Applied Hydrogeology

Прикладная Гидрогеология

Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk, Russian Federation

Spring Semester 2014

Yoram Eckstein, Ph.D.Fulbright Professor 2013/2014

Useful linkshttp://www.onlineconversion.com/http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/basics.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs.htmlhttp://

ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/techniques.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/CRT/

Applied Hydrogeology

II. Hydrologic Cycle

Qualitative Hydrologic Cycle

Phase diagram of water

The Hydrologic Equation

inflow = outflow ± change in storage

The principle of mass conservation

Qin = Qout ± ΔS non-steady state ortransient conditions

if ΔS = 0 steady state conditions

Fluxes in Global Hydrologic Cycle

Storage in Global Hydrologic Cycle (in %)

Inventory of the World's water reservoirs

RESERVOIRVOLUME (cubic

kilometres)PERCENTAGE OF

TOTAL

Oceans 1,370,000,000 97.25

Glaciers and Ice Sheets 29,000,000 2.05

Ground-water 9,565,000 0.685

Lakes 125,000 0.01

Rivers 1,700 0.0001

Atmosphere 13,000 0.001

Biosphere 600 0.00001

   

TOTAL 1,408,705,300 100

Inventory of the World's water reservoirs

Global values for the major fluxes between reservoirs.

RESERVOIRS PROCESSFLUX (cubic

kilometres per year)

OCEANS-ATMOSPHERE Evaporation 400,000

Precipitation 370,000

LAND MASSES - ATMOSPHERE

Evaporation 60,000

Precipitation 90,000

LAND MASSES - OCEANS

Runoff 30,000

 

Approximate residence time of water found in various reservoirs.

Res ervoir Approximate Res idence Time Oceans 2500 years Lakes 100 years Sha llow Ground-wate r 200 years Deep Ground-wate r 10,000 years Glacie rs 40 years Seasona l Snow Cover 0.4 year Soil Mois ture 0.2 year Atmosphere 8 days Rivers 16 days

Approximate residence time of water in the Caspian Sea.

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of

“fossil” ground-

water

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer - the largest reservoir of “fossil” ground-water

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of

“fossil” ground-

water

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of

“fossil” ground-

water

Methods of measurements

Evaporation

http://www.whycos.org/hwrp/guide/chapters/english/original/WMO168_Ed2008_Vol_I_Ch4_Up2008_en.pdf

http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/14359/1/wmoevap_271008.pdf

Methods of

measurementsPan-Evaporation

Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature, humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion, solar radiation, and wind. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry, sunny days; and is greatly reduced when clouds block the sun and when air is cool, calm, and humid. Pan evaporation measurements enable farmers and ranchers to understand how much water their crops will need.

Methods of

measurementsPan-Evaporation

An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. The best known of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". In Europe, India and South Africa, a Symon's Pan (or sometimes Symon's Tank) is used. Often the evaporation pans are automated with water level sensors and a small weather station is located nearby.

Methods of

measurementsEvapo-Transpiration

Transpiration: The release of water from plant leaves

Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transpiration from plants. Precipitation is the source of all water.

Evapo-Transpiration

Weighing lysimeters

Evapo-Transpiration

Precipitation

Methods of measurements

Precipitation

Methods of measurements

Methods of measurementsdry precipitation

Precipitation over a river basin

cm/time

What is the total volume of water that fell over the basin during the specified time period?

Precipitation over a river drainage basin

cm/time

If the rain gauge network would be of uniform density i.e. each gauge would be representative of the same area, then a simple arithmetic average of point-rainfall data for each station would be sufficient to determine the effective uniform depth of precipitation over the drainage basin area.

Precipitation over a river drainage basin

Isohyetal method

Isohyets – interpolated contour lines

Precipitation over a river drainage basin

Isohyetal method

Effective uniform depth of precipitation = EUDP

𝑬𝑼𝑫𝑷=∑𝒊=𝟎

𝒏

(𝑰 𝒊 ∗ 𝑨𝒊 )

Precipitation over a river drainage basin

Construction of Thiessenpolygons

(1) triangulation

Precipitation over a river drainage basin

Construction of Thiessenpolygons

(2) bisecting the laterals of

each triangle

Precipitation over a river drainage basin

Construction of Thiessen polygons (3) Connecting the bisector into a

network of polygons

𝑬𝑼𝑫𝑷=∑𝒊=𝟏

𝒏

( 𝑰 𝒊∗ 𝑨𝒊 )

http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub162/pub162-h4.0.pdf

Reading assignment

Watershed = drainage basin

Major drainage basin

Sub-basin (minor drainage basin)

Watershed = drainage basin

Stream gauging

𝑸=∑𝒊=𝟏

𝒏

𝒒𝒊

Effluent (or gaining) stream – typical in humid climate zones

Perennial (effluent) stream hydrograph

Influent (or losing) stream – typical in arid climate zones

Ephemeral (influent) stream hydrograph

Stream – gaining during rainy season (e.g., monsoon) and loosing during dry season

Intermittent stream hydrograph

Storm hydrograph components

Storm hydrograph components

Direct precipitation on the stream channel

Storm hydrograph components

Surface overland flow

Storm hydrograph components

Interflow and throughflow

Storm hydrograph components

Baseflow

Baseflow recession on stream hydrograph

Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream

ktoeQQ

Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream

3.21tQV o

tp Vtp – total potential ground-water dischargeQo – baseflow discharge rate at the

beginning of recessiont1 – time during which Qo0.1 Qo

Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream

3.21tQV o

tp Vtp – total potential ground-water dischargeQo – baseflow discharge rate at the

beginning of recessiont1 – time during which Qo0.1 Qo

The volume of potential baseflow, Vt, remaining at some time , t, after the beginning of baseflow recession may be estimated by:

110 tt

tpt

VV

Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream

The difference between the remaining potential ground-water discharge at the end of a given baseflow recession and the total potential ground-water discharge at the beginning of the next recession represents the recharge that takes place between the two recessions.