ecosystems and its components. what is an ecosystem? an area in which organisms (plants, animals and...
TRANSCRIPT
Ecosystems and its Components
What is an ecosystem?
An area in which organisms (plants, animals and micro-organisms) interact with each other and with their environment and are interdependent on each other for survival.
What is an environment?
Everything that affects an animal makes up its environment - where it lives, the weather and all the living things it comes into contact with.
Every living thing, including people, has an effect upon the environment.
Different plants and animals live in different ecosystems.
Different ecosystems can be close together.
Animals may belong to several ecosystems.
Ecosystem exists both in land and water.
Can be as tiny as a drop of water or as large as a rainforest.
Within each ecosystem, there are habitats which may also vary in size
Homes and Habitats
The place where an animal lives is called its habitat.
The habitat must supply the needs of organisms, such as food, water, temperature, oxygen, and minerals.
If the population's needs are not met, it will move to a better habitat.
Biomes - ecosystems where several habitats intersect. -The Earth itself is one large biome.-Two general types are terrestrial biome and aquatic biome
Example of an Ecosystem 1) Pond
Within the pond, water plants and algae interact with sunlight to produce food. Insects interact with algae by eating them. Frogs interact with these insects.
2) A Forest ecosystem- Composed of trees, mosses, insects,
animals and birds. Even bacteria and fungi are part of the forest ecosystem.
What is ECOLOGICAL NICHE?- The role that each organism play
in the ecosystem When does Ecosystem change?- Ecosystem can change either by
human manipulation or by natural ways.
Ecosystem Organization Organisms
Made of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
*Species
Groups of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and genetic make up
PopulationAll the organisms of one
species living in a certain area or ecosystem .
Fig. 4.2, p. 66
BiosphereBiosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Communities All the organisms living in a specific
geographical area. A community includes organisms of different
species Ecosystems Biosphere the whole portion of Earth colonized by
living beings. Biosphere is the sum of all the ecosystems established on Earth.
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM BIOTIC COMPONENTS- Refers to all the living organisms in the
ecosystem
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS-refers to all the nonliving features of the
ecosystem such as weather, temperature, soil, rocks, wind and water, etc,
Biotic Components of Ecosystems
Heat
Heat Heat
Heat
Heat
Abiotic chemicalsAbiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,minerals)minerals)
ProducersProducers(plants)(plants)
DecomposersDecomposers(bacteria, fungus)(bacteria, fungus)
ConsumersConsumers(herbivores, (herbivores, carnivores)carnivores)
Solarenergy
Producers Source of all food
through Photosynthesis
Consumers Decomposers
Matter recyclers… Release organic
compounds into soil and water where they can be used by producers
The Source of High Quality Energy Energy of sun
lights and warms the planet
Supports photosynthesis
Drives climate and weather that distribute heat and H2O
Solarradiation
Energy in = Energy out
Reflected byatmosphere (34%)
UV radiation
Absorbedby ozone
Absorbedby the earth
Visiblelight
Lower Stratosphere(ozone layer)
Troposphere
Heat
GreenhouseGreenhouseeffecteffect
Radiated byatmosphere
as heat (66%)
Earth
Heat radiatedby the earth
Trophic Levels Each organism in an ecosystem is assigned
to a feeding (or Trophic) level Primary Producers Primary Consumers (herbivores) Secondary Consumer (carnivores) Tertiary Consumers Omnivores Detritus feeders and scavengers
Directly consume tiny fragments of dead stuff Decomposers
Digest complex organic chemicals into inorganic nutrients that are used by producers
Complete the cycle of matter
A food chain tells us what is eaten by what in an ecosystem.
What is happening in this food chain?
The insect is eaten by the frog.
What is eaten What is eaten by the insect?by the insect?
Many insects Many insects feed on feed on nectar which nectar which they gather they gather from flowers.from flowers.
What does this food What does this food chain show?chain show? The plant The plant is is
eaten byeaten by the slug. the slug. The slug The slug is eaten is eaten
byby the frog. the frog. The frog The frog is eaten is eaten
byby the heron the heron..
• Animals that hunt and eat other animals are called
• PREDATORS
Animals that are hunted and eaten by other animals are called their
PREY
Energy flow Each animal in the
food chain eats another animal or a plant in order to gain energy.
The energy flow in the ecosystem keeps all of the animals alive.
Pyramids of Energy and Matter
Pyramid of Energy Flow
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
1010
100100
1,0001,000
10,00010,000Usable energyUsable energy
Available atAvailable atEach tropic levelEach tropic level(in kilocalories)(in kilocalories)
ProducersProducers(phytoplankton)(phytoplankton)
Primaryconsumers
(zooplankton)
Secondaryconsumers
(perch)
Tertiaryconsumers
(human)
Decomposers
Ecological Pyramids of Energy
What is symbiosis?
What it means: Two organisms that live togetherTemporarily or for a longer timeAt least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship
Literal definition: the act of living together
COMMENSALISM
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.
AN EXAMPLE: In a region of Siberia in Russia a peregrine falcon and red-breasted goose have a commensal relationship. During the nesting season the falcon protects the geese from predators. The geese benefit, while the falcon is neither benefited or harmed.
MUTUALISM A symbiotic relationship in which
both species benefit! AN EXAMPLE: Mutualism is illustrated
between a type of ant and a species of acacia tree living in the subtropics. The ant protects the tree by attacking any herbivore that tries to feed on it. The ants also kill any plant that begins to grow too close to the acacia. The tree provides nectar and a home for the ants.
PARASITISM
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the others expense!
AN EXAMPLE: Tapeworms and roundworms, live in the intestines of dogs, cats, and other vertebrates.
Why would it be disadvantageous for a parasite to kill its host?
What are the different kinds of symbiosis?
Mutualism ParasitismCommensalismboth
organisms benefit
one organism benefits
one organism benefits
one organism
is unaffecte
d
one organism
is harmed
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
Example 1: Acacia plant with ant galls
Ants lay eggs on
acacia treeAcacia
covers the infected area with
brown flesh (gall)
Mutualism: Mutualism: both both benefitbenefit
Example 2: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish
Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal
Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected
Example 3: Cattle with cattle
egretsCattle stir up insects
as they eat grass
Egrets hang
around and eat insects
Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected
Example 4: Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish gets
protection Anemone is unaffected
Mutualism: both benefit
Example 5: Antelope with Oxbird
Antelope gets rid of
parasites Oxbird gets a meal
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
Example 6: Taenia worm in human eye
Worm infects human blood
streamHuman may go
blind