ECONOMY OF RUSSIAN REGIONS Vera Valentinovna Ageeva Tomsk Polytechnic University Institute of Humanities, Social Sciences & Technologies Department of History and Regional Studies Plan Northwestern and Northern economic regions Volga-Vyatka and Volga economic regions Ural and North Caucasus economic regions Why Moscow is called the port of five seas? Discuss the quiz in pair and suggest your common answer. Integrated (Unified) Deep Water system of the European part of Russia System of Russian inland waterways linking the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, Volga, Moscow, the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea. Guaranteed depth throughout the Unified Deep Water system is at least 4.5 meters, which allows you to pass through it, not only by river vessels and river-sea class, but many sea- going vessels, warships and even nuclear submarines (on the surface). Integrated system of the European part of Russia consists of the following waterways: Neva River Ladoga lake river Svir lake Onega White Sea-Baltic Canal Volga-Baltic Waterway Moscow Canal Volga river Kama River Volga-Don Canal Don River White River (Agidel) What the advantages and disadvantages of river transport can be called for Russia? Determine the route: 1) From Novyj Urengoy to Salekhard (Tyumen region) 2) From St. Petersburg to Volgograd 3) From Omsk to Kaliningada What conclusions of Russia's railway infrastructure can be done? According to Russias highway map try to determine the route from St. Petersburg (- ) to Kazan () In the European part of the Russian railways and major highways are closed to Moscow. The closely spaced regions of the north do not have a direct connection, and cargoes also follow through Moscow. The rate of natural population growth in the Russian regions (per thousand) population density Reasons: Resource depletion - the outflow of able-bodied population in Moscow, St. Petersburg and the oil north - an aging population - high mortality / low fertility. Additional reasons: proximity to other cities of Megalopolis and millionaires who pulled manpower. Demographic holes", the last of which led to the closure of kindergartens, schools, reduction of places in educational institutions, job cuts in general, which also had a negative impact on the human resources of the regions. In Siberia and the Far East far from the big cities, so people do not tend to leave them, but there are using shift work, where to work, leaving the usual permanent. Demographic holes: a demographic hole has already taken place in the years , Koga parents become the children of World War II. From the second demographic hole much deeper and broader, Russia coming out now the number of births (in thousands) the number of deaths (in thousands) Men vs Women Map of Russian economic regions & federal districts Northern economic region Socio-economic indicators In the partly arctic zone of Russia, monthly wages appear much higher than the national average, but this is offset by the likelihood of payment being much lower. A higher proportion in the region are employed in a state enterprise, and a lower proportion are secure in their jobs. Unemployment is more than one fifth higher in the region than across Russia as a whole. Although climatic conditions can be daunting, the life expectancy in the Northern region is almost exactly the national average for both men and women. Youths ambitious for a higher education tend to leave the region; the ratio of students to population is a fifth lower than the national average. And, for those who live in the region, the expectation of life improving is lower than the national average. Volga economic region Composition: Astrakhan Oblast (part of Southern Federal District) Republic of Kalmykia (part of Southern Federal District) Penza Oblast (part of Volga Federal District) Samara Oblast (part of Volga Federal District) Saratov Oblast (part of Volga Federal District) Republic of Tatarstan (part of Volga Federal District) Ulyanovsk Oblast (part of Volga Federal District) Volgograd Oblast (part of Southern Federal District) Volga economic region Socio-economic indicators Popular approval of economic change is well above average in this region, both in terms of the rating of the national economy and the expectation of improvements in their own lives and in the household economy. People are also more likely than the average to have consumer goods. Life expectancy for men and women is also just above the national average. However, reported GDP per capita is below the national average, and the regional wage levels are one-sixth below the national average. However, the likelihood of not being paid regularly is also below the national average. The discrepancies between these data and positive optimism of individuals can be influenced by the fact that in the Volga economic region those reporting having a second job are also above the national average. Volga-Vyatka economic region Composition: Chuvash Republic Kirov Oblast Mari El Republic Republic of Mordovia Nizhny Novgorod Oblast North Caucasus economic region Composition: Republic of Adygea (part of Southern Federal District) Chechen Republic (part of North Caucasian Federal District) Republic of Dagestan (part of North Caucasian Federal District) Republic of Ingushetia (part of North Caucasian Federal District) Kabardino-Balkar Republic (part of North Caucasian Federal District) KarachayCherkess Republic (part of North Caucasian Federal District) Krasnodar Krai (part of Southern Federal District) Republic of North OssetiaAlania (part of North Caucasian Federal District) Rostov Oblast (part of Southern Federal District) Stavropol Krai (part of North Caucasian Federal District) North Caucasus economic region North Caucasus Economic Region (Russian: - ; tr.: Severo-Kavkazsky ekonomichesky rayon) is one of 12 economic regions of Russia. It comprises the whole of the North Caucasian Federal District and the western federal subjects of the Southern Federal District. In this area, descending northward from the principal chain of the Caucasus Mountains to a level plain, are found rich deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal. The major cities are Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Grozny, Vladikavkaz, and Novorossiysk. Sochi is a popular resort. Farm machinery, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are the chief products. The Kuban River region, a fertile black-earth area, is one of the chief granaries of Russia. Wheat, sugar beets, tobacco, rice, and sunflower seeds are grown, and cattle are raised. Other rivers include the Don, the Kuma, and the Terek, and the Volga-Don Canal is a major transportation route North Caucasus economic region Socio-economic indicators: This region includes the most troubled part of the Russian Federation, the Chechen Republic, and other republics where ethnic tensions are high. Economic capacities are far lower than the average for the country as a whole. GDP per capita is barely half that of the average for the Federation, and productivity and wages are also low. Employment in agriculture is also well above the national average. Life expectancy for both men and women is at the average for the Federation as a whole. But other indicators are high are signs of trouble, for example, the migration of the population, the readiness of people to move to find a job elsewhere and high unemployment. Ural economic region Ural Economic Region (Russian: ; tr.: Uralsky ekonomichesky rayon) is one of twelve economic regions of Russia. This prominent industrial region consists of the following subdivisions (with their administrative centers): Bashkortostan (Ufa), Chelyabinsk Oblast (Chelyabinsk), Kurgan Oblast (Kurgan), Orenburg Oblast (Orenburg), Perm Krai (Perm), Sverdlovsk Oblast (Yekaterinburg) and Udmurt Republic (Izhevsk). It is mostly located in the Central, and partly in the Southern and Northern parts of the Urals, but also includes parts of the East European and West Siberian Plains. Its extent is different from that of the Ural Federal District. Ural economic region Geography and natural resources Lower part of the Chusovaya River. The region is crossed by rivers belonging to the Volga basin (Kama, Visher, Chusovaya and Samara), Ob basin (Tobol, Iset, Tura and Tavda) and the Ural River basin. Their potential hydropower resources are estimated at 3.3 million kilowatts. By 2010, there are only two dams and associated reservoirs, both on the Kama River: Botkin Reservoir and Kama Reservoir. The climate is temperate continental in the western and continental in the eastern part of the region. More than 40% of the area is covered by taiga forests having the timber reserves of 3.5 billion cubic meters. The southern part is dominated by the steppe, which is largely cultivated.[1] The area is exceptionally rich in various ores and minerals, such as valuable chalcopyrite, nickel oxide, chromite, magnetite, bauxite, potassium salts, manganese, aluminium, gold, platinum, as well as coal, oil and natural gas. The area is famous for semi-precious stones, such as emerald, amethyst, aquamarine, jasper, rhodonite, malachite and diamond. Ural economic region Ural economic region has a diverse and complex structure of machinery and metal industries. Nationwide importance have ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, mining of minerals and natural gas, logging and wood processing. The Ural industry is characterized by the high concentration of production around certain areas, such as transport hubs, close cooperation between different branches and recycling of industrial waste. The timber production is concentrated in the north and agriculture mostly in the south. The areas of the Central Ural regions on the both sides of the Ural Mountains (Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Orsk) are dominated by mining and processing of metals and suburban agriculture. The basin of Kama River (Berezniki, Solikamsk, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Chaikovsky) has developed chemical, timber and wood processing industries, machine building and some areas of agriculture (mostly potato, vegetable and dairy products). Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works in the 1920s-30s. Ural economic region Metallurgical industry is one of the oldest in the region and is based on the rich local deposits. Major metalworking enterprises are Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant. They process ores not only from the Urals, but also from Kazakhstan and the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, whereas the coking coal for their operation is brought from Kuzbass and Karaganda coal basins. There are also many reconstructed historical plants. More than half of the iron ore for metallurgy comes from deposits of Magnitogorsk, Pervouralsk, Bakalsk and Vysokogorsky Districts. It is used not only for traditional metalworking, but there is also a large-scale production of ferroalloys. A major mining plant was opened near Kachkanar in 1963 to process the abundant titanomagnetite ores of the region. Ural economic region Ural economic region contains major metallurgical and chemical enterprises of Russia, such as Uralmash, Uralkhimmash, Uralhydromash, etc. There are also major machinery plants producing freight wagons (Nizhny Tagil), cars and motorcycles (Izhevsk, Ural Automotive Plant in Miass), tractors (Chelyabinsk and Orsk), machine-tools (in Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Alapaevsk, etc.). The chemical industry of the region is focused on the production of basic chemicals such as potassium and magnesium salts (Berezniki, Solikamsk), fertilizers (Berezniki, Solikamsk, Perm, Krasnouralsk, etc.), sulfuric acid and sulfur, chlorine and its derivatives. Developed is also production of Coke (fuel), rubber, paint, synthetic fibers and yarns, plastics and resins (Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil, etc.), alcohols (Orsk), as well as petrochemical industry (Perm, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg). Ural is one of the most important Russian mining and processing regions of talc (Miass deposit), magnesite (Satka field) and construction materials. In 1975, it produced 14.6 million tonnes of cement and 6.8 million cubic meters of precast reinforced concrete structures and components. About half of the harvested timber is processed locally, in Perm, Krasnokamsk, Tavda, Krasnovishersk and other cities, mostly for paper (1 million tonnes in 1973), sawn timber and plywood (213,000 m 2 in 1973). Unprocessed timber is floated down the Kama to the Volga area.