ecosystems management as a strategy for disaster risk ... · • participatory, multi-sectoral...
TRANSCRIPT
&By Pieter van Eijk & Ritesh Kumar, Geneva, May 2011
Ecosystems management as a strategy for Disaster
Risk Reduction
Introduction
Courtesy VROM
Learning objective:
Introduction
After this session, participants are familiar with two ecosystems-oriented approaches that could support Disaster Risk Reduction:
• Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Key principles of IWRM & ICZM
• Participatory, multi-sectoral tools for land, water and natural resources management & planning
• Looking at ‘functional units’ of land: watershed –riverbasin – coastal stretch
• Understanding ecosystem services; hydrological and physical processes
• Identifying threats and long-term development opportunities; balancing stakeholder/sectoralneeds
• Large potential for risk reduction; mainstreaming DRR in development planning
Case study: IWRM & ICZM in the Mahanadi Delta, India
Site description: Lake Chilika
• > 200.000 people depend on ecosystem services
• Prone to cyclones, floods and droughts
• Environmental degradation
Western Catchment
B A Y O F B E N G A L
CHILIKA LAKE
Mahanadi River
Naraj Weir
Kat
hjo
riR
.
Kuakhai R.
Kat
hjo
riR
.
Dev
i R.
Kh
us h
bh
adra
iR.
Kuakhai R.
Makara R.
Nuna R
Daya R.
1
2
3
4
9
8
7
6
Kan
sari
R.
Jan
jiraR
.
Bad
asan
kha
R.
Kus
um
i R.
Bhargavi R.
Mahanadi R.
Site description: upscaling to basin
Forests
Mangroves
Floodplains & lakes
Floodplains & lakes
Sand bars
The Bhitarkanika Mangroves , played a major role in protecting people against cyclones (Das et al, PNAS, 2009)
Or did other geomorphological factors play a more important role?
Assess ecosystem services & threats
• Mitigating storm damage: 1.5 metre waves eliminated; storm surge height 50 cm reduced by 600 metre mangrove belt
• Withstand annual sealevel rise of up to 3-9 mm
• Reducing erosion: Red cross mangrove planting in Vietnam: € 1 million investment € 7 million annualreturn from reduced (infrastructural) maintenance works
Assess ecosystem services & threats
Assess ecosystem services & threats
Courtesy Deltares
In general mangrove degradation leads to increasedvulnerability
But: exact functioning is highly site-specific(‘non-linearity’)
Assess ecosystem services & threats
• Lakes and floodplains store excess water and provide water during droughts
• Forests stabilise hillslopes and sediment
Assess ecosystem services & threats
• Erosion from deforested areas causes siltation; enhanced by invasive plants ( Typha )
• Increased flooding risk
Assess ecosystem services & threats
• Reclamation of floodplains causes waterlogging and decreased water availability during droughts
Assess ecosystem services & threats
• Chilika lagoon : buffer between marine and freshwaterenvironment
• Crucial lifeline for fisherfolk and farmers who depe nd on this diverse dynamic environment
Upstream water diversion – overexploitation – convers ion and siltation: increased vulnerability, health problems, decreased productivity
Assess ecosystem services & threats
Stakeholder dialogues and assessment
• Dam operators: meeting urban and agricultural needs
• Farmers: optimising local crop yields
• Fishermen: maintaining fishing grounds
• Shrimp pond ‘owners’: expanding aquaculture
• etc…
Key challenges:• Conflicting needs among
stakeholder groups
• Some development measures result in increased vulnerabi lity: impacts occur across spatial and time scales
• Lack of awareness drives degradation
Management plan phase I (completed)
• Assessing water needs; optimising water allocation by Naraj barrage to maintain salinity and natural flooding patterns
Courtesy WWF
Management plan phase I (completed)
Dredging, removing invasives, reconnecting lagoon to the sea
Management plan phase I (completed)
Results: increased resilience due to improved hydrological regime and ‘sediment flushing’
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fis
h an
d P
raw
n La
ndin
g fr
om C
hilik
a (M
T)
Total Fish and Prawn Landing
Prawn Landing
Fish Landing
Inproved income base: fish landings increased nearly tenfold
Community-based mangrove restoration?
Management plan phase II (under way)
Restotation site in Aceh, Indonesia
• Reforestation on hillslopes
• Improve water management in agricultaral lands
• Maintain and restore lakes and floodplains upstream
• Halt expansion for aquaculture
Management plan phase II (under way)
Management plan phase II (under way)
Addressing mistakes from the past: removing exotic Casuarina (sea pine) plantations?
Stepping from destructive costal defenses….
A. Groynes
HHWS
MHW
MSL
MLW
To develop sustainable integrated ‘grey’ and ‘green’ solutions, combining:
Pictures and concept by Deltares
C. Mud-nourisment
B. Restoration
Exploring onnovative approaches: hybrid -engineering
Integrating ecosystems in adaptation: hybrid -engineering approaches
Room for the river: removing hard infrastructure in heavi ly modified systems
Courtesy WWF
Lessons learned
• Sound DRR planning impossible without linking scales and sectors: engage communities in landscape-level work, but realise that not everything is in t heir sphere of influence
• DRR should be part of broader development framework
• Participatory approach required to overcome trade-offs; strict law enforcement sometimes required
• Healthy ecosystems are a critical determinant of resilience against natural hazards
• One common approach does not exist
Next step: rolling out the Adaptation Training Programme
1. Understanding the problem:
Module 1
2. Assessing the Problem:
Module 2 Module 7
3. Finding solutions:
Module 3 Module 4 Module 5
4. Resourcing action:
Module 6Module 8
Integrating ecosystems into
adaptation
Community-level VulnerabilityAssessments
Landscape-level Vulnerability Assessments
Introduction to climate change
Climate change & Ecosystems
Climate change & Human Development
Adapting with ecosystems and communities
Introduction to vulnerability and resilience
Adaptation finance
Accessing adaptation funding
Financial mechanisms for distributing
adaptation funds
Community-Based
approaches
Disaster Risk Reduction for
adaptation
1. Understanding the problem:
Module 1
2. Assessing the Problem:
Module 2 Module 7
3. Finding solutions:
Module 3 Module 4 Module 5
4. Resourcing action:
Module 6Module 8
Integrating ecosystems into
adaptation
Community-level VulnerabilityAssessments
Landscape-level Vulnerability Assessments
Introduction to climate change
Climate change & Ecosystems
Climate change & Human Development
Adapting with ecosystems and communities
Introduction to vulnerability and resilience
Adaptation finance
Accessing adaptation funding
Financial mechanisms for distributing
adaptation funds
Community-Based
approaches
Disaster Risk Reduction for
adaptation
The
pro
cess
…
Approaches…
Next step: rolling out the Adaptation Training Programme
Next step: rolling out the Adaptation Training Programme