Proceedings e report90ECOS 2012The 25th International Conference on Efciency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems and Processes (Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012)edited byUmberto Desideri, Giampaolo Manfrida, Enrico Sciubbafirenze university press2012Peer Review ProcessAll publications are submitted to an external refereeing process under the responsibility of the FUP Editorial Board and the Scientifc Committees of the individual series. The works published in the FUP catalogue are evaluated and approved by the Editorial Board of the publishing house. For a more detailed description of the refereeing process we refer to the ofcial documents published on the website and in the online catalogue of the FUP (http://www.fupress.com).Firenze University Press Editorial BoardG. Nigro (Co-ordinator), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, F. Cambi, R. Casalbuoni, C. Ciappei, R. Del Punta, A. Dolf, V. Fargion, S. Ferrone, M. Garzaniti, P. Guarnieri, G. Mari, M. Marini, M. Verga, A. Zorzi. 2012 Firenze University PressUniversit degli Studi di FirenzeFirenze University PressBorgo Albizi, 28, 50122 Firenze, Italyhttp://www.fupress.com/Printed in ItalyProgetto grafco di copertina Alberto Pizarro, Pagina Maestra sncImmagine di copertina: Kts | Dreamstime.comECOS 2012 : the 25th International Conference on Efciency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems and Processes (Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012) / edited by Umberto Desideri, Giampaolo Manfrida, Enrico Sciubba. Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2012.(Proceedings e report ; 90)http://digital.casalini.it/9788866553229ISBN 978-88-6655-322-9 (online)ECOS 2012 - THE 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EFFICIENCY, COST, OPTIMIZATION, SIMULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS JUNE 26-29, 2012, PERUGIA, ITALY EDITED BY UMBERTO DESIDERI, GIAMPAOLO MANFRIDA, ENRICO SCIUBBA FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2012, ISBN ONLINE : 978-88-6655-322-9 ECOS 2012 The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulationof Energy Conversion Systemsand Processes Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012 Book of Proceedings - Volume V Edited by: Umberto Desideri, Universit degli Studi di Perugia Giampaolo Manfrida, Universit degli Studi di Firenze Enrico Sciubba, Universit degli Studi di Roma Sapienza ii iii Advisory Committee (Track Organizers) Building, Urban and Complex Energy Systems V. Ismet Ugursal Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration Giuseppe Girardi ENEA-Casaccia, Italy Energy Systems: Environmental and Sustainability Issues Christos A. Frangopoulos National Technical University of Athens, Greece Exergy Analysis and Second Law Analysis Silvio de Oliveira Junior Polytechnical Universityof Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components Sotirios KarellasNational Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Fuel Cells Umberto Desideri University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Heat and Mass Transfer Francesco Asdrubali, Cinzia Buratti University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Industrial Ecology Stefan Goessling-Reisemann University of Bremen, Germany Poster Session Enrico Sciubba University Roma 1 Sapienza, Italy Process Integration and Heat Exchanger NetworksFrancois Marechal EPFL, Lausanne,Switzerland Renewable Energy Conversion Systems David Chiaramonti University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems Marcin Liszka Polytechnica Slaska, Gliwice, Poland System Operation, Control, Diagnosis and Prognosis Vittorio Verda Politecnico di Torino, Italy Thermodynamics A. zer Arnas United States Military Academy at West Point, U.S.A. Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation Andrea Lazzaretto University of Padova, Padova, Italy Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources Corrado Sommariva ILF Consulting M.E., U.K iv Scientific Committee Riccardo Basosi, University of Siena, Italy Gino Bella, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy Asfaw Beyene, San Diego State University, United States Ryszard Bialecki, Silesian Institute of Tecnology, Poland Gianni Bidini, University of Perugia, Italy Ana M. Blanco-Marigorta, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Olav Bolland, University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway Ren Cornelissen, Cornelissen Consulting, The Netherlands Franco Cotana, University of Perugia, Italy Alexandru Dobrovicescu, Polytechnical University of Bucharest, Romania Gheorghe Dumitrascu, Technical University of Iasi, Romania Brian Elmegaard, Technical University of Denmark , Denmark Daniel Favrat, EPFL, Switzerland Michel Feidt, ENSEM - LEMTA University Henri Poincar, France Daniele Fiaschi, University of Florence, Italy Marco Frey, Scuola Superiore S. Anna, Italy Richard A Gaggioli, Marquette University, USA Carlo N. Grimaldi, University of Perugia, Italy Simon Harvey, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Hasan Heperkan, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Abel Abel Hernandez-Guerrero, University of Guanajuato, Mexico Jiri Jaromir Kleme, University of Pannonia, Hungary Zornitza V. Kirova-Yordanova, University "Prof. Assen Zlatarov", Bulgaria Noam Lior, University of Pennsylvania, United States Francesco Martelli, University of Florence, Italy Aristide Massardo, University of Genova, Italy Jim McGovern, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Alberto Mirandola, University of Padova, Italy Michael J. Moran, The Ohio State University, United States Tatiana Morosuk, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Pericles Pilidis, University of Cranfield, United Kingdom Constantine D. Rakopoulos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Predrag Raskovic, University of Nis, Serbia and Montenegro Mauro Reini, University of Trieste, Italy Gianfranco Rizzo, University of Salerno, Italy Marc A. Rosen, University of Ontario, Canada Luis M. Serra, University of Zaragoza, Spain Gordana Stefanovic, University of Nis, Serbia and Montenegro Andrea Toffolo, Lule University of Technology, Sweden Wojciech Stanek, Silesian University of Technology, Poland George Tsatsaronis, Technical University Berlin, Germany Antonio Valero, University of Zaragoza, Spain Michael R. von Spakovsky, Virginia Tech, USA Stefano Ubertini, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy Sergio Ulgiati, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy Sergio Usn, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain Roman Weber, Clausthal University of Technology, Germany Ryohei Yokoyama, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan Na Zhang, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China v

vi The 25thECOS Conference 1987-2012: leaving a markTheintroductiontotheECOSseriesofConferencesstatesthatECOSisaseriesof internationalconferencesthatfocusonallaspectsofThermalSciences,withparticular emphasisonThermodynamicsanditsapplicationsinenergyconversionsystemsand processes. Well, ECOS is much more than that, and its history proves it! The idea of starting a series of such conferences was put forth at an informal meeting of the AdvancedEnergySystemsDivisionoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers (ASME)attheNovember1985WinterAnnualMeeting(WAM),inMiami Beach,Florida, thenchairedbyRichardGaggioli.Theresolutionwasto organize an annual Symposium on theAnalysisandDesignofThermal SystemsateachASMEWAM,and to try to involve a larger number of scientists and engineers worldwide by organizing conferences outside of the UnitedStates.BesidesRichotherparticipantswereOzerArnas,AdrianBejan,YehiaEl-Sayed,RobertEvans,FrancisHuang,MikeMoran,GordonReistad,EnricoSciubbaand George Tsatsaronis. Ever since 1985, a Symposium of 8-16 sessions has been organized by the Systems Analysis Technical Committee every year, at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting (now ASME-IMECE). The first overseas conference took place in Rome, twenty-five years ago (in July 1987), with thesupportoftheU.S.NationalScienceFoundationandoftheItalianNationalResearch Council. In that occasion, Christos Frangopoulos, Yalcin Gogus, Elias Gyftopoulos, Dominick Sama, Sergio Stecco, Antonio Valero, and many others, already active at the ASME meetings,joined the core-group. ThenameECOSwasusedforthefirsttimeinZaragoza,in1992:itisanacronymfor Efficiency,Cost,OptimizationandSimulation(ofenergyconversionsystemsand processes),keywordsthatbestdescribethecontentsofthepresentationsanddiscussions takingplaceintheseconferences.Someyearsago,ChristosFrangopoulosinsertedinthe officialwebsitethenotethatcos(oiko)meanshomeinGreekanditoughttobe attributed the very same meaning as the prefix Eco- in environmental sciences. The last 25 years have witnessed an almost incredible growth of the ECOS community: more andmore Colleaguesare activelyparticipating inour meetings, several international Journals routinelypublishselectedpapersfromourProceedings,fruitfulinterdisciplinaryand internationalcooperationprojectshaveblossomedfromourmeetings.Meetingsthathave spannedthreecontinents(AfricaandAustraliaoughttobeournexttargets, perhaps!)and influenced in a way or another much of modern Engineering Thermodynamics. After25years,ifwedonotwanttobecomeembalmedinourownsuccessandlose momentum,itismandatorytoaimoureffortsintwodirections:first,encouragethe participationofyoungeracademicianstoourmeetings,andsecond,stimulatecreativeand usefuldiscussionsinoursessions.Lookingatthisyearsregistrationroster(250 papersof which 50 authored or co-authored byjunior Authors), the first objective seems to have been attained, and thus we have just to continue in that direction; the second one involves allowing spacetovoicesthatsing outof thechoir,fostering newmethodsandapproaches, and establishing or reinforcing connections to other scientific communities. It is important that our technical sessions represent a place of active confrontation,rather than academic lecturing. Inthisspirit,wewelcomeyouinPerugia,andwishyouascientificallystimulating, touristicallyinteresting,andculinarilyrewardingexperience.Inlinewithour25yearsold scientific excellency and friendship! Umberto Desideri, Giampaolo Manfrida, Enrico Sciubba vii CONTENT MANAGEMENT TheindexlistsallthepaperscontainedalltheeightvolumesoftheProceedingsoftheECOS 2012 International Conference. PagenumbersarelistedonlyforpaperswithintheVolumeyouarelookingat. TheIDcodeallowstotracebacktheidentificationnumberassignedtothepaperwithinthe Conference submission, review and track organization processes. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ECOS 2012 - THE 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EFFICIENCY, COST, OPTIMIZATION, SIMULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS JUNE 26-29, 2012, PERUGIA, ITALY EDITED BY UMBERTO DESIDERI, GIAMPAOLO MANFRIDA, ENRICO SCIUBBA FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2012, ISBN ONLINE : 978-88-6655-322-9 CONTENT VOLUME V V. 1 RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS Aco-poweredconcentratedsolarpowerRankinecycleconceptfor small sizecombined heat and power (ID 276) Alessandro Corsini, Domenico Borello, Franco Rispoli, Eileen Tortora ....Pag. 1 A novel non-trackingsolarcollectorforhigh temperatureapplication (ID 466) Wattana Ratismith, Anusorn Inthongkhum ....Pag. 17 Absorption heat transformers (AHT) as a way to enhance low enthalpy geothermal resources (ID 311) Daniele Fiaschi, Duccio Tempesti, Giampaolo Manfrida, Daniele Di Rosa....Pag. 26 Alternativefeedstockforthebiodieselandenergyproduction:the OVEST project (ID 98) MatteoPrussi,DavidChiaramonti,LuciaRecchia, FrancescoMartelli,Fabio Guidotti ....Pag. 38 Assessingrepoweringandupdatescenariosforwindenergy converters (ID 158) Till Zimmermann ....Pag. 47 Biogas from mechanical pulping industry potential improvement for increased biomass vehicle fuels (ID 54) Mimmi Magnusson, Per Alvfors ....Pag. 56 Biogasorelectricityasvehiclefuelsderivedfromfoodwaste-the caseof Stockholm (ID 27) Martina Wikstrm, Per Alvfors ....Pag. 68 Compressibilityfactorasevaluationparameterofexpansion processes in organic Rankine cycles (ID 292) Giovanni Manente, Andrea Lazzaretto ....Pag. 78 Design of solar heating system for methane generation (ID 445) Luca Mnica Gutirrez, P. Quinto Diez, L. R. Tovar Glvez ....Pag. 94 Economic feasibility of PV systems in hotels in Mexico (ID 346) Augusto Sanchez, Sergio Quezada ....Pag. 106 Effect of aback surfaceroughness onannual performance of anair-cooled PV module (ID 193) Riccardo Secchi, Duccio Tempesti, Jacek Smolka ....Pag. 114 Energy and exergy analysis of thefirst hybrid solar-gas power plant in Algeria (ID 176) Fouad Khaldi ....Pag. 130 EnergyrecoveryfromMSWtreatmentbygasificationandmelting technology (ID 393) Fabrizio Strobino, Alessandro Pini Prato, Diego Ventura, Marco Damonte ....Pag. 144 Ethanol production by enzymatic hydrolysis process from sugarcane biomass - the integration with the conventional process (ID 189) ReynaldoPalacios-Bereche,AdrianoEnsinas,MarceloModesto,Silvia Azucena Nebra ....Pag. 159 ix Evaluationofgasinanindustrialanaerobicdigesterbymeansof biochemicalmethanepotentialoforganicmunicipalsolidwaste components (ID 57) IsabellaPecorini,TommasoOlivieri,DonataBacchi,AlessandroParadisi, Lidia Lombardi, Andrea Corti, Ennio Carnevale ....Pag. 173 Exergyanalysisandgeneticalgorithmsfortheoptimizationofflat-plate solar collectors (ID 423) Soteris A. Kalogirou .... Pag. 185 Experimental study of tar and particles content of the produced gas in a double stage downdraft gasifier (ID 487) AnaLisbethGalindoNoguera,SandraYamileGiraldo,ReneLesme-Jan, Vladimir Melian Cobas, Rubenildo Viera Andrade, Electo Silva Lora ....Pag. 197 Feasibility study torealizeananaerobic digesterfedwithvegetables matrices in central Italy (ID 425) UmbertoDesideri,FrancescoZepparelli,LiviaArcioni,OrnellaCalderini, Francesco Panara, Matteo Todini ....Pag. 209 Investigations on theuseof biogas for smallscaledecentralized CHP applications with a focus on stability and emissions (ID 140) Steven MacLean, Eren Tali, Anne Giese, Jrg Leicher ....Pag. 218 Kinetic energy recovery system for sailing yachts (ID 427) Giuseppe Leo Guizzi, Michele Manno....Pag. 229 Mirrors in the sky: status andsome supportingmaterials experiments (ID 184) Noam Lior....Pag. 253 Numericalparametricstudyfordifferentcoldstoragedesignsand strategies of a solar driven thermoacoustic cooler system (ID 284) MaximePerier-Muzet,PascalStouffs,Jean-PierreBedecarrats,Jean Castaing-Lasvignottes ....Pag. 274 Parabolictroughphotovoltaic/thermalcollectors.PartI:designand simulation model (ID 102) Francesco Calise, Laura Vanoli ....Pag. 290 Parabolictroughphotovoltaic/thermalcollectors.PartII:dynamic simulation of a solar trigeneration system (ID 488) Francesco Calise, Laura Vanoli....Pag. 309 Performanceanalysisofdowndraftgasifier-reciprocatingengine biomass fired small-scale cogeneration system (ID 368) Jacek Kalina ....Pag. 331 Proposing offshore photovoltaic (PV) technology to the energy mix of the Malteseislands (ID 262) Kim Trapani, Dean Lee Millar ....Pag. 350 Researchofintegratedbiomassgasificationsystemwithapiston engine (ID 414) Janusz Kotowicz,Aleksander Sobolewski, Tomasz Iluk ....Pag. 363 Start up of a pre-industrial scale solid stateanaerobic digestion cell for theco-treatment of animal and agricultural residues (ID 34) Francesco Di Maria, Giovanni Gigliotti, AlessioSordi, Caterina Micale, Luisa Massaccesi ....Pag. 373 The role of biomass in the renewable energy system (ID 390) Ruben Laleman, Ludovico Balduccio, Johan Albrecht ....Pag. 381 x Vegetable oils ofsoybean, sunflowerand tungas alternative fuels for compression ignition engines (ID 500) RicardoMorel Hartmann, Nury Nieto Garzn, Eduardo Morel Hartmann, Amir Antonio Martins Oliveira Jr, Edson Bazzo, Bruno Okuda, Joselia Piluski ....Pag. 409 Windenergyconversionperformanceandatmospherestability(ID 283) Francesco Castellani, Emanuele Piccioni, Lorenzo Biondi,Marcello Marconi ....Pag. 427 V. 2 FUEL CELLS Comparisonstudy ondifferentSOFChybridsystemswithzero-CO2 emission (ID 196) Liqiang Duan, Kexin Huang, Xiaoyuan Zhang and Yongping Yang ....Pag. 440 Exergy analysisandoptimisationofasteammethanepre-reforming system (ID 62) George G. Dimopoulos, Iason C. Stefanatos, Nikolaos M.P. Kakalis ....Pag. 456 ModellingofaCHPSOFCpowersystemfedwithbiogasfrom anaerobic digestion of municipal wastes integrated with a solar collector and storage units (ID 491) Domenico Borello, Sara Evangelisti, Eileen Tortora ....Pag. 472 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- CONTENTS OF ALL THE VOLUMES-----------------------------------------------------------------------VOLUME I I . 1 - SIMULATION OF ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS A novel hybrid-fuel compressed air energy storage system for Chinas situation(ID 531) Wenyi Liu, Yongping Yang, Weide Zhang, Gang Xu,and Ying Wu A review of Stirling engine technologies applied to micro-cogeneration systems(ID 338) Ana C Ferreira, Manuel L Nunes, Lus B Martins, Senhorinha F Teixeira An organic Rankinecycle off-design model for the search of theoptimal control strategy (ID 295) Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto, Giovanni Manente, Marco Paci Automatedsuperstructuregenerationandoptimizationofdistributedenergysupply systems(ID 518) Philip Voll, Carsten Klaffke, Maike Hennen, Andr Bardow Characterisation andclassification ofsolid recovered fuels (SRF) andmodel development of a novel thermal utilization concept through air- gasification (ID 506) Panagiotis Vounatsos, Konstantinos Atsonios, Mihalis Agraniotis, Kyriakos D. Panopoulos, George Koufodimos,Panagiotis Grammelis, Emmanuel Kakaras Designandmodelling ofa novel compactpowercycleforlow temperatureheatsources (ID 177) Jorrit Wronski, Morten Juel Skovrup, Brian Elmegaard, Harald Nes Risl, Fredrik Haglind Dynamicsimulation ofcombinedcycles operatingintransient conditions: aninnovative approach to determinethesteam drums lifeconsumption (ID 439) Stefano Bracco xi Effectofauxiliary electrical powerconsumptions onorganicRankinecyclesystemwith low-temperaturewaste heat source (ID 235) Samer Maalouf, Elias Boulawz Ksayer, Denis Clodic Energetic andexergetic analysis ofwasteheat recovery systems inthecement industry (ID 228) SotiriosKarellas,ArisDimitriosLeontaritis,GeorgiosPanousis,EvangelosBellos,Emmanuel Kakaras Energy and exergy analysisofrepowering options forGreek lignite-fired powerplants (ID 230) Sotirios Karellas, Aggelos Doukelis, Grammatiki Zanni, Emmanuel Kakaras Energy saving by a simple solar collector with reflective panels and boiler (ID 366) Anna Stoppato, Renzo Tosato Exergetic analysis of biomass fired double-stage Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)(ID 37) Markus Preiinger, Florian Heberle, Dieter Brggemann Experimental tests and modelization of a domestic-scale organic Rankine cycle (ID 156) Roberto Bracco, Stefano Clemente, Diego Micheli, Mauro Reini Model of a small steam enginefor renewable domestic CHP system(ID 31 ) Giampaolo Manfrida, Giovanni Ferrara, Alessandro Pescioni Model of vacuum glass heat pipesolar collectors (ID 312) Daniele Fiaschi, Giampaolo Manfrida Modelling and exergy analysis of a plasma furnace for aluminum melting process (ID 254) Luis Enrique Acevedo, Sergio Usn, Javier Uche, Patxi Rodrguez Modelling and experimental validation of a solar cooling installation (ID 296) Guillaume Anies, Pascal Stouffs, Jean Castaing-Lasvignottes Theinfluence ofoperatingparameters and occupancy rateofthermoelectric modules on the electricity generation (ID 314) Camille Favarel, Jean-Pierre Bdcarrats, Tarik Kousksou, Daniel Champier Thermodynamic and heat transferanalysis of rice straw co-firing in a Brazilianpulverised coal boiler (ID 236) Raphael Miyake, Alvaro Restrepo, Fbio Kleveston Edson Bazzo, Marcelo Bzuneck Thermophotovoltaic generation: A state of the art review (ID 88) MatteoBosi,ClaudioFerrari,FrancescoMelino,MichelePinelli,PierRuggeroSpina,Mauro Venturini I . 2 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER A DNSmethod for particlemotion to establish boundary conditions in coal gasifiers(ID 49) Efstathios E Michaelides, Zhigang Feng Effective thermal conductivity with convection and radiation in packed bed (ID 60) Yusuke Asakuma Experimental and CFD study of a single phasecone-shaped helical coiled heat exchanger: an empirical correlation (ID 375) Daniel Flrez-Orrego, Walter Arias, Diego Lpez,Hctor Velsquez Thermofluiddynamic model forcontrol analysis oflatent heat thermal storagesystem (ID 207) Adriano Sciacovelli, Vittorio Verda, Flavio Gagliardi Towardsthedevelopmentofanefficientimmersedparticleheatexchanger:particle transfer from low to high pressure(ID 202) Luciano A. Catalano, Riccardo Amirante, Stefano Copertino, Paolo Tamburrano, Fabio De Bellis xii I . 3 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Anthropogenic heat and exergy balance of the atmosphere (ID 122) Asfaw Beyene, David MacPhee, Ron Zevenhoven Determination of environmental remediation cost ofmunicipal waste interms of extended exergy (ID 63) Candeniz Seckin, Ahmet R. Bayulken Developmentofproductcategoryrulesfortheapplicationoflifecycleassessmentto carbon capture and storage (537) Carlo Strazza, Adriana Del Borghi, Michela Gallo Electricity productionfrom renewableandnon-renewable energy sources: a comparison ofenvironmental,economicandsocialsustainabilityindicatorswithexergylosses throughout the supply chain (ID 247)Lydia Stougie, Hedzer van der Kooi, Rob Stikkelman Exergy analysis of the industrial symbiosis model in Kalundborg (ID 218) Alicia Valero Delgado, Sergio Usn, Jorge Costa Global gold mining: is technological learning overcoming the declining in ore grades? (ID 277) Adriana Domnguez, Alicia Valero Personal transportation energy consumption(ID305) Matteo Muratori, Emmanuele Serra, Vincenzo Marano, Michael Moran ResourceuseevaluationofTurkishtransportationsectorviatheextendedexergy accounting method (ID 43) Candeniz Seckin, Enrico Sciubba, Ahmet R. Bayulken Theimpactofhigherenergypricesonsocio-economicinequalitiesofGermansocial groups (ID 80) Holger Schlr, Wolfgang Fischer, Jrgen-Friedrich Hake VOLUME II II . 1 EXERGY ANALYSISAND 2ND LAW ANALYSIS Acomparativeanalysisofcryogenicrecuperativeheatexchangersbasedonexergy destruction (ID 129) AdinaTeodoraGheorghian,AlexandruDobrovicescu,LaviniaGrosu,BogdanPopescu,Claudia Ionita A critical explorationofthe usefulness ofrational efficiency as a performanceparameter for heat exchangers (ID 307) Jim McGovern, Georgiana Tirca-Dragomirescu, Michel Feidt, Alexandru Dobrovicescu AnewprocedureforthedesignofLNGprocessesbycombiningexergyandpinch analyses (ID 238) Danahe Marmolejo-Correa, Truls Gundersen Advancesinthedistributionof environmentalcostofwaterbodiesthroughtheexergy concept in the Ebro river (ID 258) Javier Uche Marcuello, Amaya Martnez Gracia, Beatriz Carrasquer lvarez, Antonio Valero Capilla Application of the entropy generation minimizationmethodtoa solarheat exchanger: a pseudo-optimization design process based ontheanalysis of thelocal entropy generation maps (ID 357) Giorgio Giangaspero, Enrico Sciubba Comparativeanalysis ofammonia andcarbondioxide two-stagecycles forsimultaneous cooling and heating (ID 84) Alexandru Dobrovicescu, Ciprian Filipoiu, Emilia Cerna Mladin, Valentin Apostol, Liviu Drughean xiii Comparisonbetweentraditionalmethodologiesandadvancedexergyanalysesfor evaluating efficiency and externalities of energy systems (ID 515) Gabriele Cassetti, Emanuela Colombo Comparisonofentropygenerationfiguresusingentropymapsandentropytransport equation for an air cooled gas turbine blade(ID 468) Omer Emre Orhan, Oguz Uzol Conventional andadvanced exergetic evaluationofa supercritical coal-firedpowerplant (ID 377) Ligang Wang, Yongping Yang, Tatiana Morosuk, George Tsatsaronis Energy andexergy analyses ofthechargingprocessinencapsultedicethermal energy storage (ID 164) David MacPhee, Ibrahim Dincer, Asfaw Beyene Energyintegrationandcogenerationinnitrogenfertilizersindustry:thermodynamic estimation of the efficiency, potentials, limitations and environmental impact. Part 1: energy integration in ammonia production plants (ID 303) Zornitza Vassileva Kirova-Yordanova EvaluationoftheoilandgasprocessingatarealproductiondayonaNorthSeaoil platform using exergy analysis (ID 260) Mari Voldsund, Wei He, Audun Rsjorde, Ivar Stle Ertesvg, Signe Kjelstrup Exergetic and economic analysis ofKalina cycle forlow temperaturegeothermal sources in Brazil (ID 345) CarlosEymelCamposRodriguez,JosCarlosEscobarPalacios,CesarAdolfoRodrguez Sotomonte,MarcioLeme,OsvaldoJosVenturini,ElectoEduardoSilvaLora,VladimirMelin Cobasa, Daniel Marques dos Santos, Fbio R. Lofrano Dotto, Vernei Gialluca Exergy analysis and comparison of CO2 heat pumps (ID 242) Argyro Papadaki, Athina Stegou - Sagia Exergy analysis of a CO2 Recovery plant for a brewery (ID 72) Daniel Rnne Nielsen, Brian Elmegaard, C. Bang-Mller Exergy analysis of the silicon production process (ID 118) Marit Takla, Leiv Kolbeinsen, Halvard Tveit, Signe Kjelstrup Exergy based indicators for cardiopulmonary exercise test evaluation (ID 159) Carlos EduardoKeutenedjian Mady, Cyro Albuquerque Neto, Tiago Lazzaretti Fernandes, Arnaldo JoseHernandez,PauloHilrioNascimentoSaldiva,JurandirItizoYanagihara,SilviodeOliveira Junior Exergy disaggregationasanalternativeforsystemdisaggregationinthermoeconomics (ID 483) Jos Joaquim Conceio Soares Santos, Atilio Loureno, Julio Mendes da Silva, Joo Donatelli,Jos Escobar Palacio Exergy intensity of petroleum derived fuels (ID 117) Julio Augusto Mendes da Silva, Maurcio Sugiyama, Claudio Rucker, Silvio de Oliveira Junior Exergy-based sustainability evaluation of a wind power generation system (ID 542) Jin Yang, B. Chen, Enrico Sciubba Human body exergy metabolism (ID 160) Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady, Silvio de Oliveira Junior Integrating an ORC into a natural gas expansion plant supplied with a co-generation unit (ID 273) Sergio Usn, Wojciech Juliusz Kostowski One-dimensional model of an optimal ejector and parametric study of ejector efficiency (ID 323) Ronan Killian McGovern, Kartik Bulusu, Mohammed Antar, John H. Lienhard xiv Optimization and design of pin-fin heat sinks based on minimum entropy generation (ID 6) Jose-Luis Zuniga-Cerroblanco, Abel Hernandez-Guerrero, Carlos A. Rubio-Jimenez, Cuauhtemoc Rubio-Arana, Sosimo E. Diaz-Mendez Performance analysis of a district heating system (ID 271) Andrej Ljubenko, Alojz Poredo, Tatiana Morosuk, George Tsatsaronis System analysis of exergy losses in an integrated oxy-fuel combustion power plant (ID 64) Andrzej Zibik, Pawel Gladysz What is the cost of losing irreversibly themineral capital on Earth? (ID 220) Alicia Valero Delgado, Antonio Valero II . 2 THERMODYNAMICS A new polygeneration system formethanol and powerbased on cokeoven gas and coal gas (ID 252) Hu Lin, Hongguang Jin, Lin Gao, Rumou Li Argon-Water closed gas cycle(ID 67) Federico Fionelli, Giovanni Molinari Binary alkanemixtures as fluids in Rankine cycles (ID 246) M. Aslam Siddiqi, Burak Atakan Excess enthalpies of second generation biofuels (ID 308) AlejandroMoreau,JosJuanSegovia,M.CarmenMartn,MiguelngelVillaman,CsarR. Chamorro, Rosa M. Villaman LocalstabilityanalysisofaCurzon-AhlbornengineconsideringtheVanderWaals equation statein themaximum ecological regime (ID 281) Ricardo Richard Pez-Hernndez, Pedro Portillo-Daz, Delfino Ladino-Luna, Marco Antonio Barranco-Jimnez Some remarks on theCarnot's theorem (ID 325) Julian Gonzalez Ayala, Fernando Angulo-Brown The Dead State (ID 340) Richard A. Gaggioli The magnetocaloric energy conversion (ID 97) Andrej Kitanovski, Jaka Tusek, Alojz Poredos VOLUME III THERMO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION A comparison of optimal operation of residential energy systems using clustered demand patterns based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (ID 142) Akira Yoshida, Yoshiharu Amano, Noboru Murata, Koichi Ito, Takumi Hashizume AModelforSimulationandOptimalDesignofaSolarHeatingSystemwithSeasonal Storage (ID 51) Gianfranco Rizzo A thermodynamicandeconomiccomparativeanalysisofcombinedgas-steamandgas turbine air bottoming cycle (ID 232) Tadeusz Chmielniak, Daniel Czaja, Sebastian Lepszy Application of an alternative thermoeconomic approach to a two-stage vapor compression refrigeration cyclewith intercooling (ID 135) Atilio Barbosa Loureno, Jos Joaquim Conceio Soares Santos, Joo Luiz Marcon Donatelli Comparativeperformanceofadvancedpowercyclesforlowtemperatureheatsources(ID 109) Guillaume Becquin, Sebastian Freund xv Comparisonofnuclearsteampowerplant andconventional steam powerplantthrough energy level and thermoeconomic analysis (ID 251) S.KhamisAbadi,MohammadHasanKhoshgoftarManesh,M.Baghestani,H.Ghalami,Majid Amidpour EconomicandexergoeconomicanalysisofmicroGTandORCcogenerationsystems (ID 87) Audrius Bagdanavicius, Robert Sansom, Nick Jenkins, Goran Strbac Exergoeconomic comparison of wet and dry cooling technologies for the Rankine cycle of a solar thermal power plant (ID 300) Philipp Habl, Ana M. Blanco-Marigorta, Berit Erlach Influenceofrenewablegeneratorsonthethermo-economicmulti-leveloptimizationofa poly-generation smart grid (101) Massimo Rivarolo, Andrea Greco, Francesca Travi, Aristide F. Massardo Local stability analysis of a thermoeconomic model of an irreversible heat engineworking at different criteria of performance (ID 289) Marco A. Barranco-Jimnez, Norma Snchez-Salas, Israel Reyes-Ramrez, Lev Guzmn-Vargas Multicriteria optimization of a distributed trigeneration system in an industrial area (ID 154) Dario Buoro, Melchiorre Casisi, Alberto de Nardi, Piero Pinamonti, Mauro Reini Ontheeffectofeco-indicatorselectionontheconclusionsobtainedfroman exergoenvironmental analysis (ID 275) Tatiana Morosuk, George Tsatsaronis, Christopher Koroneos Optimisationofsupplytemperatureandmassflowrateforadistrictheatingnetwork (ID 104) Marouf Pirouti, Audrius Bagdanavicius, Jianzhong Wu, Janaka Ekanayake Optimizationofenergysupplysystemsinconsiderationofhierarchicalrelationship between design and operation (ID 389) Ryohei Yokoyama, Shuhei Ose The fuel impact formula revisited (ID 279) Cesar Torres, Antonio Valero The introduction of exergy analysis to the thermo-economic modelling and optimisation of a marine combined cycle system (ID 61) George G. Dimopoulos, Chariklia A. Georgopoulou, Nikolaos M.P. Kakalis Therelationshipbetweencostsand environmentalimpactsinpowerplants: an exergy-based study (ID 272) Fontina Petrakopoulou, Yolanda Lara, Tatiana Morosuk, Alicia Boyano, George Tsatsaronis Thermo-ecologicalevaluationofbiomassintegratedgasificationgasturbinebased cogeneration technology (ID 441) Wojciech Stanek, Lucyna Czarnowska, Jacek Kalina Thermo-ecological optimization of a heat exchanger through empirical modeling (ID 501) Ireneusz Szczygiel, Wojciech Stanek, Lucyna Czarnowska, Marek Rojczyk Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization in a combined cyclepower plant including a heat transformer for energy saving (ID 399) Elizabeth CortsRodrguez, Jos LuisCastillaCarrillo, Claudia A.Ruiz Mercado, WilfridoRivera Gmez-Franco Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of a hybrid solar-electric heating in a fluidized bed dryer (ID 400) Elizabeth Corts Rodrguez, Felipe de Jess Ojeda Cmara, Isaac Pilatowsky Figueroa Thermoeconomicapproachfortheanalysis oflowtemperaturedistrict heatingsystems (ID 208) Vittorio Verda, Albana Kona xvi Thermo-economic assessmentofamicroCHPsystemsfuelledby geothermalandsolar energy (ID 166) Duccio Tempesti, Daniele Fiaschi, Filippo Gabuzzini Thermo-economicevaluationandoptimizationofthethermo-chemicalconversionof biomass into methanol (ID 194) Emanuela Peduzzi, Laurence Tock, Guillaume Boissonnet, Franois Marechal Thermoeconomicfuelimpactapproachforassessingresourcessavingsinindustrial symbiosis: application to Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park (ID 256) Sergio Usn, Antonio Valero, Alicia Valero, Jorge Costa Thermoeconomics of a ground-based CAES plant for peak-load energy production system (ID 32) Simon Kemble, Giampaolo Manfrida, Adriano Milazzo, Francesco Buffa VOLUME IV IV . 1 - FLUID DYNAMICS AND POWER PLANT COMPONENTS A control oriented simulation model of a multistageaxial compressor (ID 444) Lorenzo Damiani, Giampaolo Crosa, Angela Trucco Aflexibleandsimpledeviceforin-cylinderflowmeasurements:experimentaland numerical validation (ID 181) Andrea Dai Zotti, Massimo Masi, Marco Antonello CFDSimulationofEntropy GenerationinPipelineforSteamTransportinReal Industrial Plant (ID 543) Goran Vuckovic, Gradimir Ilic, Mica Vukic,Milan Banic, Gordana Stefanovic Feasibility Study of Turbo expander Installation in City Gate Station (ID 168) Navid Zehtabiyan Rezaie, Majid Saffar-Avval GTLandRMEcombustionanalysisinatransparentCIenginebymeansofIRdigital imaging (ID 460) Ezio Mancaruso, Luigi Sequino, Bianca Maria Vaglieco Someaspects concerning fluid flow and turbulencemodeling in 4-valve engines (ID 116) Zoran Stevan Jovanovic, Zoran Masonicic, Miroljub Tomic IV . 2 - SYSTEM OPERATION CONTROL DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS Adaptingtheoperationregimesoftrigenerationsystemstorenewableenergy systems integration (ID 188) Liviu Ruieneanu, Mihai Paul Mircea Advancedelectromagneticsensorsforsustainablemonitoringofindustrialprocesses (ID 145) Uro Puc, Andreja Abina, Anton Jeglic, Pavel Cevc, Aleksander Zidanek Assessmentofstressesandresiduallifeofplantcomponentsinviewoflife-time extension of power plants (ID 453) Anna Stoppato, Alberto Benato and Alberto Mirandola Control strategy for minimizing the electric powerconsumption of hybrid ground source heat pump system (ID 244) Zoi Sagia, Constantinos Rakopoulos Exergetic evaluationofheatpumpboosterconfigurationsinalowtemperaturedistrict heating network (ID 148) Torben Ommen, Brian Elmegaard xvii Exergoeconomicdiagnosis:athermo-characterizationmethodbyusingirreversibility analysis (ID 523) AbrahamOlivares-Arriaga,AlejandroZaleta-Aguilar,Rangel-HernndezV.H, Juan Manuel Belman-Flores Optimalstructuraldesignofresidentialcogenerationsystemsconsideringtheir operational restrictions (ID 224) Tetsuya Wakui, Ryohei Yokoyama Performance estimationandoptimal operationof a CO2 heat pumpwaterheatingsystem (ID 344) Ryohei Yokoyama, Ryosuke Kato, Tetsuya Wakui, Kazuhisa Takemura Performancesofacommon-railDiesel enginefuelledwithrapeseedandwastecooking oils (ID 213) AlessandroCorsini,ValerioGiovannoni,StefanoNardecchia,FrancoRispoli,FabrizioSciulli, Paolo Venturini Reduced energy cost through the furnace pressure control in power plants (ID 367) Vojislav Filipovic, Novak Nedic, Saa Prodanovic Short-term scheduling model for a wind-hydro-thermal electricity system (ID 464) Srgio Pereira, Paula Ferreira, A. Ismael Freitas Vaz VOLUME VI VI . 1 - CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION A novel coal-based polygeneration system cogenerating power, natural gas and liquid fuel with CO2 capture(ID 96) Sheng Li, Hongguang Jin, Lin Gao AnalysisandoptimizationofCO2captureinaChinasexistingcoal-firedpowerplant (ID 532) Gang Xu, Yongping Yang, Shoucheng Li, Wenyi Liu and Ying Wu Analysysoffour-endhightemperaturemembraneairseparatorinasupercritical power plant with oxy-type pulverized fuel boiler (ID 442) Janusz Kotowicz, Sebastian Stanislaw Michalski Analysis of potential improvements to the lignite-fired oxy-fuel power unit (ID 413) Marcin Liszka, Jakub Tuka, Grzegorz Nowak, Grzegorz Szapajko BiogasUpgrading:GlobalWarmingPotentialofConventionalandInnovative Technologies (ID 240) KatherineStarr,XavierGabarrellDurany,GaraVillalbaMendez,LauraTalensPeiro,Lidia Lombardi Capture of carbon dioxide using gas hydrate technology (ID 103) Beatrice Castellani, Mirko Filipponi, Sara Rinaldi, Federico Rossi Carbon dioxidemineralisation and integration with flue gas desulphurisation applied to a modern coal-fired power plant (ID 179) Ron Zevenhoven, Johan Fagerlund, Thomas Bjrklf, Magdalena Mkel, Olav Eklund Carbon dioxide storageby mineralisation applied to a limekiln (ID 226) Ins Sofia Soares Romo, Matias Eriksson, Experience Nduagu, Johan Fagerlund, Licnio Manuel Gando-Ferreira, Ron Zevenhoven Comparison of IGCC and CFB cogeneration plants equipped with CO2 removal (ID 380) Marcin Liszka, Tomasz Malik, Michal Budnik, Andrzej Zibik Concept of a capture ready combined heat and power plant (ID 231) Piotr Henryk Lukowicz, Lukasz Bartela xviii CryogenicmethodforH2 andCH4 recovery fromarichCO2streaminpre-combustion CCS schemes (ID 508) KonstantinosAtsonios,KyriakosD.Panopoulos,AngelosDoukelis,AntonisKoumanakos, Emmanuel Kakaras Design and optimization of ITM oxy-combustion power plant (ID 495) Surekha Gunasekaran, Nicholas David Mancini, Alexander Mitsos Implementation of a CCS technology: the ZECOMIX experimental platform (ID 222) Antonio Calabr, Stefano Cassani, Leandro Pagliari, Stefano Stendardo InfluenceofregenerationconditiononcyclicCO2captureusingpre-treateddispersed CaO as high temperature sorbent (ID 221) Stefano Stendardo, Antonio Calabr Investigationofaninnovativeprocessforbiogasup-gradingpilotplantpreliminary results (ID 56) Lidia Lombardi, Renato Baciocchi, Ennio Antonio Carnevale, Andrea Corti, Giulia Costa, Tommaso Olivieri, Alessandro Paradisi, Daniela Zingaretti Methodofincreasingthe efficiency ofa supercriticallignite-firedoxy-typefluidizedbed boiler and high-temperaturethree - end membranefor air separation (ID 438) Janusz Kotowicz, Adrian Balicki Monitoring of carbon dioxideuptakein accelerated carbonation processes applied to air pollution control residues (ID 539) Felice Alfieri, Peter J Gunning, Michela Gallo, Adriana Del Borghi, Colin D Hills Process efficiency andoptimizationofprecipitatedcalciumcarbonate(PCC)production from steel converter slag (ID 114) Hannu-PetteriMattila,Inga Grigalinait,Arshe Said,SamiFilppula,Carl-JohanFogelholm,Ron Zevenhoven Production of Mg(OH)2 for CO2 Emissions Removal Applications: Parametric and Process Evaluation (ID 245) Experience Ikechukwu Nduagu, Ins Romo, Ron ZevenhovenThermodynamicanalysisofasupercriticalpowerplantwithoxytypepulverizedfuel boiler,carbondioxidecapturesystem(CC)andfour-endhightemperaturemembraneair seprator (ID 411) Janusz Kotowicz, Sebastian Stanislaw Michalski VI . 2 - PROCESS INTEGRATION AND HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORKS A multi-objective optimization technique forco- processing in thecement production (ID 42) MariaLuizaGrilloRen,RogrioJosdaSilva,MiriandeLourdesNoronhaMottaMelo,Jos Joaquim Conceio Soares Santos Comparisonofoptionsfordebottleneckingtherecoveryboileratkraftpulpmills Economic performance and CO2 emissions (ID 449) Johanna Jnsson, Karin Pettersson, Simon Harvey, Thore Berntsson Demonstrating an integral approach for industrial energy saving (ID 541) Ren Cornelissen, Geert van Rens, Jos Sentjens, HenkAkse, Ton Backx, Arjan van derWeiden, Jo Vandenbroucke Maximising the use of renewables with variableavailability (ID 494) Andreja Nemet, Jiri Jaromr Kleme, Petar Sabev Varbanov, Zdravko Kravanja Methodology for theimprovement of large district heating networks (ID 46) Anna Volkova, Vladislav Mashatin, Aleksander Hlebnikov, Andres Siirde Optimal mine site energy supply (ID 306) Monica Carvalho, Dean Lee Millar xix SimulationofsynthesisgasproductionfromsteamoxygengasificationofColombian bituminous coal using Aspen Plus (ID 395) John Jairo Ortiz, Juan Camilo Gonzlez, Jorge Enrique Preciado, Roco Sierra, Gerardo Gordillo VOLUME VII VII . 1 - BUILDING, URBAN AND COMPLEX ENERGY SYSTEMS Alinearprogrammingmodelfortheoptimalassessmentofsustainableenergyaction plans (ID 398) Gianfranco Rizzo, Giancarlo Savino Anaturalgasfuelled10kWelectricpowerunitbasedonaDieselautomotiveinternal combustion engine and suitablefor cogeneration(ID 477) Pietro Capaldi Adjustmentofenvelopescharacteristicstoclimaticconditionsforsavingheatingand cooling energy in buildings (ID 430) Christos Tzivanidis, Kimon Antonopoulos, Foteini Gioti Anexergy basedmethodfortheoptimalintegration ofa buildinganditsheating plant. Part 1: comparison of domestic heating systems based on renewable sources (ID 81) Marta Cianfrini, Enrico Sciubba, Claudia ToroAnalysisofdifferenttypologiesofnaturalinsulationmaterialswitheconomicand performances evaluation of the same buildings (ID 28) Umberto Desideri, Daniela Leonardi, Livia Arcioni Complex networks approach to theItalian photovoltaic energy distribution system (ID 470) Luca Valori, Giovanni Luca Giannuzzi, Tiziano Squartini, Diego Garlaschelli, Riccardo Basosi Design of a multi-purpose building "to zero energy consumption" according to European Directive 2010/31/CE: Architectural and plant solutions (ID 29) Umberto Desideri, Livia Arcioni, Daniela Leonardi, Luca Cesaretti ,Perla Perugini, Elena Agabitini, Nicola Evangelisti Effect ofinitial systems on the renewal planningof energy supply systems for a hospital (ID 107) Shu Yoshida, Koichi Ito, Yoshiharu Amano, Shintaro Ishikawa, Takahiro Sushi, Takumi Hashizume Effectsofinsulationandphasechangematerials(PCM)combinationsontheenergy consumption for buildings indoor thermal comfort (ID 387) Christos Tzivanidis, Kimon Antonopoulos, Eleutherios Kravvaritis Energetic evaluation of a smart controlled greenhouse for tomato cultivation (ID 150) Nickey Van den Bulck, Mathias Coomans, Lieve Wittemans, Kris Goen, Jochen Hanssens, Kathy Steppe, Herman Marien, Johan Desmedt Energy networks in sustainablecities: temperatureand energy consumption monitoring in urban area (ID 190) Luca Giaccone, Alessandra Guerrisi, Paolo Lazzeroni and Michele Tartaglia Extended exergy analysis of the economy of Nova Scotia, Canada (ID 215) David C Bligh, V.Ismet Ugursal Feasibility study anddesignofa low-energy residential unitinSagarmathaPark (Nepal) for envirnomental impact reduction of high altitude buildings (ID 223) Umberto Desideri, Stefania Proietti, Paolo Sdringola, Elisa Vuillermoz Fire and smoke spread in low-income housing in Mexico (ID 379) RaulR.Flores-Rodriguez,AbelHernandez-Guerrero,CuauhtemocRubio-Arana,ConsueloA. Caldera-Briseo xx Optimal lightingcontrol strategies insupermarketsfor energy efficiency applications via digital dimmable technology (ID 136) Salvador Acha, Nilay Shah, Jon Ashford, David Penfold Optimising the arrangement of finance towards large scale refurbishment of housing stock using mathematical programming and optimisationg (ID 127) Mark Gerard Jennings, Nilay Shah, David Fisk Optimization of thermal insulation to save energy in buildings (ID 174) Milorad Bojic, Marko Miletic, Vesna Marjanovic, Danijela Nikolic, Jasmina Skerlic Residentialsolar-basedseasonalthermalstoragesystemincoldclimate:building envelope and thermal storage (ID 342) Alexandre Hugo and Radu Zmeureanu Simultaneous production of domestic hot waterand spacecooling with a heat pump in a Swedish PassiveHouse (ID 55) Johannes Persson, Mats Westermark SOFC micro-CHP integration in residential buildings (ID 201) Umberto Desideri, Giovanni Cinti, Gabriele Discepoli, Elena Sisani, Daniele Penchini The effect of shading of building integrated photovoltaics on roof surface temperature and heat transfer in buildings (ID 83) Eftychios Vardoulakis, Dimitrios Karamanis Theinfluenceofglazingsystemsonenergyperformanceandthermalcomfortinnon-residential buildings (ID 206) Cinzia Buratti, Elisa Moretti, Elisa Belloni Thermalanalysisofagreenhouseheatedby solarenergy andseasonal thermal energy storage in soil (ID 405) Yong Li, Jin Xu, Ru-Zhu Wang Thermodynamicanalysisofacombinedcooling,heatingandpowersystemunderpart load condition (ID 476) Qiang Chen, Jianjiao Zheng, Wei Han, Jun Sui, Hong-guang Jin VII . 2 - COMBUSTION, CHEMICAL REACTORS Baffleasacost-effectivedesignimprovementforvolatilecombustionrateincreasein biomass boilers of simple construction (ID 233) Borivoj Stepanov, Ivan Peenjanski, Biljana Miljkovic Characterization of CH4-H2-air mixtures in the high-pressure DHARMA reactor (ID 287) Vincenzo Moccia, Jacopo D'Alessio Development ofa concept for efficiency improvementanddecreasedNOx productionfor naturalgas-firedglassmeltingfurnacesbyswitchingtoapropaneexhaustgasfired process (ID 146) Jrn Benthin, Anne Giese ExperimentalanalysisofinhibitionphenomenonmanagementforSolidAnaerobic Digestion Batch process (ID 348) FrancescoDiMaria,GiovanniGigliotti,AlessioSordi,CaterinaMicale,ClaudiaZadra,Luisa Massaccesi Experimentalinvestigationsofthecombustionprocessofn-butanol/dieselblendinan optical high swirl CI engine(ID 85) Simona Silvia Merola, G. Valentino, C. Tornatore, L. Marchitto , F. E. Corcione FlamelessoxidationasameanstoreduceNOxemissionsinglassmeltingfurnaces(ID 141) Jrg Leicher, Anne Giese xxi Mechanismofdamagebyhightemperatureofthetubes,exposedtotheatmosphere characteristicofafurnaceofpyrolysisofethaneforethyleneproductioninthe petrochemical industry (ID 65) Jaqueline SaavedraRueda, Francisco JavierPerez Trujillo, Lourdes Isabel Merio Stand, Harbey Alexi Escobar, Luis Eduardo Navas, Juan Carlos AmezquitaSteamreformingofmethaneoverPt/Rhbasedwiremeshcatalystinsinglechannel reformer for small scale syngas production (ID 317) Haftor Orn Sigurdsson, Sren Knudsen Kr VOLUME VIII VIII . 1 - ENERGY SYSTEMS : ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES A multi-criteria decision analysis tool to support electricity planning (ID 467) Fernando Ribeiro, Paula Ferreira, Madalena Arajo Comparisonofsophisticatedlifecycleimpactassessmentmethodsforassessing environmental impacts in a LCA study of electricity production (ID 259) Jens BuchgeisterDefossilisationassessmentofbiodiesellifecycleproductionusingtheExROIindicator (ID 304) Emilio Font de Mora, Csar Torres, Antonio Valero, David Zambrana Designstrategyofgeothermalplantsforwaterdominantmedium-lowtemperaturereservoirs based on sustainability issues (ID 99) Alessandro Franco, Maurizio Vaccaro Energetic and environmental benefitsfromwastemanagement: experimental analysis of thesustainablelandfill (ID 33) Francesco Di Maria, Alessandro Canovai, Federico Valentini, Alessio Sordi, Caterina Micale Environmentalassessmentofenergyrecoverytechnologiesforthetreatmentand disposal ofmunicipal solidwaste usinglifecycleassessment (LCA): a casestudy ofBrazil (ID 512) MarcioMontagnanaVicenteLeme,MateusHenriqueRocha,ElectoEduardoSilvaLora,Osvaldo Jos Venturini, Bruno Marciano Lopes, Claudio Homero Ferreira Howwillrenewablepowergenerationbeaffectedbyclimatechange?Thecaseofa metropolitan region in Northwest Germany (ID 503) JakobWachsmuth,AndrewBlohm,StefanGling-Reisemann,TobiasEickemeier,Rebecca Gasper, Matthias Ruth, Snke Sthrmann Impact of nuclear power plant on Thailand power development plan(ID 474) Raksanai Nidhiritdhikrai, Bundhit Eua-arporn Improving sustainability of maritimetransport through utilization of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for propulsion (ID 496) Fabio Burel, Rodolfo Taccani, Nicola Zuliani Lifecycleassessmentofthinfilmnonconventionalphotovoltaics:thecaseofdye sensitized solar cells (ID 471) Maria Laura Parisi, Adalgisa Sinicropi, Riccardo Basosi Low CO2 emission hybrid solar CC power system (ID 175) Yuanyuan Li, Na Zhang, Ruixian Cai Lowexergysolutionsasacontributiontoclimateadaptedandresilientpowersupply(ID 489) Stefan Goessling-Reisemann, Thomas Bloethe On the useof MPT to derive optimal RES electricity generation mixes (ID 459) Paula Ferreira, Jorge Cunha xxii Stability and limit cycles in an exergy-based model of population dynamics (ID 128) Enrico Sciubba, Federico ZulloTheinfluenceofprimary measuresforreducingNOx emissions onenergy steamboiler efficiency (ID 125) GoranStupar,DraganTucakovic,Titoslavivanovic,MiloBanjac,SrdanBeloevic,Vladimir Beljanski, Ivan Tomanovic, Nenad Crnomarkovic, Miroslav Sijercic The Lethecity car of theUniversity of Roma 1: final proposed configuration (ID 45) Roberto Capata, Enrico Sciubba VIII . 2 - POSTER SESSION Avariationaloptimizationofafinite-timethermalcyclewithaStefan-Boltzmannheat transfer law (ID 333) Juan C.Chimal-Eguia, Norma Sanchez-Salas Modeling and simulation of a boiler unit for steam power plants(ID 545) Luca Moliterno, Claudia Toro Numerical Modelling of straw combustion in a moving bed combustor (ID 412) Biljana Miljkovi, Ivan Peenjanski, Borivoj Stepanov, Vladimir Milosavljevi, Vladimir RajsPhysicochemical evaluationofthepropertiesofthecokeformedat radiationarea of light hydrocarbons pyrolysis furnacein petrochemical industry (ID 10) JaquelineSaavedraRueda,AnglicaMaraCarreoParra,MaradelRosarioPrezTrejos, Dionisio Laverde Catao, Diego Bonilla Duarte,Jorge Leonardo Rodrguez Jimnez, Laura Mara Daz Burgos Rotor TG cooled (ID 121) Chiara Durastante, Paolo Petroni, Michela Spagnoli, Vincenzo Rizzica, Jrg Helge Wirfs Study of the phasechangein binary alloy (ID 534) Aroussia Jaouahdou, Mohamed J. Safi, Herve Muhr Technip initiatives in renewable energies and sustainable technologies (ID 527) Pierfrancesco Palazzo, Corrado Pigna ECOS 2012 VOLUME V PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 -THE 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON EFFICIENCY , COST, OPTIMIZATION,SIMULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGYSY STEMS J UNE 26- 29, 2012,PERUGIA,ITALY 1A co-powered Concentrated Sol ar Power Ranki ne cycl e concept for smal l si ze Combi ned Heat and Power Alessandro Corsinia, Domenico Borellob, Franco Rispolic and Eileen Tortorad aFacolt di Ingegneria, Sapienza Universit di Roma, Latina, Italy, alessandro.corsini@uniroma1.it bDipartimento di Meccanica e Aeronautica, Sapienza Universit di Roma, Roma, Italy, domenico.borello@uniroma1.it cDipartimento di Meccanica e Aeronautica, Sapienza Universit di Roma, Roma, Italy, franco.rispoli@uniroma1.it dDipartimento di Meccanica e Aeronautica, Sapienza Universit di Roma, Roma, Italy, eileen.tortora@uniroma1.it (CA) Abstract: The presentwork investigates the matching of an advanced small scale combined heatand powerRankine cycle planttoend-user thermal andelectricload.Thepowerplantconsistsofa concentrated solarpower fieldco-poweredbyabiomassfurnacetoproducesteaminaRankinecycle,withaCombinedHeatand Power configuration.Ahotelwasselected astheenduser.The power plantdesign and itsoperationwere modelled and investigated byadopting transient simulations with a hourly distribution.The study of the load matching of the proposed renewable power technology and the final user has been carried out by comparing two different load tracking scenarios, i.e. the thermal and the electric demands. As a result, the power output followsfairlywellthegivenloadcurves,supplying,onaselectedwinterday,about50GJ /dofthermal energy and the 6 GJ /d of electric energy, with reduced energydumpswhen matching the load. Furthermore, forthesamewinterday,thesystemallowsthereductionofabout4103kgCO2ofgreenhousegas emissions. Keywords: Co-powered Concentrated Solar Power, Rankine Cycle, Transient Simulation, Load Matching. 1. Introduct ion In recent years the use of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) was commonly considered to supply energy to end users in the service or residential sectors. The basic argument in favour of CHP is the possibility to obtain electric and thermal energy in situ, improving the power generation efficiency and reducing the losses usually related to the energy distribution [1, 2]. Notably among the existing CHPtechnologies,onlysomeexceptionsarebasedontheexploitationofdifferentfuelsfrom natural gas, i.e. small-scale power plants based on biomass derived fuel exploitation, like wood or biogas [3, 4]. In most applications themain factor which determines the economicviability of CHP schemesis thehighutilisation ofheat and electric energy,which are produced simultaneously.Most of the literatureindicatesthat aCHPplantneedstobefullyutilisedprovidingheatandpowerfora minimum duty of 4,500 h per annum to gain its breakeven point [5]. When designing renewable energy based CHP technologies, in a distributed generation concept, one of the key factors is the capability of tracking the time-dependent end-user load. Renewable Energy Sources (RES),intermittent by nature, produceinconsistently and somewhat unpredictably power outputs uncorrelated with the end user power demands, typically variable according to predictable 2daily load profiles. As a consequence of this mismatch the available RES energy may not meet the energy demand, resulting in deficit and surplus energy situations.SeveralsolutionshavebeenproposedtoattenuatetheRES-usermatchinginconsistency.The conventional remedial strategy is to plug the supply gap providing alternative capacity, known as spinning reserve[6].Among thesolutionsdevotedtoRESelectricgridintegration,itisworth mentioningtheuseofhighcapacityenergystoragetosavetheproducedenergysurplusand postponingtheenergysurplusdelivery[7,8],orcombiningrenewableenergysourceswith complementary intermittencies [9]. In this respect, the present study investigates a CHP scheme combining a parabolic trough field for concentrated solar power (CSP), a thermal energy storage and a biomass furnace as complementary source. It is worth noting that the biomass source is a sui generis RES, in fact its storage simplicity permits to customize the power production management, exactly like the fossil fuel sources. Concerning the parabolic trough field, that device was selected for its high worldwide development among the CSP systems [10]. Nonetheless, an important aspect of these plants is the size, which, is usuallylarge. In fact solartrough plants are characterised by multi-MW sizes, which rangeup to about 50 MWel for parabolic trough systems. Also the biomass power plants are usually rated in the range 5100 MW.Even so,while CSP plants sizeisstill growing [11, 12],in the biomassfield there are several applications on small-scale biomass power plants [13, 14]. The aim to exploit CSP technology and limit the plantfootprint led to the design of a small scale plant,recently presentedin [15,16],composedby a2,580m2parabolictroughfield,athermal energy storage system (TES) and a 1,163 kW biomass furnace to face the solar source fluctuations. A heat transfer fluid (HTF), i.e. diathermic oil, is heated by the parabolic through field and biomass furnaceandsubsequentlyitissenttoaheatrecoverysteamgeneratorwhereitproduceslow enthalpy saturated steam that is sent to a 130 kW reciprocating steam engine for the electric energy production. Moreover, the Rankine cycle (RC) economizer is fed by the exhaust gases derived from the biomass combustion. A heat recovery for thermal energy production is obtained, using hot water as heat carrier, in a back-pressure scheme at 134 C and 300 kPa. The investigations on the proposed RES-based small-scale CHP Rankine cycle plant, when matched to a typicalhotelier end-user were carried out by transientmodel simulations.The selection of a hotel as end-userwasmadeforitshighheat/electricity consumption ratio.Thesystem matching behaviouris analyzedfor both thermal and electricload tracking with the aim to demonstrateits capabilitytomeet theend-usersenergyrequest ona24hourperiodinawinterday asmore challenging for the solar field performance. ThetransientmodelandthesimulationswereperformedintheTRNSYSenvironment[17] supported by the in-house made types of the biomass furnace and reciprocating steam engine and the STEC component model library [18]. The software TRNSYS was selected as it is a well-known instrument tomodel complex energy systems, as demonstrated by several studies appearedin the open literature which mostly deal on RES applications in a few fields like small-islands stand alone power systems [8, 19], or,more related tothe present paper, on CSP field simulations [20], TES behaviour in solar trough plants [21] and matching to a hotel end-user [16]. 2. Co-powered solar-biomass plant and modeldescript ion 2.1. Component and system description The proposed CHP concept, Figure 1, concerns of a solar-biomass Rankine cycle system. The basic equipment of thepower blockconsistsof 1,200kWsolar troughfield,360kWthermal energy storage(TES)and 1,163 kW biomassfurnace tofeed theheat transfer fluid(HTF)loop andthe relatedRC.Althoughbiofuel canbeeasilystoredandispromptlyavailable,theTESallows avoiding the dump of surplus CSP energy occurring during the mismatch with respect to the load.Itisworth noting that the biomassfurnaceis constantly on duty at aminimum power thatis the 35% of its maximum power (i.e. 407 kWth), in order to ease its complementary source role avoiding 3poweroutputdeficitsand/orfurnacestart-upproblemsrelatedtotheDirectNormalInsulation (DNI) sudden variations. Figure 1.Power plant diagram. Table 1. Main components description and nominal size. Component descriptionSize Solar parabolic trough field (2,580 m2)kWth1,200 TESkWth360 Biomass furnacekWth1,163Reciprocating steam enginekWel130 CondenserkWth1,240 Diathermic oil circuit Maximum/minimum temperatureC300/240 Maximum/minimum specific heatkJ /kg K2.36/ 2.19 Operating pressurekPa800Water/Steam circuit Maximum/minimum pressurekPa2,800/300 Maximum/minimum temperatureC230/134Water/steam mass flow ratekg/s0.51 Electric powerkW130 Thermal powerkW1,100 The HTF circuit supplies the thermal energy to the RC for the production of saturated steam to be expanded in a 130 kW reciprocating steam engine fitted with an electric generator. According to a bottomer CHP configuration, the expanded steam is condensed producing a thermal power output 4available at a constant temperature of 80 C, i.e. the temperature demand of typical district heating networks.Figure2illustratesthetemperature-entropydiagramoftheRankinecycleandthe thermodynamicparametersinthereferencepoints.Themaincomponentsandsystem thermodynamic parameters, subdividedin diathermic oil andwater/steam circuit, are describedin Table 1. Additional details concerning the power system components are given in [15]. Thetemperature-heat diagramis shown in Figure 3.The exhaustgas, diathermic oilandwater-steam temperatures with the Rankine cycle exchanged heat rate are shown. In particular, two lines areplottedfortheexhaustgasrespectivelyshowingthetemperatureevolutionatCSPdesign operationwiththebiomassfurnaceworkingat 35%dutyrate(Gas-35%),andat 100%ofthe biomass heat contribution (Gas-100%). In between these two limiting lines the solar contribution to the Rankine cycle spans from maximum (Gas-35%) to zero (Gas-100%). Notably, the pinch point temperature difference for the evaporator is set to 10 C. 12345 T [K]406,73407,15503,29503,29406,73 P [bar]3,0028,0028,0028,003 p [kg/m3]931,78932,75827,1013,991,83 u [kJ/kg]561,27562,06987,392604,022345,94 h [kJ/kg]561,60565,06990,782804,112509,69 s [kJ/kg K]1,671,672,616,216,46 quality0,00,00,01,00,9 Figure 2.Temperature-Entropy diagram of power cycle. Figure 3.Temperature-Heat diagram. 2.2. Transient model description In order to evaluate thetime-dependent behaviour and the performance of the proposed system a transient model was developedin the TRNSYSframework [17]integrated with the STEClibrary [18]. The RC transient model also includes in-house made types for the biomass furnace and for the reciprocating steam engine [15].Themodel subsets and theirlinkages are described by theflow 5diagram inFigure4.Thepresent solar-biomassCHPplantisbroadlybasedon aconfiguration recently investigated and assessed [15]. The base-line model has been implemented by a control logic targeted to the tracking of different loads,namelyheat orpower demands.Thedevelopment of theloadtracking strategyhasbeen based on the definition of algebraic correlations between the HTF flow rate, directly related to the RESpowerinput,andthesystemthermal poweroutput(Pth) or the system electric output (Pel), respectively.TheHTFflow ratewasselectedasthereference parameter becauseit governsthe actual poweroutputsaccording totheinstantaneousrenewableenergy availability.Asensitivity analysis, was carried out on the power system configuration by varying and recording Pel and Pthvalues.Figure5showsthevaluesobtainedwiththesensitivityanalysis(greylines)andthe correspondingtrendlines(blacklines)andequations.TheHTFcontrolequations,accordingly derived, read as , . Figure4. Energy conversion system flow diagram. The control logic was implemented, Figure 4, in order to match the requested HTF flow rate target ( ) at each time-step with the actual power demand according to the adopted load tracking law. Hence, theHTFflow rate target tracks theload evolution following a two-level control strategy, respectively driving the solar section and the whole system. In particular, the solar section control verifies the state of charge of the TES, giving priority to the storage charging in case of emptiness ( ).TheflowratenotneededtochargetheTEScan becan bedirectlysuppliedtothe Rankine cycle. The second control acquires the load data ( ) and compares the HTF flow rate targetwith the actual HTFflow rate achievablefrom the availablesolarfield andtheminimum biomass furnace rate ( ) at each time step, giving rise to three possible situations: 1.direct CSP contribution surplus, the exceeding HTF flow rate will be dumped; 2.directCSP contribution deficit,themissing heatflux will befirst requestedto the TES(flow rate ); and 3.incaseofinsufficientfluxfromthesolarsectionandminimumbiomasscontributions,an additional heat flux is requested to the biomass furnace (flow rate). 6 Figure5. Thermal a) and electric b) output control equations. 3. End user descript ion 3.1. End-user load profile The behaviour of the proposed RES-based small-scale CHP Rankine cycle plant is investigated in thematching of load curve of a typical hotelier end-user during a 24 hour time period. Thehotel was chosen, among tertiary sector end-users, for its high annual heat/electricity consumption ratio. Theend-usercharacteristicsaresummarized,inTable2.Theenergy datagivesaheat/electric consumption ratiohigher than five,Table 2 [22], which is typical of European hotelier end-user figure, in contrast to the standard North-American hotel energy profile [23]. Furthermore,in order totakeintoaccount thecoolingloadalso,itisworthy referringtotheequivalent thermal load (obtained by the addition of the actual thermal load and the thermal load resulting if fulfilling the cooling load with a absorption chiller) with a 0,7 COP. In this case the heat/electric rises to a value of 7.44. The cooling load takes place only in the months from J une to September, with a constant distribution of about 600 GJ /month. Table 2. End users characteristics [22]. Hotel Volume [m3] 43,000 Number of sleeping accommodations350 Heat load [GJ /y]8,640 Electric load [GJ /y]1,656 Cooling load [GJ /y]2,580 Equivalent thermal load12`326 Heat/electric consumption ratio [GJth/GJel] 5.23 Equivalent heat/electric consumption ratio [GJth/GJel]7.44 Figure 6 shows the monthly distribution of the electric and equivalent thermal load for the selected end-user; the average daily energy demand (dot sign)is representedin relationship with the daily average power demand (x sign) and the power demand excursion (bar). It is evident that the electric energy request has an almost constant behaviour with average daily energy demand always below 200GJ /day.Whereasthethermalmonthlyprofilehasaseasonalconnotationwhichentailsa thermal load range from 250 GJon the summer period to 1,370 GJon the winter one. It is worth notingthatgenerallytheaveragepower demandispositionedon thelowerpart ofthepower demandexcursionbars,indicatingthattheenergydemandiscomposedbyfrequentlowpower demand values and rare high power values. This behaviour is highlighted in the summer equivalent 7thermal load curves (from J une to September) of both the endusers, when high peaks of cooling energy are requested during the day. Legend: Left axis Average daily energy demandRight axis X Average daily power demand Variation of daily power request on monthly basis Figure 6. Hotel monthly electric and thermal load yearly behaviour. 3.2. RES data input TheRESinputdataare available on ahourly distribution over ayear period.The directnormal insulation data [24], are referred to Romeslatitude,i.e. 4154'39"24 N, as indicative of a central Italian location DNI data show a maximum valuein the month of J uly, with 733.68 MJ /m2 and a minimumvalueof 253.04MJ /m2inDecember,with an annual cumulativeirradiation of 5,760 MJ/m2. The DNI hourly distribution data on the selected winter day are provided in Table 3. Table 3. Direct normal insulation data for the selected winter day [24]. HourDNI [W/m2]HourDNI [W/m2] 1013938.06 2014918.06 3015848.06 4016560.83 501718.33 60180 70190 818.33200 9560.83210 10848.06220 11918.06230 12938.06240 As far as the biomass is concerned, the thermo-chemical characteristics are typical of short rotation forestry derived woody pellet, with a lower heating value of about 17 MJ /kg and high carbon and oxygen ratios. 84. Solar-biomass power plant performance The analysis of solar-biomass plant is based on the comparison of transient and overall performance under two power modulation scenarios. Namely, i. the tracking of the end-user thermal load in the hypothesis of electric energy surplus sale tothegrid, andii.the tracking of the end-user electric load with a dump of the thermal energy surplus. In thefollowing,theoverall CHPplant performancesarefirst discussedon ayearly andmonthly basis and then the time-dependent results on a winter day are shown and discussed. In particular, the study focuses on a typical winter day in order to discuss the behaviour of the system in operating conditions which are not favourable to the solar sub-system. The thermal and electric load curves areshowninFigure7.Thethermalloadrangesfrom 300to640kW,withasharpmin-max modulation. On the other hand, the electricload, always below 100 kW, achievesits peak level in the morning and then it decreases during the day being nearly constant in the afternoon and evening times. 4 8 12 16 20 2401020304050607080901000100200300400500600700800 Figure 7. End user electric and thermal load for a typical winter day [22]. 4.1. Overall performance In ordertocomparetheperformanceof thesolar-biomassCHPsystemunderthetwoproposed load-trackinglogics,anumberofindicatorshavebeenconsidered(Table4).Inparticularthe indices concern the RES system performance, the output performance and the RC efficiency. The surplus and deficit index for the output performance were calculated by adding the surplus or deficit thermalandelectricenergyproductionwhichoccurredhourperhourwithrespecttothe correspondingloadenergyrequest.Theoverallperformanceshavebeen computedoverayear period.The integration over the duty time showed that the parabolic trough field collect s 4,277.53 GJ/y of solarenergy.Furthermore,astheenergyinputneedvariesinthetwoscenariosinreasonofthe differentloads,the effective solar energy supply,which isa balance between the available solar energy and the TES charge discharge rates, differs in the two cases with an amount of about 4,172 GJ/yintheelectrictrackingscenarioand4,093GJ/yin thethermal tracking one.Thebiomass energy supply varies for the same reason, leading to an effective solar supply fraction, calculated as the percentage of the effective solar energy with respect to the sum of the effective solar energy and thebiomassfurnaceenergy,of 18.71%in theelectrictrackingcaseand19.20%in thethermal trackingone.Itisworthnotingthattheselectedsizingofthesolarcollectorfieldismadein accordance to the Italian existing feed in tariff minimum size of 2,500 m2 for the concentrated solar power.Pth,d (kW)Pel ,d (kW) 9Looking at the RC system performance Table 4,the value of1.2 for the primary energy ratio demonstratesthatthe presentedsolar-biomassRankinecycle systems can effectively allowthe saving of conventional primary energy sources in each presented scenario. Looking at the electric output,globallythesystemproducesmoreelectricenergythantheneedwithapeak production/request ratio of 124% for the electric tracking. Table 4.Overall performance data. Electric TrackingThermal Tracking Solar energy [GJ /y]4,277.534,277.53 Effective solar energy supply [GJ /y]4,172.094,092.72 Biomass energy [GJ /y]18,132.3917,221.31 Solar fraction18.7119.20 Biomass consumption [ton/y]990.84941.06 RES system Global effective energy input Eg [GJ /y]22,304.4821,314.03 Plant electric energy output Eel [GJ /y]2,064.372,017.10 Eel,d [GJ/y]1,664.681,664.46 Eel/ Eel,d[%]124.01121.19 Surplus [%]19.8025.80 Electric output Deficit [%]0.448.32 Plant thermal energy supply Eth[GJ /y]17,291.9316,895.49 Eth,d[GJ/y]11,656.1311,653.99 Eth/ Eth,d[%]148.35144.98 Surplus [%]40.0933.27 Thermal output Deficit [%]7.492.26 Net electric efficiency = Eel/Eg [%]9.269.46 Net thermal efficiency = Eth/Eg [%]77.5379.27 Electric index =Eel/Eth [-]11.9411.94 RC system Primary energy ratio =(Eel/pel+Eth/ pth)/Eg [-]1 1.211.24 4.2. Hourly power system performance The global data in a RES based plant are not indicative of the effective load covering. As a matter of fact, analyzing the hourly behaviour of the systems, there are both surplus and deficit situations. It isworth noting that thehotel electric tracking scenario offers a completely absence of thermal supply deficits, but shows a 132% of thermal energy surplus. Considering that the electric source is easier to manage than the thermal one, as it can be sold or bought from the grid, the most suitable configuration appears to be the thermal tracking one. Figure 8 shows the surplus (values higher than zero) and deficits (values lower than zero) behaviour of the electric and thermal power supplyfor both the electric and thermal tracking scenario.The graphs,presented on a monthly basis,are based on hourly data,and show,on the left axis,the minimumandmaximumdifferenceregisteredinthemonth between theloadandthesupplied power. On the right axis the cumulative surplus and deficit energy is shown for each month.The electric output of the electric tracking configuration, Figure 8 a), shows the smaller values variation. Nevertheless,asthisgoodresultcorrespondstotheelectricbehaviourontheelectrictracking 1For the primary energy ratio evaluation, the values for the reference electric and thermal efficiencies are qel =0.38 and qth =0.8. 10configuration,the thermal behaviourisworst, with ahigh rate of surplus distributed all over the referenceyear and a deficit peak during the summer period, asthe electric energy requestisnot sufficientlyhightolet thesystem toproducetherequestedthermal energy too.Thedeficit and surpluseventshaveaquadrupleexplanation.Thefirstoneisthathalfoftheresultsareload-independent,e.g.when discussingtheelectrictracking configuration,thethermal output doesnot followanyproductionlaw,butisdependentfromtheelectricproductiontrend,withoutany correlation to the thermal load. Secondly, in most of the occasions the gaps with the requested load are entailed to the used correlation among load energy and hot thermal fluid flowrate, which do not perfectlyfitthesensitivity analysisdata,conducing togapsbetween thedesiredoutputandthe obtained one. Nevertheless, thosegaps arenot particularly remarkable.The third reason,instead, explains the high surplus peaks that occur, by observing that sometimes there are contemporarily an elevated available solar supply and full thermal energy storage. In those cases the system, which has to deliver the collected heat, sends all the hot flowrate directly to the Rankine cycle. The last reason is that the biomass furnace is always on duty, even if on a minimum rate, supplying energy also in extremely low energy request. Figure8.Hotelelectricandthermalpowersurplus/deficitbehaviourduringaoneyearperiod under electric and thermal load tracking conditions. 4.3. Matching through the load tracking Thethermalandelectricloadtrackingareanalysedbycomparinghourlydistributionofthe different power components. Figure 9 shows the thermal power inputs to the RC, respectively from the solar field (PCSP) and the biomass furnace (Pb), the TES contribution during the charge/discharge cycles (PTES,c, PTES,d), and the thermal power recovered from the exhaust gas (Peg). Asevident,theCSPpowerisavailableonlybetween9a.m.and4p.m.,withtwopeaks, respectively ante- and post-meridian, of about 400 kW. It is worth noting that the PCSP reduction at 12a.m.iscausedbythereflectionlossesduetomultiplereflectionsoccurringforhighsolar incidence angles [25]. In thethermal load tracking (Figure 9.a) the PCSP is not sufficient to meet the thermalload (Pth,d) which rapidly rises to its peak value about 600 kW. For this reason the control system driven by the thermal demand, activates the TES system to store fractions of the solar energy (PTES,c) available in 11the peak hours and to buffer it (PTES,d) in the day time when the sun DNI falls below 3,000 kJ /h m2. The passage to the electric load tracking logic (Figure 9.b) appears to influence remarkably the RES power inputs/outputs and the TES charge/discharge cycle. In particular, the TES charge cycle is no more driven by solar radiation a.m. and p.m. peaks and it is shifted in the afternoon hours when the overall electric power request reduces. This circumstance causes the shifting of the TES discharge cycle to the evening time and unbalances the power input from the biomass furnace which is mainly concentratedintheearlymorninghours.ThisfindingconfirmsthattheTESandthebiomass furnace have complementary behaviours by implementing an effective reserve to the solar source. 4 8 12 16 20 240100200300400500600700800 4 8 12 16 20 240100200300400500600700800 Figure 9. RES power contribution with the a) thermaland b) electric load tracking matching. The matching of the power plant with the end-user demand, as driven respectively by the thermal and electric profile, is described in Figure 10 and Figure 11, by plotting the thermal power output (Pth) against the thermal power request (Pth,d) (Figure 10.a and Figure 11.a), and the electric power output (Pel) against the electric demand (Pel,d) (Figure 10.b and Figure 11.b). 4 8 12 16 20 2401 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 00 4 8 12 16 20 24020406080100120140160180200 Figure 10. Thermal a) and electric b) behaviour with the thermal load tracking matching. In the thermal load tracking case, Figure 10.a, the thermal load (Pth,d) is completely satisfied by the solar-biomass plant output (Pth).Theexceedingheat production during theperiodsofminimum requestisconsequenttothecontrolregimeof thebiomassfurnacewhichiskeptataconstant minimum level. When looking at the electric matching, Figure 10.b, it is remarkable that the power plant electric output (Pel) mimics the shape of the leading load component. As a result, the correct kW hours Pel,d Pel kW hours Pth,d Pth a)b) PCSP PTES,c PTES,d kW hours Pb Peg PCSP PTES,c PTES,d kW hours Pb Peg a)b) 12sizing of thesolar-biomassCHPsystemprovidesafairmatchingintheperiodof peakelectric request, while the load tracking logic drives the system to an over-production of electricity during the remaining duty time. Looking at the electric load tracking case, as a matter of fact, the thermodynamic characteristics of thesolar-biomassCHPsystem determinethesignificantoverproductionofthethermalpower output when the overall control is given to the electricity production. Figure 11.a shows the electric peak request in the early morning which, giving rise to the intervention of the biomass, in absence of any direct or stored solar contribution, results in a large surplus of heat availability. Moving to the electric matching, Figure 11.b, it is shown that the delivered electric power (Pel) follows fairly the load (Pel,d) between 4 a.m. and 12 p.m. while keeping it nearly constant in the remaining hours. 4 8 12 16 20 240100200300400500600700800 4 8 12 16 20 24020406080100120140160180200 Figure 11. Thermal a) and electric b) behaviour with the electric load tracking matching. 5. Environomic issues here the environmental and economic aspects will be analyzed. An effect of the application of this system are the entailed Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission savings related to the solar fraction, estimatedbymeansofemissionfactorsrelatedtotheItalianthermoelectricpowerstationsat reference year 2003 [22]. The emissions savings are evaluated considering the entire electric energy supply, in the hypothesis of grid transfer of the surplus, and the fraction of thermal energy supplied to the end users, in the hypothesis of dump of the thermal energy surplus The result is a higher emission saving in the thermal tracking scenario, which avoids the emissions of 661 ton/y of carbon dioxide. Table 5. Global emission savings for a typical winter day from solar fraction. Electric trackingThermal tracking CO2 [ton/y]555.29661.00 SOx[ton/y]0.580.69 NOx[ton/y]0.350.41 TSP [ton/y]0.020.03 Anotheressential environmental aspectisthelanduseof theplant.Considering thenetlanduse, Table 6, the plant needs about 13,000 m2, nevertheless, taking into account security distances and the need of space for the power conversion block the needed surface amounts to 31,000 m2. Even if kW hours Pel,d Pel kW hours Pth,d Pth a)b) 13the solar field accounts for the 51.56% of the global footprintit is meaningful to reflect on the higher specificpoweroftheparabolictroughfield,i.e.0.46kWp/m2,whencomparedtothemost commercial photovoltaic power plants (0.17 kWp/m2) referring only to the devices surface area. Concerning the plant costs, Table 7 indicates that the parabolic trough field with the thermal energy storage are the most expensive devices of the proposed system. In particular, the capital cost of a solar troughfieldwith thermal storagehas been evaluatedin 4,820$/kWforthereferenceyear 2006 [10]. It is worth noting that these data refer to large CSP technologies and must be considered only as a rough estimate of the present CSP device. Referring to the other technologies, the capital costshavebeen obtainedby privatecommunicationswith producers.Intheutilitiesheading,it entails costs for electric panels, electric and hydraulic connections, civil works &c. It is obvious that such high costs are constraining to the development of the proposed system when thinking tothestandardfossil fuel basedpower technologies.Nevertheless,in afossilfuel free power generation perspective, given from the exhaustion of fossil energy sources and from the need topull down thefossil sourcesrelatedemissions,thecurrent high costsbecomeasideissuein behalf of the sustainable development of the energy sector. Table 6.Plant land use. Net land use [m2] Solar field6,780 TES570 Biomass furnace, filter and stack700 Biomass storage3,000 Buildings (Rankine cycle elements, desalting units, offices)2,100 Total13,150 Table 7.Plant estimated capital costs. TechnologyCost [] CSP field with TES7,870,000 Biomass furnace130,000 Economizer15,000 Evaporator45,000 Steam engine220,000 Condenser15,000 Utilities300,000 Total8,595,000 6. Conclusions Amodelofacombinedsolar-biomassCHPplantdevotedtofeedanhotelierend-userwas presented. The well-established TRNSYS software was adopted for transient simulation. Ananalysisofthermalandelectricalpowerproductiononayearlybasisdemonstratedthe feasibility ofthepresentconfigurationinsatisfyingtheenergy requirementsofthehotelusinga fully renewable and sustainable approach.Furthermore the model was matched with a thermal and an electric winter day load in transient simulations.The resultsfor thetwodifferentloadtracking scenarios were comparedin termsof delivered power, matched load, RC system efficiencies and global GHG emission savings. 14When looking at the output performance, the results show a most suitable behaviour for the thermal load tracking scenario, as it delivers both electric and thermal energy with less gap from the end-user requested energy. The Primary Energy Ratio values, in both electric and thermal tracking cases, indicate the capability of the system to save energy in comparison of two separated plant for the single electric and thermal energy production. Nevertheless, as the high plant capital costs, i.e. 7.2 k$/kW, are mostly related to thesolarsection,theimprovementsmustbeorientedtotheexploitation oflow-tech solarfield entailing the passage from parabolic troughs to Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC) and the adoption of Direct Steam Generators (DSG) systems with supercritical steam Rankine cycles. Nomenclature CHP Combined Heat and Power CSP Concentrated Solar Power DNI Direct Normal Irradiation EelElectric energy output EgGlobal energy input from biomass and solar radiation EthThermal energy output HTF Heat Transfer Fluid HTF flow rate Solar field HTF delivered flow rate Minimum biomass furnace HTF delivered flow rate Additional biomass furnace HTF delivered flow rate HTF demanded flow rate Solar direct and TES delivered flow rate TES HTF charge flow rateTES HTF discharge flow ratePbBiomass derived power Pb,minBiomass furnace power at minimum duty PCSPCSP derived thermal power PegExhaust gas power PelElectric power output Pel,dElectric load power P Storage charge power PTES,dStorage discharge power PthThermal power output Pth,dThermal load power RC Rankine Cycle RES Renewable Energy Source TES Thermal Energy Storage qelReference electric efficiency qthReference thermal efficiency 15References [1]Maidment,G.G.,Zhao,X.,Riffat,S.B.and Prosser G.,Application of combinedheat-and-power and absorption cooling in supermarkets, Applied Energy 63 (1999) 169-190. [2]Maidment,G.G.andTozer,R.M.,Combinedcoolingheatandpowerinsupermarkets, Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 653-665. [3]Corsini,V. Naso, G. Mattei, P.Venturini.Biomass co-firing: analysis of themain technical problemsincoalpowerplants.15thEuropeanBiomassConference,7-11May,Berlin, Germany. [4]Corsini, V. Naso, G. Mattei, P. Venturini. Biomass co-firing: estimation of fuel requirements and land needed to feed some Italian coal power plants. 15th European Biomass Conference, 7-11 May, Berlin, Germany. [5]EastopT.D.andCroftD.R.,Energy efficiencyforengineersandtechnologists(1st ed.), Longman Scientific and Technical, Halow, Essex, 1990, p. 335. [6]Frhlke, K. and Haidn, O.J .,Spinning reserve system based on H2/O2 combustion.Energy Conversion, S0196-8904(96)00128-8. [7]Klouwani,S.,Agbossou,K.andChahineR.,Modelforenergyconversioninrenewable energy system with hydrogen storage. J ournal of Power Sources 140 (2005) 392-399. [8]Corsini, A., Rispoli, F., Gamberale, M., and Tortora, E., 2009, Assessment of H2- and H2O-basedrenewableenergy-bufferingsystemsinminorislands,RenewableEnergy 34(2009) 279288. [9]Sinden,G.EnvironmentalChangeInstituteUniversityofOxford,Thepracticalitiesof developing renewable energy stand-by capacity andintermittency. Submission toThe Science and Technology Select Committee of the House of Lords, 2004. [10]Sargent&LundyLLCConsultingGroupChicago,I llinois,AssessmentofParabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts, NREL/SR-550-34440, October 2003. [11]JunLi,ScalingupconcentratingsolarthermaltechnologyinChina,Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009) 2051-2060. [12]Al-Soud, M.S. and Hyayshat E.S., A 50 MW concentrating solar power plant for J ordan, J ournal of Cleaner production 17 (2008) 625-635. [13]Dong,L.,Liu,H.andRiffat,S.,Development of small-scaleandmicro-scalebiomass fuelled CHP systems. A literature review, Applied Thermal Engineering 29(2009) 2119-2126. [14]Badami, M. and Mura, M., Preliminary design and controlling strategy of small-scale wood wasteRankine Cycle (RC)with a reciprocating steam engine (SE),Energy 34 (2009) 1315-1324. [15]Borello,D., Corsini,A.,Rispoli, F.andTortoraE.,A combined solar-biomassRankine cycle concept for small-size cogeneration, Proceedings of ECOS 2009 Conference. [16]Borello, D., Corsini, A.,Rispoli, F. and TortoraE., Load matching for a combined solar-biomass Rankine cycle plant Proceedings of ASME-ATI-UIT 2010 Conference. [17]Klein, S.A., Beckam, W.A., Mitchell, J.W., Braun, J .E.,Evan,s B.L., Kummert J .P., et al., 2000,TRNSYSatransientsystemsimulationprogram.Version15.1,Madison:Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin; 2000. [18]Schwarzbzl, P., Eiden, U., Pitz-Paal, R., J ones, S., 2002,A TRNSYSmodel library for solar thermal electric components (STEC). A reference manual. Release 2.2. [19]Corsini,A.,Gamberale,M.,andRispoliF.,2006,Assessmentofrenewableenergy solutions in an Italian small island energy system using a transient simulation model, ASME J ournal of Solar Energy Engineering 2006;128:23744. 16[20]J ones,S.A.,Pitz-Paal,R.,Schwarzboezl,P.,Blair,N.andCableR.,2001,TRNSYS modeling of theSEGS VI parabolictrough solar electricgenerating system, Proceedings of Solar Forum 2001: Solar Energy: The Power to Choose, April 21-25, 2001, Washington, DC. [21]Kolb, G.J . and Hassani, V., 2006, Performance of thermocline energy storage proposed for the 1 MW Saguaro solar trough plant, ISEC2006-99005. [22]Macchi, E., Campanari, S., Silva, P., La micro-cogenerazione a gas naturale, Polipress - Politecnico di Milano, 2005. [23]NationalActionPlanforEnergyEfficiencySectorCollaborativeonEnergyEfficiency, Hotel Energy Use Profile, EPA Summer Workshop Report, 2007. [24]SEL, 25 J uly 2003, Generated Hourly Weather Data. Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 12 November 2008 . [25]Ronnelid, M., Perers, B., Karlsson, B.,On thefactorization of incidence anglemodifiers for CPC collectors, S0038-092X(97)00016-9, Solar Energy, 1997. PROCEEDINGS OF ECOS 2012 -THE 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EFFICIENCY , COST, OPTIMIZATION,SIMULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGYSY STEMS J UNE 26- 29, 2012,PERUGIA,ITALY 17A Novel Non-Tracki ng Sol ar Collector for Hi gh Temperature Appl i cati on Wattana Ratismith and Anusorn Inthongkhum Energy Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University,10330, Bangkok, Thailand, wattana@eri.chula.ac.th and anusornaun@hotmail.com Abstract: A parabolic trough solar collector is improved the efficiency by a novel design of compound parabolic trough solar collector where the aim is three-fold. Firstly, one aim is to achieve day-long collection efficiency without the need for mechanical tracking of the sun.Secondly,the collector mustbe designed to operate efficiently under diffuse solar irradiation as experienced for example in rainforest climate. Thirdly, one seeks to achieve asahighanoutputtemperatureaspossible.Newlydevelopedsystemconsistsofmultiplecompound parabolic troughsfacing the sun atdifferent angles.The salientfeature of this design is that the system can collect the sunlight energy at every angle without any moving parts at the same time can receive the diffused light,the maximumefficiencyof the collector is32%and hasan abilityto achieve high outputtemperature, the maximum temperature at header of evacuated tube is 235 degreesCelsius, and is therefore suitable for high temperature application such as industrial uses or cooling application. Keywords: solar energy, compound parabolic trough, non-tracking solar collector. 1. Introduct ion A parabolic trough is a type of solar thermal energy collector which is generally used in solar power plants.The solar collector is constructed as a long parabolic trough with a tube running its length at the focal point. Sunlight is reflected by the trough and concentrated on the tube filled with synthetic oil, which heats to 300-400 degrees Celsius [1-5]. The trough isusually aligned on a north-south axis,androtatedtotrackthesunasitmovesacrosstheskyeachday.Thereforeitseems unavoidable that there needs to be a tracking system that follows the position of the sun.The disadvantage of the parabolic trough solar collectoris that concentrating systems require sun trackingtomaintainsunlightfocusatthecollector.Thetrackingsystemincreasesthecost, complexity and themaintenance cost due tothemoving parts.Thistype of solar collectorisnot preferred in a small residential house. Another problem is an inability to provide power in diffused light conditions, which is due to the fact that the power output from concentrating systems drops in cloudy conditions. As Thailand has a tropical rainforest climate, which causes the ratio of diffused solar radiation to global solar radiation to be rather high (in the range of 31% to 58%) [8], one faces a serious problem in utilizing such a solar collector to collect solar energy, especially in rainforest climate. Aparabolictroughsolarcollectorisimprovedtheefficiencybyanovel designofcompound parabolic trough solar collector which does not contain a solar tracking system and has an ability to collect diffused sunlight by using compound parabolic troughs facing the sun at different angles [6-7]. The non-tracking parabolic trough solar collectors were presented in ref. [8-20]. The advantage of this design is that there are no moving parts in the system, which leads to reductions in the cost and maintenance. This collector yields higher temperatures than flat plate solar collector and could beusedintheresidentialhouse,themaximumtemperatureatheaderof evacuatedtubeis235 degrees Celsius, and is therefore suitable for high temperature application such as industrial uses or cooling application. 182. The Model Inordertodesignanddevelopthenon-trackingsolarcollector,themathematicalmodelof reflection of compound trough is calculated. Let the shape of a parabolic trough be described by the curve y =f(x) on the x-y plane in Fig. 1. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence 0 is equal to the angle of reflection relative to the tangent of the curve y = f(x) at any point (x,y). The slope of this tangent line at point (x,y) is denote by mt = df(x)/dx, the slope of the incident ray by m0 and the slope of the reflected ray by m1. Fig. 1. The reflection ofa lightray by a curve y = f(x). 0 is represented an angle ofincidence and an angle of reflection. mt, m0 and m1 are slope of a tangent line, an incident ray and a reflected ray respectively. From trigonometry [5], therelationship between the angle 0 between two lines and their relative slopes mt, m0 and m1 is given as 11001 1tanm mm mm mm mtttt+ =+ = u , (1) which yields a slope of the first reflected ray 1mas ( )1 22020 01 + =m m mm m m mmt tt t. (2) Similarly, the ith reflected rays can be calculated by using the relation i tt