education reform in japan tsutomu kimura national institution for ...

Education Reform in Japan

Tsutomu Kimura National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation

I. Characteristics of educational system in Japan Highly centralized administrationMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)Prescribes the Courses of Studyfor elementary and secondary schoolsAuthorizes textbooks for elementary and secondary schoolsPays the total cost of textbooks for compulsory education/ of the salaries for public school teachers of compulsory education

Organizes training courses for in-service teachers 10th year training course Renewal of Teachers LicenseSubsidizes the cost of construction of school buildingsRuns 89 state universities

Purposes ~Ensuring the quality of education and efficiency 100% enrollment in elementary and lower secondary schools 98% attendance in upper secondary schools 50% participation in higher education Zero illiteracy ratio Reasonably high international performance

Are we satisfiedNot at allJapanese ChildrenSerious ProblemsHave large amounts of knowledge but lack in Ability to learn and think by themselves and Ability to apply this knowledge Excessive competitions for (universities) entrance examinations Existence of crammies Deterioration of academic performance

Successive incidents of school violenceand bullyingKindness to others, respect of life and human rights are not sufficiently fostered

Necessity of Education Reform Central Council for Education in 1995

Current problems~Japanese Children under stressExcessive competition for examinationUnderdeveloped social side and moral senseDelayed development of independenceProblems concerning health andphysical stamina ~Continuing decline of educational power of families and communities

Basic direction~Should produce creative individuals and provide morediversity and flexibility in our education system

Should give children Room to Grow andZest for Living

II. Performance of Japanese Children 1. Moral side

Refusal to attend School : Number of studentsTotal

L. SecondaryElementary

TotalL. SecondaryElementary

Graph1

126455417266817

137105842172131

147696003974808

157866166377449

165696502281591

194987485394351

2076584701105466

26017101675127692

26047104180130227

26373107913134286

26511112211138722

25869105342131211

24086102126126212

23310100007123317

2270999546122255

Sheet1

199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

12,64513,71014,76915,78616,56919,49820,76526,01726,04726,37326,51125,86924,08623,31022,709

54,17258,42160,03961,66365,02274,85384,701101,675104,180107,913112,211105,342102,126100,00799,546

66,81772,13174,80877,44981,59194,351105,466127,692130,227134,286138,722131,211126,212123,317122,255

Sheet1

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Sheet2

1982106,0412.3

1983111,5312.4

1984109,1602.2

1985114,8342.2

1986113,9382.2

1987113,3572.1

1988116,6172.1

1989123,0692.2

1990123,5292.2

1991112,9332.1

1992101,1941.9

199394,0651.9

199496,4012.0

199598,1792.1

1996112,1502.5

1997111,4912.6

1998111,3722.6

1999106,5782.5

2000109,1462.6

2001104,8942.6

200289,4612.3

200381,7992.2

200477,8972.1

Sheet2

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&A

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Sheet3

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&A

Page &P

ElementaryLower Second.Number of pupilsRefusal to attend school : Who refuses?

Graph3

1330

2181

3129

4520

6531

8213

22416

36020

44091

Sheet1

1st2nd3rd4th5th6th1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rd

438114326338487854181138115863502130291648

762682846638518241183366

581061605463502346844497

156416501504128512331133

15095161921369311562101069055

25295266142173316294128589462

268282906925862232342080119383

425341843711310325762391

566016009651544427903639631359

1st730

2nd884

3rd1,323

4th1,682

5th2,319

6th2,524

1st8,419

2nd7,243

3rd3,721

1st1,432

2nd668

3rd291

1st1330

2nd2181

3rd3129

4th4520

5th6531

6th8213

1st22416

2nd36020

3rd44091

Sheet1

0

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Sheet2

0000

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Sheet3

0000

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12,64513,71014,76915,78616,56919,49820,76526,01726,047

54,17258,42160,03961,66365,02274,85384,701101,675104,180

66,81772,13174,80877,44981,59194,351105,466127,692130,227

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

57585960616263234567891011

106,041111,513106,160114,834113,938113,357116,617123,069123,529112,933101,19494,06596,40198,179112,150111,491111,372106,578

2.32.42.22.22.22.12.12.22.22.11.91.922.12.52.62.62.5

1060412.3

1115132.4

1061602.2

1148342.2

1139382.2

1133572.1

1166172.1

1230692.2

1235292.2

1129332.1

1011941.9

940651.9

964012

981792.1

1121502.5

1114912.6

1113722.6

1065782.5

&A

Page &P

Dropouts : Upper SecondaryNumber .of studentsPercentagePercentageNumber of Students

Graph2

1060412.3

1115312.4

1091602.2

1148342.2

1139382.2

1133572.1

1166172.1

1230692.2

1235292.2

1129332.1

1011941.9

940651.9

964012

981792.1

1121502.5

1114912.6

1113722.6

1065782.5

1091462.6

1048942.6

894612.3

817992.2

778972.1

766932.1

Sheet1

199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

12,64513,71014,76915,78616,56919,49820,76526,01726,04726,37326,51125,86924,08623,31022,709

54,17258,42160,03961,66365,02274,85384,701101,675104,180107,913112,211105,342102,126100,00799,546

66,81772,13174,80877,44981,59194,351105,466127,692130,227134,286138,722131,211126,212123,317122,255

Sheet1

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Sheet2

1982106,0412.3

1983111,5312.4

1984109,1602.2

1985114,8342.2

1986113,9382.2

1987113,3572.1

1988116,6172.1

1989123,0692.2

1990123,5292.2

1991112,9332.1

1992101,1941.9

199394,0651.9

199496,4012.0

199598,1792.1

1996112,1502.5

1997111,4912.6

1998111,3722.6

1999106,5782.5

2000109,1462.6

2001104,8942.6

200289,4612.3

200381,7992.2

200477,8972.1

200576,6932.1

Sheet2

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&A

Page &P

Sheet3

Bullying : Number of incidentsTotalL .Second

U. Second

Element.TotalL. SecondaryElem.U. Secondary

Graph3

2529526828425356601

2661429069418460096

2173325862371151544

1629423234310342790

1285820801257636396

946219383239131359

911419371232730918

620616635211925037

565914562190622205

650115159207023351

555113915212121671

508712794219120143

Sheet1

199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

25,29526,61421,73316,29412,8589,4629,1146,2065,6596,5015,5515,087

26,82829,06925,86223,23420,80119,38319,37116,63514,56215,15913,91512,794

4,2534,1843,7113,1032,5762,3912,3272,1191,9062,0702,1212,191

56,60160,09651,54442,79036,39631,35930,91825,03722,20523,35121,67120,143

Sheet1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

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Sheet2

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

Sheet3

ElementaryLower SecondaryUpper SecondaryTotal

19971,30418,2094,10823,621

19981,52822,9915,15229,671

19991,50924,2465,30031,055

20001,33127,2935,97134,595

20011,46525,7695,89633,130

20021,25323,1995,00229,454

20031,60024,4635,21531,278

1966148,24911.1

1967129,52310.1

1968117,1259.7

1969107,3129.5

1970113,29510.5

1971107,10710.5

1972100,85110.2

1973108,21111.2

1974115,45312.1

1975116,78212.3

1976115,62812.2

1977119,19912.4

1978146,80114.1

1979143,15814.5

1980166,07317.1

1981184,90218.6

1982191,93018.8

1983196,78318.8

1984192,66517.9

1985194,11717.8

1986185,37316.1

1987187,19215.9

1988193,20616.2

1989165,05313.8

1990154,16813.0

1991149,66312.8

1992133,88211.8

1993133,13212.2

1994131,26812.5

1995126,24912.5

1996133,58113.7

1997152,82516.1

1998157,38516.9

1999141,72115.6

2000132,33614.9

2001138,65416.0

2002141,77516.7

2003144,40417.5

2004134,84716.8

2005123,71515.9

Sheet3

0000

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&A

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19971933116444

19981953691588

19991614144666

20002054744829

20012124372776

20021843957715

20032534223705

19971091097313

19981031286396

1999901344452

2000881546538

2001981453499

20021091404475

20031241411466

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ElementaryLower Second.Upper Second.Number of pupilsBullying : At which grade?

Graph2

730

884

1323

1682

2319

2524

8419

7243

3721

1432

668

291

Sheet1


438114326338487854181138115863502130291648

762682846638518241183366

581061605463502346844497

156416501504128512331133

15095161921369311562101069055

25295266142173316294128589462

268282906925862232342080119383

425341843711310325762391

566016009651544427903639631359

1st730

2nd884

3rd1,323

4th1,682

5th2,319

6th2,524

1st8,419

2nd7,243

3rd3,721

1st1,432

2nd668

3rd291

1330

2181

3129

4520

6531

8213

22416

36020

44091

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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Sheet4

0

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Sheet2

0000

0000

0000

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0000

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Sheet3

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1330

2181

3129

4520

6531

8213

22416

36020

44091

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

12,64513,71014,76915,78616,56919,49820,76526,01726,047

54,17258,42160,03961,66365,02274,85384,701101,675104,180

66,81772,13174,80877,44981,59194,351105,466127,692130,227

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

57585960616263234567891011

106,041111,513106,160114,834113,938113,357116,617123,069123,529112,933101,19494,06596,40198,179112,150111,491111,372106,578

2.32.42.22.22.22.12.12.22.22.11.91.922.12.52.62.62.5

1060412.3

1115132.4

1061602.2

1148342.2

1139382.2

1133572.1

1166172.1

1230692.2

1235292.2

1129332.1

1011941.9

940651.9

964012

981792.1

1121502.5

1114912.6

1113722.6

1065782.5

&A

Page &P

ElementaryUpperSecond.Lower Second.Number of pupilsBullying : Who bullies?

Graph1

43

81

143

263

384

878

5418

11381

15863

5021

3029

1648

Sheet1


438114326338487854181138115863502130291648

762682846638518241183366

581061605463502346844497

156416501504128512331133

15095161921369311562101069055

25295266142173316294128589462

268282906925862232342080119383

425341843711310325762391

566016009651544427903639631359

730

884

1,323

1,682

2,319

2,524

8,419

7,243

3,721

1,432

668

291

1330

2181

3129

4520

6531

8213

22416

36020

44091

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

0

0

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Sheet4

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Sheet2

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

Sheet3

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

730

884

1323

1682

2319

2524

8419

7243

3721

1432

668

291

1330

2181

3129

4520

6531

8213

22416

36020

44091

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

12,64513,71014,76915,78616,56919,49820,76526,01726,047

54,17258,42160,03961,66365,02274,85384,701101,675104,180

66,81772,13174,80877,44981,59194,351105,466127,692130,227

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

57585960616263234567891011

106,041111,513106,160114,834113,938113,357116,617123,069123,529112,933101,19494,06596,40198,179112,150111,491111,372106,578

2.32.42.22.22.22.12.12.22.22.11.91.922.12.52.62.62.5

1060412.3

1115132.4

1061602.2

1148342.2

1139382.2

1133572.1

1166172.1

1230692.2

1235292.2

1129332.1

1011941.9

940651.9

964012

981792.1

1121502.5

1114912.6

1113722.6

1065782.5

&A

Page &P

Violence at school : Number of incidentsTotalL. Second

U. SecondElement

L. SecondaryU. SecondaryElementary

Graph1

1933116444

1953691588

1614144666

2054744829

2124372776

1843957715

2534223705

3383774660

4643967601

Sheet1

199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

25,29526,61421,73316,29412,8589,4629,1146,2065,6596,0515,5515,087

26,82829,06925,86223,23420,80119,38319,37116,63514,56215,15913,91512,794

4,2534,1843,7113,1032,5762,3912,3272,1191,9062,0702,1212,191

56,60160,09651,54442,79036,39631,35930,91825,03722,20523,35121,67120,143

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3


19971,30418,2094,10823,621

19981,52822,9915,15229,671

19991,50924,2465,30031,055

20001,33127,2935,97134,595

20011,46525,7695,89633,130

20021,25323,1995,00229,454

20031,60024,4635,21531,278

20041,89023,1105,02230,022

2005

Sheet3

19971933116444

19981953691588

19991614144666

20002054744829

20012124372776

20021843957715

20032534223705

20043383774660

20054643967601

19971091097313

19981031286396

1999901344452

2000881546538

2001981453499

20021091404475

20031241411466

20041631269428

20051751335418

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Violence against teacher : Number of schools involvedL. Second

Element

U. SecondL. SecondaryU. SecondaryElementary

Graph3

1091097313

1031286396

901344452

881546538

981453499

1091404475

1241411466

1631269428

1751335418

Sheet1

199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005

25,29526,61421,73316,29412,8589,4629,1146,2065,6596,0515,5515,087

26,82829,06925,86223,23420,80119,38319,37116,63514,56215,15913,91512,794

4,2534,1843,7113,1032,5762,3912,3272,1191,9062,0702,1212,191

56,60160,09651,54442,79036,39631,35930,91825,03722,20523,35121,67120,143

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet3


19971,30418,2094,10823,621

19981,52822,9915,15229,671

19991,50924,2465,30031,055

20001,33127,2935,97134,595

20011,46525,7695,89633,130

20021,25323,1995,00229,454

20031,60024,4635,21531,278

20041,89023,1105,02230,022

2005

Sheet3

19971933116444

19981953691588

19991614144666

20002054744829

20012124372776

20021843957715

20032534223705

20043383774660

20054643967601

19971091097313

19981031286396

1999901344452

2000881546538

2001981453499

20021091404475

20031241411466

20041631269428

20051751335418

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Juveniles(14-19) arrested for committing crime

per thousandNumber of casesper 1000Number of juveniles arrested

Graph1

14824911.1

12952310.1

1171259.7

1073129.5

11329510.5

10710710.5

10085110.2

10821111.2

11545312.1

11678212.3

11562812.2

11919912.4

14680114.1

14315814.5

16607317.1

18490218.6

19193018.8

19678318.8

19266517.9

19411717.8

18537316.1

18719215.9

19320616.2

16505313.8

15416813

14966312.8

13388211.8

13313212.2

13126812.5

12624912.5

13358113.7

15282516.1

15738516.9

14172115.6

13233614.9

13865416

14177516.7

14440417.5

13484716.8

12371515.9

Sheet1

1994199519961997199819992000200120022003

25,29526,61421,73316,29412,8589,4629,1146,2065,6596,501

26,82829,06925,86223,23420,80119,38319,37116,63514,56215,159

4,2534,1843,7113,1032,5762,3912,3272,1191,9062,070

56,60160,09651,54442,79036,39631,35930,91825,03722,20523,351

Sheet1

Sheet2


19971,30418,2094,10823,621

19981,52822,9915,15229,671

19991,50924,2465,30031,055

20001,33127,2935,97134,595

20011,46525,7695,89633,130

20021,25323,1995,00229,454

20031,60024,4635,21531,278

1966148,24911.1

1967129,52310.1

1968117,1259.7

1969107,3129.5

1970113,29510.5

1971107,10710.5

1972100,85110.2

1973108,21111.2

1974115,45312.1

1975116,78212.3

1976115,62812.2

1977119,19912.4

1978146,80114.1

1979143,15814.5

1980166,07317.1

1981184,90218.6

1982191,93018.8

1983196,78318.8

1984192,66517.9

1985194,11717.8

1986185,37316.1

1987187,19215.9

1988193,20616.2

1989165,05313.8

1990154,16813.0

1991149,66312.8

1992133,88211.8

1993133,13212.2

1994131,26812.5

1995126,24912.5

1996133,58113.7

1997152,82516.1

1998157,38516.9

1999141,72115.6

2000132,33614.9

2001138,65416.0

2002141,77516.7

2003144,40417.5

2004134,84716.8

2005123,71515.9

Sheet2

Sheet3

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

19971933116444

19981953691588

19991614144666

20002054744829

20012124372776

20021843957715

20032534223705

19971091097313

19981031286396

1999901344452

2000881546538

2001981453499

20021091404475

20031241411466

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Social ethics of high school students

Graph1

0.02500.253

0.1160.510.652

0.0120.1960.114

0.0180.1320.105

0.0090.0650.073

0.0160.0810.092

0.1470.1610.847

0.1880.1580.79

China

USA

Japan

Sheet1

13733547349768

12032518281647

11732441283642

9792148314653

29882297309774

101028583921055

113632224521194

118730904981419

123732175721673

129336665901594

128538205971725

147746936931791

146059547752077

186281699182406

198412032812518647

11732832441642

19869793142148653

9883092297774

1988101039228581055

113645232221194

1990118749830901419

123757232171673

1992129359036661594

128559738201725

1994147769346931791

146077559542077

1996186291881692406

Sheet1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

&A

Page &P

Sheet2

10283462340702

9773081987602

8592411543494

8402181477478

6852621262516

27322661457617

7373391679878

8784061904969

93545018591098

96551520861329

102952023091259

104753523901416

119862729761522

118472135301721

146383846821971

Sheet3

ProstitutionPlaying truantDopingShopliftingRobbing money by injuring peopleRobbing money by threateningRebelling against parentsRebelling against teachers

China2.5%11.6%1.2%1.8%0.9%1.6%14.7%18.8%

USA0.0%51.0%19.6%13.2%6.5%8.1%16.1%15.8%

Japan25.3%65.2%11.4%10.5%7.3%9.2%84.7%79.0%

Sheet3

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

China

USA

Japan

Disciplining by parents

Graph1

0.120.260.390.330.16

0.180.420.30.260.3

0.090.350.570.390.37

0.140.420.490.470.3

Japan

Korea

U.S.A

UK

Germany

Sheet1

JapanKoreaU.S.AUKGermany

Exchange greetings properly12%26%39%33%16%

Don't watch TV too much18%42%30%26%30%

Be friendly with your friends9%35%57%39%37%

Don't tell a lie14%42%49%47%30%

Sheet1

00000

00000

00000

00000

Japan

Korea

U.S.A

UK

Germany

Sheet2

Sheet3

2. Academic side

(1) International Comparison IEA ~ International Association for Evaluation of Educational Achievement To examine to what extent children have mastered courses of study taught at school

PISA(OECD) ~ Programme for International Student Assessment To check childrens ability to find out problems related to their own future life and to apply their knowledge and skills to solve them

Academic Performance of Japanese Children IEA: Mathematics Elementary SchoolJunior High School1964 N.A 2nd/12*1981 N.A 1st/20*1995 3rd/26* 3rd/39*1999 N.A 5th/38*2002 3rd/25* 6th/46*Science Elementary SchoolJunior High School1970 1st/16* 1st/18*1981 1st/19* 2nd/26*1995 2nd/26* 3rd/41*1999 N.A 4th/38* 2002 3rd/25* 5th/46*

Attitudes towards Mathematics and Science(8th grade ~ age 12 to 13) Mathematics Science 1995 1999 1995 1999Favorite subject 53(68) 48(72) 56(73) 55(79) Easy subject --- --- 15(43) --- (least)Enjoy studying 46(65) 38(--) 53(73) 50(--)Wish to engage in 24(46) 18(--) 20(47) 19(--) an occupation using ~ Important for 71(92) 62(--) 48(79) 39(--) daily life Figures are % and figures in ( ) are average

Sheet1

Result of International Comparison by IEA: Math-1999: 14 y.o.

CountryScoreCountryThose who like Math(%)

1Singapore6041Malaysia95

2Korea5872Indonesia92

3Taiwan5853Philippines91

4Hong Kong5824South Africa88

5Japan5795Morocco87

----

----

16Malaysia5199Singapore79

----

----

19USA50216Hong Kong75

----

----

34Indonesia40323USA70

----

36Philippines345--

37Morocco33733Taiwan56

38South Africa275--

35Korea54

36Japan48

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet1

Results of International Comparison by IEA: Math-1999

CountryScoreCountryThose who like Math(%)


2Korea5872Indonesia92

3Taiwan5853Philippines91

4Hong Kong5824South Africa88

5Japan5795Morocco87

----

----

16Malaysia5199Singapore79

----

----

19USA50216Hong Kong75

----

----

34Indonesia40323USA70

----

36Philippines345--

37Morocco33733Taiwan56

38South Africa275--

35Korea54

36Japan48

Sheet2

Result of International Comparison by IEA: Science-1999: 14 y.o.

CountryScoreCountryThose who like Science(%)

1Taiwan5691Indonesia96


3Hungary5523Iran92

4Japan5504Philippines92

5Korea5495Thailand90

----

----

15Hong Kong53010Singapore86

----

18USA510--

--13Hong Kong76

----

22Malaysia49215USA73

----

24Thailand482--

--19Taiwan69

31Iran448--

32Indonesia435--

--22Japan55

36Philippines34523Korea52

Sheet3

PISA : year 2000 and year 2003 Reading comprehension 1st/ Finland 2nd group/ Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, Korea, Japan(8th) 14thMathematical literacy 1st group/ Japan(1st), Korea, New Zealand 6thScientific literacy 1st group/ Korea, Japan(2nd) 2ndAbility to solve problems 1st group/Korea, Hong Kong, Finland, Japan(4th) Time spent for doing homework and for voluntary study Japan ~ 27th(least), U.K ~ 3rd, U.S.A ~ 17th Korea ~ 20th, Finland ~ 23rd

Comparison: year 2000 vs. year 1993-1994 (2) Nationwide survey: year 1993-1994, 2000 and 2002

Sheet1

Elementary School

Number of problemshighersimilarlower

Japanese5th grade18675

6th grade214107

Social Studies5th grade192512

6th grade2821016

Math5th grade241716

6th grade15159

Science5th grade298813

6th grade3217105

Sheet2

Elementary School

18675

214107

192512

2821016

241716

15159

298813

3217105

Sheet3

Comparison: year 2002 vs. year 2000

Sheet1

Elementary School



6th grade214107


6th grade2821016

Math5th grade241716

6th grade15159


6th grade3217105

Sheet2

Elementary School



6th grade20983


6th grade211083

Math5th grade271764

6th grade272043


6th grade3914178

Sheet3

Comparison: year 2000 vs. year 1993-1994

Sheet1

Junior High School


7th grade20974


9th grade201343

7th grade317816

Social studies8th grade276318

9th grade225710

7th grade160115

Math8th grade190415

9th grade20299

7th grade3761417


9th grade42161214

7th grade152310

English8th grade19775

9th grade17926

Sheet2

Sheet3

Comparison: year 2002 vs. year 2000

Sheet1

Junior High School


7th grade20974


9th grade201343

7th grade317816


9th grade225710

7th grade160115

Math8th grade190415

9th grade20299

7th grade3761417


9th grade42161214

7th grade152310


9th grade17926

Sheet2

Junior High School


7th grade184113


9th grade186120

7th grade245910


9th grade2910145

7th grade296158

Math8th grade184113

9th grade238105

7th grade352285


9th grade141112

7th grade251186


9th grade2510112

Sheet3

Questionnaire to childrenYear 2000

Sheet1

(

337.941.19.27.24.00.5

343.040.27.35.13.50.9

653.533.55.33.03.21.6

Sheet2

Do you like to study? (unit)

AnswerPositive yesMild yesMild noPositive noDon't knowNo answer

12th grade4.615.429.743.86.00.4

9th grade3.614.232.941.67.00.7

6th grade6.826.933.822.98.80.8

Sheet3

(

345.243.0)39.4(40.2)6.9(7.3)4.5(5.1)3.1(3.5)0.9(0.9)

658.1(53.5)30.9(33.5)4.4(5.3)2.3(3.0)2.2(3.2)2.1(1.6)

Year 2002

Sheet1

Do you like to study? (unit%)

34.1(3.6)18.315.732.6(32.9)40.8(41.6)6.4(7.0)0.3(0.7)

68.5(6.8)31.3(26.9)32.5(33.8)19.7(22.9)7.6(8.8)0.3(0.8)

Sheet2

Do you like to study? (unit%)


9th grade4.13.6)18.3(15.7)32.6(32.9)40.8(41.6)6.4(7.0)0.3(0.7)

6th grade8.5(6.8)31.3(26.9)32.5(33.8)19.7(22.9)7.6(8.8)0.3(0.8)

Figures in parenthesis are for year 2000

Sheet3

Year 2000

Sheet1

Is studying important?(unit%)


12th grade37.941.19.27.24.00.5

9th grade43.040.27.35.13.50.9

6th grade53.533.55.33.03.21.6

Sheet2

Do you like to study? [unit]

AnswerPositive yesMildl yesMild noPositive noDon't knowNo answer

12th grade4.615.429.743.86.00.4

9th grade3.614.232.941.67.00.7

6th grade6.826.933.822.98.80.8

Sheet3

(

345.243.0)39.4(40.2)6.9(7.3)4.5(5.1)3.1(3.5)0.9(0.9)

658.1(53.5)30.9(33.5)4.4(5.3)2.3(3.0)2.2(3.2)2.1(1.6)

Year 2002

Sheet1



12th grade37.941.19.27.24.00.5

9th grade43.040.27.35.13.50.9

6th grade53.533.55.33.03.21.6

Sheet2

Do you like to study? [unit]

AnswerPositive yesMildl yesMild noPositive noDon't knowNo answer

12th grade4.615.429.743.86.00.4

9th grade3.614.232.941.67.00.7

6th grade6.826.933.822.98.80.8

Sheet3



9th grade45.243.0)39.4(40.2)6.9(7.3)4.5(5.1)3.1(3.5)0.9(0.9)

6th grade58.1(53.5)30.9(33.5)4.4(5.3)2.3(3.0)2.2(3.2)2.1(1.6)

Figures in parenthesis are for year 2000

III. Proposals as Central Council for EducationI. Future Model for EducationNurturing Zest for Living to cope with an acutely changing society~Ability to identify problems for oneself, learn by oneself, think for oneself, make independent judgments and actions and solve problems properlyintelligence

~Rich sense of humanity to be capable of self- reliance, cooperation with others, compassion for othersemotion~Health and physical strength to live a vigorous lifehealth

More free time for children~Strict selection of educational contents and thorough mastery of basic essentials

~Implementation of 5-day school week~Relaxation of excessive examination competition

Liaison between schools, families and communities~Opening schools to the outside world~Reducing the role of schools~Strengthening of educational power of families and communities

II. Education suited to Individual Abilities andAptitudes~Breakaway from Uniform EducationImprovement in entrance examinationsDiversified selection proceduresIntroduction of unifying secondary schoolsLower secondary+Upper secondary schools No exam at age 15

What would you like to be in future? Boys 4th grade (9 -10) 6th grade (11-12) 1. Ball player 1. Salaried worker 2. Salaried worker 2. Ball player 3. Cartoonist 3. Teachers 4. Teacher 4. Footballer 5. Carpenter 5. Medical doctor 6. Medical doctor 6. TV personality 7. Policeman 7. Policeman 8. Train driver 8. Carpenter 9. Toyshop owners 9. Bank clerk 10. Airplane pilot 10. Game producer

What would you like to be in future? Girls 4th grade (9 -10) 6th grade (11-12) 1. Teacher 1. Nursery school assistant 2. Nurse 2. Teacher 3. Cartoonist 3. Cartoonist 4. Confectionary owner 4. Nurse 5. TV personality 5. Office worker 6. Nursery school assistant 6. Medical doctor 7. Florist 7. Fashion designer 8. Stewardess 8. Florist 9. Kindergarten teacher 9. TV personality 10. Fashion designer 10. Veterinary surgeon

What would you like to do after graduation?

Graph2

0.040.08

0.040.08

0.270.22

0.120.13

0.110.27

0.410.22

Tokyo univ. and T.I.T

MIT

Sheet1

Time spent with children

(hours)

FatherMother

Japan3.327.44

Korea3.628.40

Thailand6.008.00

USA4.887.57

UK4.757.52

Sweden3.646.49

Sheet2

MITTokyo univ. and T.I.T

To pursue carrier at a big established company22%41%

To set up one's own company27%11%

To become a university professor13%12%

To become an independent engineer or an expert27%22%

others8%4%

not considered yet9%8%

Tokyo univ. and T.I.TMIT

Not considered yet4%8%

Others4%8%

To become an independent engineer or an expert27%22%

To become a university professor12%13%

To set up one's own company11%27%

To pursue carrier at a big established company41%22%

Sheet2


MIT

Sheet3


MIT

Time spent with children

Father MotherJapan 3.32 7.44Korea 3.62 8.40Thailand 6.00 8.00USA 4.88 7.57UK 4.75 7.52Sweden 3.64 6.49(hours)IV. Other issues

Satisfaction with children

Graph1

0.6870.7870.6850.9310.9270.944

0.5370.6110.670.8850.8910.892

0.4730.5780.6940.8280.7810.846

0.3630.5290.7410.8450.8330.827

Japan

Korea

Thailand

USA

UK

Sweden

Sheet1

0346791012

Japan68.7%53.7%47.3%36.3%

Korea78.7%61.1%57.8%52.9%

Thailand68.5%67.0%69.4%74.1%

USA93.1%88.5%82.8%84.5%

UK92.7%89.1%78.1%83.3%

Sweden94.4%89.2%84.6%82.7%

Sheet1

000000

000000

000000

000000

Japan

Korea

Thailand

USA

UK

Sweden

Sheet2

Sheet3

education reform in japan tsutomu kimura national institution for ...

Documents

higher education

education systemshould

quality of education

secondary schoolspays

school buildingsruns

upper secondary schools

lower secondary schools

inservice teachers