EE5900 Advanced Embedded System For Smart Infrastructure

Dr. Shiyan HuEERC 518

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan Technological University

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Class Time and Office Hour

Class Time: MWF 14:05-14:55 (EERC 216) Office Hours: MWF 15:00-15:50 or by appointment, office: EERC

731 Textbook (suggested)

– Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, William H. Kersting. CRC Press, 2012.

Grading: – Homework 25%

– Project 50%

– Exams 25%

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Course Website

http://www.ece.mtu.edu/faculty/shiyan/EE5900Spring14.htm Contact information of instructor

– Email: shiyan@mtu.edu

– EERC 518

– Instructor’s webpage: http://www.ece.mtu.edu/faculty/shiyan

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What Is An Embedded System?

Embedded Systems

– An information processing system embedded into a larger product

– End user visualizes using the product, not the computer Other Definitions

– Specialized computing device not deployed as general purpose computer.

– A specialized computer system which is dedicated to a specific task.

– A device not independently programmable by the user.

– preprogrammed to perform a narrow range of functions – with minimal end user or operator intervention.

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Application Areas

Essentially any product line being built today

– Trains and automobiles

– Telecommunication

– Manufacturing

– Smart Buildings

– Robotics

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Embedded Systems From Real Life

Typical system could integrate several technologies:

– Microprocessor

– Sensor technologies

– Actuator technologies (e.g. mechatronics)

– Power scavenging (e.g. magnetic inductance)

– Wireless transceivers

Impossible without the computer

Meaningless without the electronics

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Car Example Multiple processors

– Up to 100

– Networked together

Multiple networks

– Body, engine, telematics, media, safety

Typical Functions:Typical Functions:

ABS: Anti-lock braking systemsABS: Anti-lock braking systems

ESP: Electronic stability controlESP: Electronic stability control

Efficient automatic gearboxesEfficient automatic gearboxes

Theft prevention with smart keysTheft prevention with smart keys

Blind-spot alert systemsBlind-spot alert systems

Typical Functions:Typical Functions:

ABS: Anti-lock braking systemsABS: Anti-lock braking systems

ESP: Electronic stability controlESP: Electronic stability control

Efficient automatic gearboxesEfficient automatic gearboxes

Theft prevention with smart keysTheft prevention with smart keys

Blind-spot alert systemsBlind-spot alert systems

Large diversity in processor types:Large diversity in processor types:

8-bit – door locks, lights, etc. 8-bit – door locks, lights, etc.

16-bit – most functions16-bit – most functions

32-bit – engine control, airbags32-bit – engine control, airbags

Large diversity in processor types:Large diversity in processor types:

8-bit – door locks, lights, etc. 8-bit – door locks, lights, etc.

16-bit – most functions16-bit – most functions

32-bit – engine control, airbags32-bit – engine control, airbags

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Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Dependable

– Often used in safety-critical systems

– Definition of dependability is application-dependent

– Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety, Security Efficient

– Energy efficient

– Code-size efficient (especially for systems on a chip)

– Run-time efficient

– Weight efficient

– Cost efficient Often involve hybrid systems (analog and digital parts)

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Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Real-time constraints

– Need timely response to stimuli from the controlled object

– Right answers arriving too late are wrong.

– Hard Real Time Systems:

– not meeting a deadline could result in a catastrophe– response time must be guaranteed analytically

– Soft Real-Time Systems:

– it is OK to occasionally miss a deadline– not too often– response time can be defined statistically– e.g. video streaming

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Focus

Embedded system design for smart infrastructure

What is smart infrastructure?

Smart Grid

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Classical Power System v.s. Smart Grid

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The Classical Power System

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Smart Grid: Making Every Component Intelligent

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Clean Reliable Secure

Energy EfficientMoney Efficient

IBM Smarter Planet

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Renewable Energy

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The Integrated Power and Communication System

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Smart Power Transmission and Distribution

More devices integrated such as IED, PMU, FRTU, FDR Improved monitoring and control Improved cybersecurity Energy efficiency Expense efficiency

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Smart Community

http://www.meti.go.jp

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Smart Home

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http://www.yousharez.com/2010/11/20/house-of-dreams-a-smart-house-concept/

To Minimize Expense and Maximize Renewable Energy Usage

Smart Appliances

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Compact OS and Remote Control

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ZigBee Home Area Network (HAN)

http://www.zigbee.org/

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ZigBee Local Area Network (LAN)

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Smart Home Deployment in Urban Area

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Relationship With Smart Building

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Property 1: Dynamic Pricing from Utility Company

Illinois Power Company’s price data

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Pricing for one-day ahead time period

Pri

ce

($/k

wh

)

Property 2: Renewable Energy Resource

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Marcelo Gradella Villalva, Jonas Rafael Gazoli, and Ernesto Ruppert Filho. Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 5, May 2009

Benefit of Smart Home

– Reduce monetary expense

– Reduce peak load

– Maximize renewable energy usage

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Smart Scheduler

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Smart Scheduling

Demand Side Management

– when to launch a home appliance

– at what frequency

– The variable frequency drive (VFD) is to control the rotational speed of an alternating current (AC) electric motor through controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor

– for how long

– use grid energy or renewable energy

– use battery or not

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5 cents/kwh 3 cents / kwh

5 kwh

10 kwh

Power Powerr

Time Time1 2 1 2 3

(a) (b)

VFD Impact

5 cents/kwh 3 cents / kwh

cost = 10 kwh * 5 cents/kwh = 50 cents cost = 5 kwh * 5 cents/kwh + 5 kwh * 3 cents/kwh = 40 cents

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Uncertainty of Appliance Execution Time

In advanced laundry machine, time to do the laundry depends on the load. How to model it?

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Uncertainty in Renewable Energy

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Tripping Out

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Problem Formulation

Given n home appliances, to schedule them for monetary expense minimization considering VFD and variations

– Algorithm for continuous VFD

– Algorithm for discrete VFD

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Solutions for continuous VFD

Solutions for discrete VFD

1 2

3 4

Design The Control Board

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Power flow

Internet Control flow

The Implementation Using ARM

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The Implementation Using FPGA

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Schematic of FPGA Implementation

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Chip Implementation

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Next Step For Multiple Users

Pricing at 10:00am is cheap, so how about scheduling everything at that time?

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Will not be cheap anymore

10:00

Game Theory Based Scheduling

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Impact To The Power System?

How does it impact the power system with and without smart home scheduling?

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Summary

What is an embedded system? What are the characteristics? What is smart home? How to implement it?

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