eec-484/584 computer networks lecture 4 wenbing zhao (part of the slides are based on drs. kurose...
DESCRIPTION
2/18/2016 EEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing Zhao The World Wide Web Creation of Tim Berners-Lee, in 1989 CERN nuclear physics research Mosaic – first graphical interface, creation of Marc Andersson (and others), precursor to Netscape Uses a client-server architecture Web server Web browser Runs on HTTP over TCPTRANSCRIPT
EEC-484/584EEC-484/584Computer Computer NetworksNetworks
Lecture 4Lecture 4
Wenbing ZhaoWenbing [email protected] (Part of the slides are based on Drs. Kurose & Ross(Part of the slides are based on Drs. Kurose & Ross’’s s slides for their slides for their Computer Networking Computer Networking bookbook))
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Administrative: Lab1 (instruction posted online): Wednesday Lab report requirement:
Typed hardcopy, must include questions/tasks, your answers, and snapshots to backup your answers
Today’s topics Web and HTTP
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web Creation of Tim Berners-Lee, in 1989 CERN nuclear
physics research Mosaic – first graphical interface, creation of Marc Andersson
(and others), precursor to Netscape Uses a client-server architecture
Web server Web browser
Runs on HTTP over TCP
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Web and HTTPWeb and HTTP Web page consists of objects Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet,
audio file,… A Web page consists of a base HTML-file which
includes several referenced objects Each object is addressable by a URL The idea of having one page point to another is called
hypertext Invented by Vannevar Bush, a MIT EE professor, in 1945
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
URL – Uniform Resource URL – Uniform Resource LocaterLocater Example URL:
URL encodes three types of information What is the page called – local path name uniquely
indicating the specific page Where is the page located – Host name of the server on
which the page is located How can the page be accessed – protocol, e.g., http, ftp
http://www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif
host name path nameprotocol name
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP OverviewHTTP OverviewHTTP: HyperText
Transfer Protocol Web’s application layer
protocol client/server model HTTP 1.0: RFC 1945 HTTP 1.1: RFC 2068
PC runningExplorer
Server running
Apache Webserver
Mac runningNavigator
HTTP request
HTTP request
HTTP response
HTTP response
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP OverviewHTTP Overview Client initiates TCP connection (creates
socket) to server, port 80 Server accepts TCP connection from client HTTP messages (application-layer protocol
messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server)
TCP connection closed
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP OverviewHTTP Overview HTTP is “stateless”
Server maintains no information about past client requests
Protocols that maintain “state” are complex! Past history (state) must be maintained If server/client crashes, their views of “state” may
be inconsistent, must be reconciled
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP ConnectionsHTTP ConnectionsNonpersistent HTTP At most one object is
sent over a TCP connection
HTTP/1.0 uses nonpersistent HTTP
Persistent HTTP Multiple objects can be
sent over single TCP connection between client and server
HTTP/1.1 uses persistent connections in default mode
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Nonpersistent HTTPNonpersistent HTTPSuppose user enters URL http://www.someSchool.edu/someDept/home.index
1a. HTTP client initiates TCP connection to HTTP server at www.someSchool.edu on port 80
2. HTTP client sends HTTP request message (containing URL) into TCP connection socket. Message indicates that client wants object someDept/home.index
1b. HTTP server at host www.someSchool.edu waiting for TCP connection at port 80. “accepts” connection, notifying client
3. HTTP server receives request message, forms response message containing requested object, and sends message into its sockettime
(contains text, references to 10 jpeg images)
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Nonpersistent HTTPNonpersistent HTTP
5. HTTP client receives response message containing html file, displays html. Parsing html file, finds 10 referenced jpeg objects
6. Steps 1-5 repeated for each of 10 jpeg objects
4. HTTP server closes TCP connection.
time
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Non-Persistent HTTP: Non-Persistent HTTP: Response TimeResponse Time
Definition of RTT: time to send a small packet to travel from client to server and back (Round Trip Time)
time to transmit file
initiate TCPconnection
RTT
requestfile
RTT
filereceived
time time
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Non-Persistent HTTP: Response Non-Persistent HTTP: Response TimeTimeResponse time: one RTT to initiate TCP connection one RTT for HTTP request and first few bytes
of HTTP response to return file transmission timeTotal = 2RTT+transmission time
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Non-Persistent HTTP Issues Requires 2 RTTs per object OS overhead for each TCP connection
To reduce response time, browsers often open parallel TCP connections to
fetch referenced objects
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Persistent HTTPPersistent HTTP Server leaves connection open after sending
response Subsequent HTTP messages between same
client/server sent over open connection
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Persistent HTTPPersistent HTTPPersistent without pipelining: Client issues new request only when previous response has
been received One RTT for each referenced object
Persistent with pipelining: Default in HTTP/1.1 Multiple requests are sent over the same connection
concurrently. That is, after the first request, the second request is sent before the reply for the first request is received
As little as one RTT for all the referenced objects
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP Request MessageHTTP Request Message Two types of HTTP messages: request, response HTTP request message:
ASCII (human-readable format)
GET /somedir/page.html HTTP/1.1Host: www.someschool.edu User-agent: Mozilla/4.0Connection: close Accept-language:fr
(extra carriage return, line feed)
request line(GET, POST,
HEAD commands)
header lines
Carriage return, line feed
indicates end of message
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP Request Message: HTTP Request Message: General FormatGeneral Format
HTTP header is pure ASCII based. It is very different from lower layer protocols such as TCP, which is binary based
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Method TypesMethod TypesHTTP/1.0 GET POST HEAD
Asks server to include only the header part in response
HTTP/1.1 GET, POST, HEAD PUT
Uploads file in entity body to path specified in URL field
DELETE Deletes file specified in
the URL field
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP Response MessageHTTP Response Message
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection closeDate: Thu, 06 Aug 1998 12:00:15 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix) Last-Modified: Mon, 22 Jun 1998 …... Content-Length: 6821 Content-Type: text/html data data data data data ...
status line(protocol
status codestatus phrase)
header lines
data, e.g., requestedHTML file
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
HTTP Response Status CodesHTTP Response Status Codes
200 OK request succeeded, requested object later in this message
301 Moved Permanently requested object moved, new location specified later in this
message (Location:)400 Bad Request
request message not understood by server404 Not Found
requested document not found on this server505 HTTP Version Not Supported
Status code is in first line of the response message:
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Web CachingWeb Caching
user sets browser: Web accesses via proxy server
browser sends all HTTP requests to proxy server object in cache: returns
cached object else cache requests
object from origin server, then returns object to client
Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server
client
Proxyserver
client
HTTP request
HTTP request
HTTP response
HTTP response
HTTP request
HTTP response
origin server
origin server
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
More about Web CachingMore about Web Caching Proxy server acts as both
client and server Typically proxy server is
installed by ISP (university, company, residential ISP)
Why Web caching? Reduce response time for
client request Reduce traffic on an
institution’s access link Internet dense with caches:
enables “poor” content providers to effectively deliver content
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Conditional GET: HTTP Build-Conditional GET: HTTP Build-in Support for Cachingin Support for Caching
Goal: don’t send object if cache is up-to-date
Proxy server: specify date of cached copy in HTTP requestIf-modified-since: <date>
Origin server: response contains no object if cached copy is up-to-date: HTTP/1.0 304 Not Modified
Proxy server
Origin Server
HTTP request msgIf-modified-since:
<date>
HTTP responseHTTP/1.0
304 Not Modified
object not
modified
HTTP request msgIf-modified-since:
<date>
HTTP responseHTTP/1.0 200 OK
<data>
object modified
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Non-Caching Example Non-Caching Example Assumptions Average object size =
100,000 bits Avg. request rate from
institution’s browsers to origin servers = 15/sec
Delay from institutional router to any origin server and back to router = 2 sec
originservers
public Internet
institutionalnetwork 10 Mbps LAN
1.5 Mbps access link
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Non-Caching Example Non-Caching Example Consequences Utilization on LAN = 15% Utilization on access link =
100% Total delay = Internet delay
+ access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes +
milliseconds
originservers
public Internet
institutionalnetwork 10 Mbps LAN
1.5 Mbps access link
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Non-Caching ExampleNon-Caching ExamplePossible solution Increase bandwidth of
access link to, say, 10 Mbps
Consequences Utilization on LAN = 15% Utilization on access link = 15% Total delay = Internet delay +
access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + msecs + msecs Often a costly upgrade
originservers
public Internet
institutionalnetwork 10 Mbps LAN
10 Mbps access link
05/04/2305/04/23 EEC-484/584: Computer NetworksEEC-484/584: Computer Networks Wenbing ZhaoWenbing Zhao
Caching ExampleCaching ExampleInstall proxy server Suppose hit rate is 0.4Consequence 40% requests will be satisfied almost
immediately 60% requests satisfied by origin
server Utilization of access link reduced
to 60%, resulting in negligible delays (say 10 msec)
Total avg delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = .6*(2.01) secs + .4*milliseconds < 1.4 secs
originservers
public Internet
institutionalnetwork 10 Mbps LAN
1.5 Mbps access link
InstitutionalProxy server