Process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Development

Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

Public Services

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Range

Nicknamed the “iron horse.” Canals were superseded by this invention. It was invented by two males with the help of the steam engine. Name these two males for extra credit.

Railway System. Created by William Symington and William Murdoch

Families living in close proximity to each other with fields surrounding a collection of houses and farm buildings.

Clustered Rural Settlements

Total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 births in a society.

Infant Mortality Rate

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services. Name the geographer responsible for this theory for bonus points.

Market Area (Hinterland).Walter Christaller.

A settlement surrounded by fields where people produce food by planting feeds and raising animals rather than hunting and gathering.

Rural Settlements

The minimum number of people needed to support a service.

Threshold

French linear settlenments that were often located along rivers and the strips of land extended back from the water.

Long Lots

These are not necessary for survival. E.g: Cars, entertainment, and telephones.

Nonessential Goods

A study that asses optimal locations for services as well as the comparison data generated by the business to market area population.

Market Area Analysis

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, and assembling raw materials.

Primary Sector

Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.

Dispersed Rural Settlements

Natural Fibers that are combined with chemicals

Synthetic Fibers

Regional economic affiliations which increase economic transaction between member countries. The main affiliations are the Western Hemisphere, Western Europe, and East Asia.

Trading Blocs

Buildings clustered along road, river, or dikes to facilitate communications in long, narrow strips.

Linear Settlements

Theory explaining the distribution of settlements based on the fact that settlements serve as market centers for people living in the surrounding area.

Central Place Theory

A model explaining how the diversely sized settlements and service areas interact with each other.

Gravity Model

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Birth Rate

The process of consolidating small land holdings into a smaller number of larger farms in Englad during the 18th century.

Enclosure Movement

Transportation, communications, & domestic sources of equipment, tools, & machines needed to build & operate new factories.

Infrastructure

A community’s collection of basic industries

Economic Base

The average number of years a new born infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.

Life Expectancy at birth

Market center for the exchange of goods and services by people from the surrounding area.

Central place

A form of mass production where each worker performs a wide range of activities and acts as part of a team

Post-Fordist

Method of preserving food in glass bottles that had been sterilized in boiling water. Created by a French Confectioner in 1810. Name by whom for extra credit.

Canning. Created by Nicholas Appert

A pattern of settlements in a country, where the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Rank Size Rule

A Country’s development being measured by economic (GDP), social (literacy rate). And demographic (life expectancy). This was created by the United Nations.

Human Development Index

An industry that can be located in a wide variety of places without a significant change in costs of transportation, land, labor, or capital.

Footloose

States where laws are passed preventing unions and companies from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment. Prevalent in the Southeast (US).

Right-to-work State

Services of all types are clustered in the center of the city.

Central Business District

The percentage growth of a population in a year.

CBR-CDR

Natural Increase Rate

Four Consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

Rush Hour

These result from the unique characteristics of a location. E.g. land, capital, and labor

Site Factors

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned a specific task to perform repeatedly.

Fordist

Enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer services.

Non basic Industries.

The number of people under the age of 15 and older than 64, compared to the number of people active in the work force.

Dependency Ratio

The transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from relatively developed to developing countries.

New International Division of Labor

Food, clothing, and Shelter are examples of _________ ________, which are necessary for survival.

Essential Goods

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

Service

Locational factors related to the transportation of materials into and away from a factory.

Situational Factors

An industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlements.

Basic Industries

Economic model for Development whereby a country isolates itself from imports and exports and supports is businesses so that goods and services used come from within the country

Self-Sufficiency Model

The percentage of a countries people who can read and write.

Literacy Rate

The rule stating that the largest settlement in a country has more than twice as many people in the 2nd ranking settlement

Primate City Rule

Permanent collection of buildings & inhabitants.

Settlement

Economic model or development whereby a country identifies and develops their unique assets and opportunities.

International Trade Model

The leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.

Primate City

Provides services to individuals who desire them, & who can afford them.

An industry relying on workers to perform high-tech or precision oriented tasks.

Skilled Labor Industry

Overlapping hexagons with four different levels: Hamlet, village, town, & city.

Nesting Market Areas

This bulky, heavy, high-energy fossil fuel replaced wood as the primary fuel source during the Industrial Revolution.

Coal

An economic industry where the final product weighs less than its input. Give an example for bonus points.

Bulk-reducing Industry

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials

Secondary Sector

These are used to deter imports and protect domestically produced goods and services.

Tariff

A measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country.

Per Capita GDP

He developed a five stage model depicting a continuum of economic growth and development from almost void of consumer goods, to widely and consumed goods.

W. Rostow

An industry where labor is a high percentage of expense

Labor Intensive Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or compromises a greater volume than its inputs.

Bulk-gaining Industry

A country with high levels of economic development. Indicators of include low birth, death, and infant mortality rates less than 10% of the workforce in agriculture.

More Developed Country (MDC)

Provides goods for sale to consumers.

Retail Services

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country within a year. This does not include the informal economy.

Gross Domestic Product

Gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Value Added

Provides services for the well being & personal improvement of individual consumers.

Personal Services

This invention was important to the development of factories in the Industrial Revolution. It was built in 1769. Name by whom it was built for bonus points!

Steam Engine: James Watt

services for manufacturing and other tertiary industries, e.g . advertising, legal services, management consultancy, market research.

Producer Services

These are products that must be delivered to consumers ASAP. They are often located near markets. E.g. newspapers, dairy, etc.

Perishable Products

 A factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company

Maquiladora

The portion of the economy that provides goods and services in exchange for money. This is the largest sector in the United States, as well as other MDCs.

Tertiary Sector

Manufacturers that make products sold in one market.

Single Market Manufacturers

The name given to the Asian countries that have been successful in developing with the international trade model.

Name these four Asian countries for Bonus Points!

Four Asian Tigers/Dragons: Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, & South Korea

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory.These were commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Cottage Industry

Countries that are not fully industrialized or do not have sophisticated financial or legal systems. These countries, also called members of the Third World, typically have low levels of per-capita income, high inflation and debt, and large trade deficits.

Less Developed Country (LDC)

Division of the world that separates most MDCs and LDCs

North-South Split

Firms which operate different parts of their companies in different locations around the globe.

Transnational Corporations

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

Productivity

A location where transfer is necessary from one mode of transportation to another.

Break-of-Bulk Point

Final BONUS: Who were the two men whose work was the beginning of modern engineering and manufacturing of machine parts?

Walt & Matthew Bolson