economic changes and cycles chapter 12 economics
TRANSCRIPT
Economic Changes and Cycles
Chapter 12Economics
Inflation & DeflationSection 1
Do Now
•Each student will need a textbook today. •Take out paper and the business cycle
reading.
Objective
•Learn about inflation, deflation, hyperinflation, and the consequences (negative & positive) of both.
Inflation - Review•Inflation is an increase in the price level.
•Measured by the change in the CPI. ▫A positive change = inflation.▫A negative change = deflation.
Effects of Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe
Demand-Side Inflation
•When the inflation originates on the demand side.
•Example: An increase in the money supply causes prices to rise.
Supply-Side Inflation •Example of a cause: A drought lowers the
output of food goods.
Effects of Inflation
•People on fixed incomes are especially hurt by inflation.
•Savers need to look for investments that beat inflation. Banks respond by increasing interest rates on savings accounts.
•Turns past decisions into mistakes.
Effects of Inflation•People try to hedge against inflation so
resources get diverted away from being used to produce goods & services. ▫Hedge: To try to avoid or lessen a loss by
taking some counterbalancing action.
Deflation•Deflation: A decrease in the price level.
Demand-Side Deflation•When aggregate demand decreases &
aggregate supply stays the same. ▫Example of a cause: A decrease in the
money supply.
Supply-Side Deflation•When aggregate supply increases &
aggregate demand stays the same. ▫Example: Technology advancements
increase productivity.
An Effect of Deflation•Costs don’t always fall right away. •This means products are more expensive
for firms to produce. •Therefore, firms go out of business.
The Business Cycle
The Business Cycle•Business cycle: Recurrent swings in real
GDP.
Phases of the Business Cycle1. Peak
▫ The high point▫ Real GDP is at a temporary high
2. Contraction▫ Real GDP decreases▫ If real GDP decreases for two consecutive
quarters, the economy is said to be in recession.
3. Trough▫ The low point in real GDP▫ Happens just before it begins to rise
Phases of the Business Cycle
4. Recovery▫ Real GDP is rising
5. Expansion▫ Increases in real GDP beyond the
recovery
Economic indicators• Leading indicators – occur before the stage
▫Example: stock market • Coincident indicators – happen during the
stage▫Example: GDP
• Lagging indicators – happen at the end of the stage ▫Example: unemployment rates
Economic Growth
Causes of Economic Growth
•Natural resources•Labor•Capital•Human capital •Technological Advances•Incentives
Rule of 72
•Number of years for a variable to double•Rule of 72 = 72/growth rate
Rule of 72 Examples
1. You have $2,000 in a CD earning 3% annual interest. How many years until the principal doubles?
2. You have $3,789 in a savings account earning 2% annual interest. How many years until the principal doubles?
3. You have $5,500 in a CD earning 7% annual interest. How many years until the principal doubles.