education equity strategy - crawford.anu.edu.au · education equity strategy: the case of aceh...

Education Equity Strategy:

The Case of Aceh

Nazamuddin

9 May 2012

SEDIASupport for Education Sector Development in Aceh

1

TIM KOORDINASI

PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Contents

1. Rationale for the Equity Strategy

2. Equity Defined

3. The aims of the Equity Strategy

4. Disparities in education provision

5. The Equity Strategy

6. Simulation

2SEDIASupport for Education Sector Development in Aceh TIM KOORDINASI

PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

1. Rationale

• Big money• The provincial government has a very significant fiscal

capacity for the development of education. • A minimum of 30% of the additional revenue from oil shall be

allocated to fund education in Aceh (LoGA). • Aceh education by-law (Qanun Pendidikan) specifies a

minimum 20% of both provincial and district/municipality portions of special autonomy funding for education.

• Existence of disparities of access to quality education between districts/muncipalities and groups of children

• Big budget has not yet had an even impact on the performance of education across the province and on vulnerable groups.

• If not well targeted, inefficient use of the budget is to be feared, while disparities remain


PEMBANGUNAN

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2. Equity Defined

Three criteria that are traditionally used to measure education systems(Sherman and Poirier, 2007) : is the servicing adequate?; is the distribution of resources efficient?; and is it equitable?

Adequacy defined more widely as providing the opportunity of an adequate education to all citizens who are entitled to it regardless of attributes or situation consistent with the spirit of Education For All.

Efficiency linked to efforts enable some districts lagging behind others to meet MSS in education and at the same time to provide incentives to districts for improving outcomes. “A considerable amount of what has traditionally been perceived as inequity can be

attributed to inefficiency and exogenous costs” Ruggiero et al. (2002)

Equity according to needs.


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3. The Aims of the Equity Strategy

• Overall goal

• To ensure that the equity targets in the Renstra can be progressively achieved, promote efficiency in over all budget management, and improve the management of education through redistribution of resources


PEMBANGUNAN

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(TK-PPA)

6

• Specific Objectives

• To enable all districts and municipalities in Aceh to achieve a minimal standard of adequate funding of schools including through sustainable efficiencies

• To provide an agreed and sustainable basis for reducing disparity in the educational opportunities for all school-aged children in Aceh, regardless of situation

SEDIASupport for Education Sector Development in Aceh TIM KOORDINASI

PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

4. Disparities in education provision

Disparity in education inputs

Disparities between groups


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Teachers with first degree qualification, 2009

14.5%

26.6%

64.6%70.2%

87.3%81.0% 83.5%

43.4%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

SD MI SMP MTs SMA MA SMK Seluruh

Sekolah

SD/MI SMP/MTs SMA/MA/SMK Provinsi


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Teachers with first degree qualification by district/municipality, 2009

24%

31% 31% 32% 33% 34% 35% 35%39% 39% 40% 40% 42% 43% 43% 45%

48%51%

57% 58%

64%69%

73%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

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PEMBANGUNAN

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(TK-PPA)

The ratio of students to Mathematics and Science text books in SD Negeri

by district, 2009


PEMBANGUNAN

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(TK-PPA)

Percent of schools with a library by district/municipality

in Aceh, 2009

10%

13% 13%15%

16% 17% 17% 18% 18% 19% 19% 20% 20% 20%22% 22% 22% 23%

24%27% 28%

31%

38%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Gay

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Nag

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PEMBANGUNAN

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Percent of schools with a science and a computer laboratory in Aceh, 2009


PEMBANGUNAN

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(TK-PPA)

Percent of schools with accreditation at level B or higher in Aceh, 2009

52%

60%

39%

61%

54%

71%

44%

51%

34%29% 30%

26%29%

25% 27% 29%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

SD MI SMP MTs SMA MA SMK Seluruh

Sekolah

SD/MI SMP/MTs SMA/MA/SMK Provinsi

Negeri

Swasta


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Percent of accredited schools and madrasah, state and private,

by district/municipality, 2009


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Disparities between groups :Access to educational opportunity for

poor students Comparing two poor areas (relatively high percentage of poor families)

Pidie (28%) Aceh Barat (32%)

progression rate for girls from primary to junior secondary is higher compared with boys

progression rate for girls from class 9 to 10 is lower than for boys

the reverse is true

the opposite

15


TIM KOORDINASI

PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Disparities between groups :Access to educational opportunity for the students with special needs

Six districts do not have special schools

On average, only 35% of disabled school aged children have the opportunity to participate in schooling and the disparity across districts is wide (65% standard deviation)

Schools with inclusion programs are limited. Hellen Keller International has identified 8 districts that have schools with

inclusion programs with only 1068 children served

Special teachers is inequitable mostly concentrated in Aceh Tamiang, Sabang, Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar and Pidie

for primary schools and Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, Bireun and Aceh Utara for junior secondary schools

Although there is not a significant difference, on average the participation of girls is higher in the districts than in the municipalities


PEMBANGUNAN

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Estimate of available funds, 2011-2022


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

5. The two strategies

The Equity Strategy: Adequate resourcing, promoting efficiency, and

equalising opportunity

Strategi 1: Horizontal EquityEqualisation across the districts/muncipalities

Strategy 2 : the vertical equity program


PEMBANGUNAN

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(TK-PPA)

Strategy 1Horizontal Equity

The total amount distributed to all districts is :

Component 1: Basic allocation grant

Component 2: Performance-and-equity-based grant


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

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(TK-PPA)

Strategy 2Vertical equity

To provide equal opportunity for children facing particular obstacles to a quality education that is appropriate to their needs.The children in this category fall into two groups.

The first group : students of poor families, including victims of conflict, girls living remote from high schools whose parents are reluctant

to have them travel daily distances, but cannot afford board near the school; and

gifted students of poor families who cannot afford the costs of attending national or international schools.

The second group: Students with physical or intellectual disabilities.


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Programs for the first group

21

1. Study to identfying beneficiaries and establish database

2. Development of a management system for the scholarship

3. Scholarships for

students of poor families to assist them to participate in schooling and continue their education at every leve

Students facing obstacles caused by reason of remoteness from appropriate levels of education

Girls and boys distant from their home location because of concerns for their security by parents


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Programs for the second group22

1. Improve special needs schools, which also function as special needs resource centres, equipping regular schools to run inclusion programs; and training of special needs and inclusion teachers.

2. Survey to identify the kinds of activities that need to be funded, including:

Training for teachers to become special needs teachers;

A grant to Unsyiah/IAIN Ar Raniry to develop a specialisation in the PGSD S-1 program for primary teachers, and for post primary teachers a Masters program in special needs teaching, and;

Block grants program to schools and special needs resource centres.


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

6. Simulation of Strategy 1

Basic Allocation= 59.4 %

Performance and Equity Allocation= 40.6 %


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Basic Allocation

0

10,000,000,000

20,000,000,000

30,000,000,000

40,000,000,000

50,000,000,000

60,000,000,000

Coeff. Of Variation = 0.73


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Performance and Equity Allocation

0

2,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

6,000,000,000

8,000,000,000

10,000,000,000

12,000,000,000

14,000,000,000

16,000,000,000

Coeff. Of Variation = 0.19


PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

Thank you


26TIM KOORDINASI

PEMBANGUNAN

PENDIDIKAN

ACEH

(TK-PPA)

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