل مجموعة ثالث مكررات لتقدير االحتياجات الغذائية من الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح لدجاج السينا
تأثير علي أداء إنتاج البيض و جودة البيض ومعامالت هضم المن العمر وأسبوع 81وحتى 14البياض خالل الفترة من
المركبات الغذائية والكالسيوم والفسفور المحتجز و مستوي الكالسيوم والفسفور في قشرة البيض وعظمة التبيا وسيرم
.االقتصاديةالدم ونسبة الخصوبة والفقس والكفاءة
%1و 3,8و 3املي بحيث تحتوي علي ثالث مستويات من الكالسيومالعالئق التجريبية في تصميم ع وينتم تك
.4,38و 4,41ومستويان من الفسفور
ويمكن تلخيص النتائج المتحصل عليها فيما تلي:
( إلي انخفاض معنوي في وزن الجسم الحي ومعدل التغير في %1أدي المستوي العالي من الكالسيوم في العليقة ) -6
لتجربة.وزن الجسم في نهاية ا
كالسيوم وكذلك بالعليقة المحتوية علي %3.8و 3تحسن معدل إنتاج البيض معنويا بالتغذية علي عليقة تحتوي علي -4
.فسفور متاح 4.3%
Kout Elkloub,M.El.Moustafa et al .
422
فسفور % 4.3كالسيوم+%3تحسنت معنويا كفاءة التحويل الغذائي إلنتاج البيض بالتغذية علي عليقة تحتوي على -3
.متاح
.الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح والتداخل بينهما بمستوياتويا جودة البيض لم تتأثر معن -1
وأفضل نسبة خصوبة وفقس في العليقةوالفسفور تحسنت معنويا نسبة الخصوبة والفقس بزيادة مستوي الكالسيوم -8
بيض الغير فوسفور متاح.بينما تحسنت معنويا كل من نسبة ال %4.3كالسيوم+ %1سجلت للمعامالت المحتوية على
فسفور متاح. %4.3كالسيوم %3.8صالح للتفريخ ووزن الكتكوت عند الفقس بالعليقة المحتوية علي
لم تتأثر معامالت الهضم معنويا بالمستويات المختلفة من الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح وبالتداخل بين الكالسيوم -1
كالسيوم . %3سن معنويا بالتغذية علي العليقة المحتوية علي والذي تح األثيريوالفسفور المتاح فيما عدا المستخلص
. بينما %1تالحظ وجود زيادة معنوية في مستوي الفسفور في عظمة الفخذ بزيادة مستوي الكالسيوم في العليقة إلى -7
أدت زيادة فسفور العليقة إلى انخفاض معنوي لمستوي الكالسيوم في عظمة الفخذ .
, قشرة البيضوكالسيوم إلي زيادة معنوية لتركيز الكالسيوم في سيرم الدم %3.8يقة المحتوية علي أدي استخدام العل-1
بينما ذاد معنويا الفسفور في القشرة والزرق بزيادة مستوي الكالسيوم في العليقة.
.متاحفسفور %4.3وكالسيوم %3بالتغذية علي عليقة محتوية علي إلنتاج البيض تحسنت الكفاءة االقتصادية -9
هى أن االحتياجات الغذائية لدجاجات السينا المحلية من الكالسيوم والفسفور المتاح إستنتاج من النتائج السابقة يمكن
بينما كانت تلك االحتياجات وكفاءة إقتصادية, لحصول علي أفضل أداء إنتاجيلفسفور متاح %4.3كالسيوم و 3%
أسبوع 81الي 14للحصول علي أفضل أداء للخصوبة والفقس خالل الفترة من فسفور متاح %4.3كالسيوم و 3.8%
من العمر.