education and gender in norway herbert zoglowek, university in tromsø - norwegian arctic university
TRANSCRIPT
„Education and Gender in Norway“
HERBERT ZOGLOWEK,
University in Tromsø -
Norwegian
Arctic University
„Norway is usually seen as a virtual forerunner and exemplary on the front of
‚gender equality‘ “
„Gender equality is no longer the big issue…“
Gender in Norwegian Society
1860 – Women were allowed to work in school1913 – Women received the general right to vote1976 – Women were officially allowed to play
soccer within the NFA1978 – Norway appointed as the first country
an Equality Attorney (Ombudswoman)– Act on gender equality
1993 – First female bishop in Norway
Gender in Norwegian Society
Since the 80s the proportion of femal ministers was and is about 50 %
Women has joined up with men in various positions in working life
but Women still earn 15% less than men Women still take care of child and women almost
exclusively take the legal parental leave
Act on gender equality(9. Juni 1978)
The same opportunities for both sexes in society, in the family, in education and in professional work are expressly highlighted. In addition it is particularly emphasized that this law is aimed to improve the position of women in society.
Education act and syllabusEducation act and syllabus1732 – First Education Act1732 – First Education Act1827 – New Education Act1827 – New Education Act1959 – First 1959 – First commoncommon Education Act Education Act1969 – Extension of compulsary education atten-1969 – Extension of compulsary education atten-
dance till nine year: the same education dance till nine year: the same education for all for all
1974 – Syllabus: Gender equality as a content1974 – Syllabus: Gender equality as a content1987 – Syllabus: Idea of gender equality as an 1987 – Syllabus: Idea of gender equality as an
education principle education principle 1996 – Actionplan ”Gender equality in School”1996 – Actionplan ”Gender equality in School”
Action planAction plan ” ”Gender equality in School”Gender equality in School”
Equality conducive learning atmosphereEquality conducive learning atmosphere Gender balance on choice of subject and Gender balance on choice of subject and
professionprofession Equilibrium in teacher staffEquilibrium in teacher staff Development of gender identity in primary schoolDevelopment of gender identity in primary school
Differences at marks and gradesDifferences at marks and grades Differences at early school leavingDifferences at early school leaving Genderspecific bullying and sexual victimizationGenderspecific bullying and sexual victimization
Prioritization of objectives in primary school
(Støren, u.a. 2010)
What are the gender-related projects / priorities that have been worked on in the past year? (in %)
(Støren, u.a. 2010)(Støren, u.a. 2010)
Increasing the motivation to read and improvement of reading skills among boys
72
Raising awareness of training options and highlighting gender-related, non-traditional choices
22
Motivation for sciences, especially for girls 22
Prevention of gender-specific mobbing 23
Equilibrium between men and women within the teaching staff 25
Equilibrium between men and women within leadership positions 5
Women bastion School
Primary Secondary School School
Head mistress 52 % 36,5 % Positionen of leadership 63 % 47 % Women teacher 73 % 48,6 %
“The biggest danger to equality is the myth that we have it”
(Yssen, 2010).
Kroppsøving – Physical Education
BoysBoys Girls Girls > 1920> 1920 military gymnastics - - -military gymnastics - - -< 1920< 1920 Military gymnastics dance gymnasticsMilitary gymnastics dance gymnastics< 1950< 1950 Games andGames and Games and Games and
physical education convivialityphysical education conviviality1964 1964 first common schoolbook first common schoolbook
<< 19871987 Sports, health, lifestyle, friluftsliv Sports, health, lifestyle, friluftsliv
1978 – Erste Fussballmeisterschaft der Frauen1978 – Erste Fussballmeisterschaft der Frauen1979 – Gleichstellungsombud1979 – Gleichstellungsombud
- Keine Geschlechterdiskriminierung in der Reklame- Keine Geschlechterdiskriminierung in der Reklame1980 – Änderung im Gesetz zur Namensgebung1980 – Änderung im Gesetz zur Namensgebung1981 – G.H. Brundtland 1 weibliche Ministerpräsidentin und Parteinführerin1981 – G.H. Brundtland 1 weibliche Ministerpräsidentin und Parteinführerin1983 – Frauen dürfen zum Wehrdienst 1983 – Frauen dürfen zum Wehrdienst
- AP: Quotenregelung: 40% Frauen in allen Parteiorganen, incl. Regierung- AP: Quotenregelung: 40% Frauen in allen Parteiorganen, incl. Regierung1984 – Grete Waitz gewinnt die erste olympische Goldmedaille im Marathonlauf1984 – Grete Waitz gewinnt die erste olympische Goldmedaille im Marathonlauf1987 – das ”Babyjahr” wird von 18 auf 42 Monate erhöht1987 – das ”Babyjahr” wird von 18 auf 42 Monate erhöht1988 – Alle öffentlichen Organe sollen 40% Frauen haben1988 – Alle öffentlichen Organe sollen 40% Frauen haben1990 – Grundgesetzänderung zugunsten weiblicher Thronfolge1990 – Grundgesetzänderung zugunsten weiblicher Thronfolge1991 – Neues Scheidungsgesetz1991 – Neues Scheidungsgesetz1992 – Erziehungsarbeit ergibt pro Jahr 3 Pensionspunkte1992 – Erziehungsarbeit ergibt pro Jahr 3 Pensionspunkte1993 – Mehr weibliche als männliche Studenten legen das Staatsexamen ab (51%)1993 – Mehr weibliche als männliche Studenten legen das Staatsexamen ab (51%)1994 – Einführung des ”Vaterjahres” 4 Wochen des Babyjahres darf der Vater 1994 – Einführung des ”Vaterjahres” 4 Wochen des Babyjahres darf der Vater
nehmennehmen – – Gesetz zum Schutz gegen mobbing und sexuelle Übergriffe am ArbeitsplatzGesetz zum Schutz gegen mobbing und sexuelle Übergriffe am Arbeitsplatz - Liv Arnesen geht als 1.Frau allein mit Skiern zum Südpol- Liv Arnesen geht als 1.Frau allein mit Skiern zum Südpol
1999 – Eldbjørg Løwer erste weibliche Verteidigungsministerin1999 – Eldbjørg Løwer erste weibliche Verteidigungsministerin