education at a glance 2011
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Key findings from the 2011 edition of
Education at a GlanceUnited States
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
September 13, 2011
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Unabated educational expansion
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
1995
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Graduate supply
Cost
per
stu
dent
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
1995
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Graduate supply
Cost
per
stu
dent United States
Finland
Japan
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2000
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
ertia
ry le
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2001
Expe
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ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2002
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2003
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2004
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
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25,000.0
30,000.0
2005
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
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30,000.0
2006
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
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Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2007
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2008 Ex
pend
itur
e pe
r st
uden
t at
ter
tiary
leve
l (U
SD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Finland
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2008 Ex
pend
itur
e pe
r st
uden
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ter
tiary
leve
l (U
SD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United States
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The composition of the global talent pool has changed…Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups,
percentage (2009)
55-64-year-old population 25-34-year-old population
About 39 million people who attained tertiary level
About 81 million people who attained tertiary level
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United States, 35.8
Japan, 12.4
China, 6.9Germany, 6.3
United Kingdom, 5.3
Canada, 4.2
France, 3.5
Brazil, 3.5
Spain, 2.1Italy, 1.9
Mexico, 1.8
Australia, 1.7
Korea, 1.6other, 12.9
55-64-year-old population
United States, 20.5
Japan, 10.9
China, 18.3
Germany, 3.1United Kingdom, 4.4
Canada, 3.1France, 4.1
Brazil, 4.5
Spain, 3.5
Italy, 2.0
Mexico, 3.9
Australia, 1.6
Korea, 5.7
other, 14.5
25-34-year-old population
The composition of the global talent pool has changed…
Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups, percentage (2009)
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…and will continue to changeShare of new entrants into tertiary education in 2009 (all OECD and G20 countries)
China, 36.6%
United States, 12.9%
Russian Federa-tion, 10.0%
Indonesia, 4.9%Japan, 4.2%Turkey, 3.7%
United Kingdom, 3.3%
Mexico, 3.1%Korea, 3.1%
Argentina, 2.7%Germany, 2.5%
Poland, 2.1%
Spain, 1.6%Italy, 1.4%
Australia, 1.3%Chile, 1.3%
Netherlands, 0.5%
Other countries, 4.8%
OtherPortugal 0.5%Czech Republic 0.4%Israel 0.4%Sweden 0.4%Belgium 0.4%Hungary 0.4%Austria 0.4%New Zealand 0.3%Switzerland 0.3%Slovak Republic 0.3%Denmark 0.2%Norway 0.2%Ireland 0.2%Finland 0.2%Slovenia 0.1%Estonia 0.1%Iceland 0.0%
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…as also visible in the current output of schoolsShare of upper secondary graduates in 2009
(all OECD and G20 countries)
China, 42.6%
United States, 9.9%
Brazil, 7.3%
Indonesia, 6.1%
Russian Federation, 5.2%Japan, 3.4%
Mexico, 2.8%
France, 2.8%
Germany, 2.5%
United Kingdom,
2.2%
Korea, 1.7%
Turkey, 1.6%
Italy, 1.5%
Poland, 1.4%
Canada, 1.1%
Spain, 1.0%
Australia, 1.0%
Argentina, 0.9%
Nether-lands, 0.7%
Chile, 0.6%
Other countries,
3.8%
OtherBelgium 0.4%Portugal 0.4%Czech Republic 0.3%Hungary 0.3%Israel 0.3%Sweden 0.3%Austria 0.3%Switzerland 0.2%Slovak Republic 0.2%Finland 0.2%Norway 0.2%New Zealand 0.2%Denmark 0.2%Ireland 0.2%Slovenia 0.1%Estonia 0.0%Iceland 0.0%Luxembourg 0.0%
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The increase in the number of knowledge workers has not led to a decrease in their pay
…which is what happened to low-skilled workers
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DenmarkSweden
TurkeyNew Zealand
NorwaySpain
AustraliaNetherlands
BelgiumFinland
JapanFrance
GermanyAustria
OECD AverageCanada
United KingdomPoland
SloveniaHungary
Czech RepublicIreland
KoreaItaly
United StatesPortugal
-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 55,946
62,481 64,177
74,457 92,320
95,320 100,520
112,928 115,464
135,515 143,018
144,133 147,769
173,522 175,067
175,670 207,653
215,125 225,663 230,098
240,449 253,947
300,868 311,966
323,808 373,851
Foregone earnings Income tax effect Social contribution effect Transfers effect Grosss earnings benefits
Unemployment effect Net Present value
USD equivalentC hart A9.3
Components of the private net present value for a man with higher education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value in USD equ.
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Net income in USD for 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education (2009 or latest year available)
Luxe
mbo
urg
Uni
ted
Stat
esAu
stria
Irel
and
Net
herla
nds
Aust
ralia
Uni
ted
King
dom
Cana
daKo
rea
Nor
way
Ger
man
yIta
lySw
eden
OEC
D A
vera
geCz
ech
Repu
blic
New
Zea
land
Den
mar
kFi
nlan
dIc
elan
dFr
ance
Belg
ium
Spai
nIs
rael
Slov
enia
Port
ugal
Gre
ece
Slov
ak R
epub
licH
unga
ryPo
land
Esto
nia
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Net income (Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted)
Chart A10.4
USD
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Taxpayers are getting a good return too
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TurkeyDenmark
SpainSweden
New ZealandNorwayFranceJapan
CanadaCzech Republic
ItalyAustralia
IrelandKorea
PortugalAustria
OECD AveragePoland
NetherlandsUnited Kingdom
FinlandSloveniaHungaryBelgium
GermanyUnited States
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
21,724
28,621
29,58237,542
46,482
43,41963,701
67,411
79,77481,307
82,93284,532
85,91789,034
89,46489,705
91,036
94,12595,030
95,322
100,177155,664
166,872167,241
168,649
193,584
Public benefits Public costs
Chart A9.5 In equivalent USD
Public cost and benefits for a man obtaining tertiary education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value
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The crisis hit the least educated hardest
The unemployment rate for 15-29 year-olds increased,
on average, from 10.2% to 13.5%Lack of relevant skills/experience brings higher
unemployment risk for recent entrants to the labour force
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When the crisis hitPercentage-point change between 2008-09 in unemployment rate for 15-29 year-olds
NorwayNetherlandsSwitzerland
LuxembourgUnited Kingdom
AustriaKorea
New ZealandAustralia
MexicoDenmark
Czech RepublicSlovenia
ItalyJapan
SwedenBelgium
OECD averageFrance
BrazilPoland
ChileGermany
IsraelFinlandCanada
PortugalHungary
GreeceUnited States
Slovak RepublicIrelandTurkeyEstonia
Spain
- 10 20 30 40 C3.1
NorwayNetherlandsSwitzerland
LuxembourgUnited Kingdom
AustriaKorea
New ZealandAustralia
MexicoDenmark
Czech RepublicSlovenia
ItalyJapan
SwedenBelgium
OECD averageFrance
BrazilPoland
ChileGermany
IsraelFinlandCanada
PortugalHungary
GreeceUnited States
Slovak RepublicIrelandTurkeyEstonia
Spain
- 10 20 30 40
Tertiary education (%) Below upper secondary education (%)
2008 2009
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Who pays for what, when and how?
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This chart does not take into account grants,
subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset
the students’ tuition fees
Average annual tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A public institutions for full-time national students (academic year 2008-
09)
Portugal (84%, 10 373), Italy (50%, 9 556),Spain (46%, 13 928),
Czech Republic (59%, 8 738), Denmark (55%, 17 634), Finland (69%, 15 402), Ireland (51%, 16 284), Iceland (77%, 10 429), Mexico (35%, 7 504), Norway (77%, 18 942), Sweden (68%, 20 864)
Canada (m, 24 384)
New Zealand (78%, 11 125)
Japan (49%, 16 533), Australia (94%, 16 297),
Netherlands (63%, 17 245)
United Kingdom1 (61%, 15 314)
Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)France (m, 14 945)
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
USD
Chart B5.2
1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.
United States (70%, 29 910)6000
Korea (71%, 10 109)
Austria (54%, 15 081), Switzerland (41%, 23 284)
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Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants
Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008/09, national full-time students
0 25 50 75 1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
United States
Japan
Australia
New Zealand
NetherlandsItaly
SpainAustria
Belgium (Fl.)Belgium (Fr.)
France
Switzerland
Finland
Norway
DanemarkSweden
IcelandMexico
Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR sholarships/grants
Aver
age
tuiti
on fe
es ch
arge
d by
pub
lic in
stitu
tions
in U
SD
Group 1:No (or low) financial barriers
for tertiary studies due to tuition fees and still a high level
of student aid.
Group 2:Potentially high financial barriers
for entry to tertiary-type A education, but also large public
subsidies to students.
Group 3:Extensive and broadly uniform cost
sharing across students, student support systems somewhat less
developed.
Group 4:Relatively low financial barriers to
entry to tertiary education and relatively low subsidies
Bubble size shows graduation rates
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Switz
erla
ndSp
ain
Den
mar
kBe
lgiu
m (F
l.)Po
rtug
alBe
lgiu
m (F
r.)
Ger
man
yG
reec
eN
ethe
rland
sIr
elan
dAu
stria
Japa
nN
orw
ayAu
stra
liaFr
ance
Uni
ted
King
dom
Kore
aU
nite
d St
ates
Icel
and
Italy
New
Zea
land
Finl
and
Slov
enia
Isra
elCz
ech
Repu
blic
Pola
ndH
unga
ryTu
rkey
Esto
nia
Chile
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
Contribution of teachers' salaryContribution of instruction timeContribution of teaching timeContribution of estimated class sizeDifference with OECD average
Chart B7.1
In equivalent USD using PPPs
Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per upper secondary student (2008)
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Relationships between performance in science and total science learning time (PISA 2006)
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0350
400
450
500
550
600
Russian Federation
Greece
Mexico
United Kingdom
Canada
Indonesia
United States
Portugal
Korea
Turkey
New Zealand
Italy
Estonia
SpainPoland
GermanyHungary
Slovenia
DenmarkNorway
Australia
Israel
France
Chile
Brazil
Finland
Slovak Republic
Czech RepublicSweden
Iceland
Argentina
Belgium
Luxembourg
Ireland
AustriaNetherlands
Switzerland
Japan
Box D1.2 Total science learning time (hours per week)
R²=0,02
ScoreMore total learning time does not necessarily mean better performance …
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Relationships between performance in science and relative learning time in regular school science lessons (PISA 2006)
(Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning time)
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80350
400
450
500
550
600
Greece
Mexico
Russian Federation
Chile
Brazil
Turkey
Hungary
Argentina
Poland
Italy
Israel
Indonesia
Portugal
SloveniaNetherlands
Germany
United StatesSpain Slovak Republic
Norway
Estonia
Switzerland
FranceBelgium
Austria
Ireland
Canada
DenmarkSweden
Korea
Czech Republic
Iceland
United Kingdom
Finland
Australia
New ZealandJapan
Luxembourg
Box D1.2Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning time (%)
Score
R²=0,50
…while the higher the percentage of students’ total learning time spent during normal school hours, the better countries perform.
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Spai
n
Port
ugal
Luxe
mbo
urg
Kore
a
Germ
any
Denm
ark
Finl
and
Belg
ium
(Fl.)
Scot
land
Irela
nd
Belg
ium
(Fr.)
Aust
ralia
Fran
ce
Esto
nia
Engl
and
Slov
enia
Net
herla
nds
OEC
D av
erag
e
Swed
en
Israe
l
Pola
nd
Nor
way
Italy
Aust
ria
Unite
d St
ates
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Icela
nd
Hung
ary
Slov
ak R
epub
lic
0
1
2
Chart D3.1
Teachers’ payRatio of salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training to earnings for
full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education aged 25 to 64 (2009 or latest available year)
Teachers fare worse than tertiary-educated workers
Teachers fare better than tertiary-educated workers
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Lifelong learning is becoming a reality……but not for all
Those who need it most get the least of it
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Expected hours over the working life in all non-formal education and in job-related
non-formal education (2007) D
enm
ark
Swed
en
Finl
and
Nor
way
Aust
ria
Ger
man
y
Belg
ium
Switz
erla
nd
OEC
D a
vera
ge
Net
herla
nds
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Esto
nia
Slov
ak R
epub
lic
Spai
n
Cana
da
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Port
ugal
Uni
ted
King
dom
Kore
a
New
Zea
land
Pola
nd
Slov
enia
Gre
ece
Italy
Hun
gary
Turk
ey
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
All non-formal educationJob-related non-formal education
Chart C5.1
Hours
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Hours of instruction per employed participant in job-related non-formal education,
by educational attainment (2007)D
enm
ark
Hun
gary
Belg
ium
Aust
ria
Spai
n
Nor
way
Finl
and
Port
ugal
Gre
ece
Pola
nd
OEC
D a
vera
ge
Swed
en
Ger
man
y
Net
herla
nds
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Cana
da
Switz
erla
nd
Turk
ey
Slov
ak R
epub
lic
Esto
nia
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Kore
a
New
Zea
land
Uni
ted
King
dom
Italy
Slov
enia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Not attained ISCED 3 Attained ISCED 3/4 Attained ISCED 5/6
Chart C5.3
Hours of in-struction
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More Information…
www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011