ecology the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment
DESCRIPTION
BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERETRANSCRIPT
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ECOLOGY• the scientific study of interactions
among organisms and their environment
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BIOSPHERE
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BiomesLatitude and Elevation Determine Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors Determine Biotic Factors
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Ecoregions
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Levels of OrganizationLevel Example
EcosystemAll of the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in an area make up the ecosystem.
All of the populations (the community) and the saltwater, the temperature, the rocks and minerals, the atmosphere…
CommunityAll of the different populations that interact with each other
A flock of seagulls, a school of redfish, a school of mullet, a pod of dolphins, a flock of pelicans, etc…
PopulationA group of individuals of same species that interact with each other
A FLOCK of seagulls
OrganismAn individual member of a species
A SEAGULL
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What is an ecosystem?• a community of living organisms and
the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system
• The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flowsBIOTIC = LIVING FACTORS
ABIOTIC = NONLIVING FACTORS (NEVER WERE ALIVE)
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Biotic factors are affected by abiotic factors…and vice versa
ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS
Sunlight Primary producers
Temperature Herbivores
Precipitation Carnivores
Water or moisture Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry Detritivores
All of these vary over space/time
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The “Chain of Command” in ecosystems
Abiotic factorsdetermine the type of...
Producerswhich determine the type of…
Consumersthat can live in an ecosystem.
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List at least 3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors in this ecosystem
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How does ENERGY flow through an ecosystem?
• We use models to show how energy flows in an ecosystem– Food chain
– Food Web
– Energy Pyramid
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Food Chain vs. Food Web• Shows one path of
energy.• Almost always
start with a plant transforming energy from the sun.
• If the chain is broken, all organisms beyond that point are wiped out.
• Shows multiple paths of energy.
• Also start with plants.
• If the links are broken, the rest of the organisms get their energy from somewhere else.
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The arrow points in the direction that the energy flows!
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Food Webexample
If the mice die, I get more energy from other resources!
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The Energy Flow PyramidEnergy in an ecosystem begins with the sun’s radiant
energy…Then plants use it to make GLUCOSE as chemical
energy…Then herbivores eat plants and digest the glucose for
energy… Then carnivores eat herbivores… and so on.
Trophic levels
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How does MATTER get recycled in an ecosystem?
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NUTRIENT CYCLES
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
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ABIOTIC CYCLES
Water cycle
Rock cycle
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Processes that cycle nutrients between abiotic and biotic
• Decomposition- bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment
• Photosynthesis and respiration- cycle oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor
• Precipitation- cycling of water between environment and living things
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Biodiversity & Sustainability
-Biodiversity is the variety of life forms- plant, animal, fungi, microorganisms- in an ecosystem.-Greater biodiversity = stronger ecosystem.
-Sustainability is the strength of an ecosystem to be able to support biodiversity.-Sustainability depends on amount of resources such as clean water, nutrients, space, etc.
Ability +
Sustain=
Sustainability
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Measuring Biodiversity• Number of different species• Number of different organisms• Biomass –the mass of all the living
things
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What is Succession?
• Over time, an ecosystem can change as species are added or replaced.
• Species tend to get larger and more complex
• The biodiversity also increases as an ecosystem changes.
• This change is called succession
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SuccessionPrimary Succession--Major catastrophic event-“Starting from scratch”-Very slowBare rock or poor soilLichens, tiny plantsFlowers, grassesShrubs and bushesSmall treesLarger trees
Secondary succession
-Minor catastrophic event
-“Re-growth” (After fire)-Seeds and soil left
behind = faster
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How does succession “start”?
• A bare ecosystem has rock and lichens to create soil…
• Other abiotic factors include natural resources such as water, space, light, and nutrients created by decomposers…
• This makes a niche available that invites PIONEER SPECIES to develop in that ecosystem…
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PIONEERS
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Stages of Succession• Primary
rocks & lichensgrasses
• Intermediatesmall treesshrubs
• Climaxmature trees
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Primary Succession
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Secondary Succession
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When does succession “stop”?
• When the ecosystem has developed as much as it can based on the abiotic factors available…
• These abiotic factors include natural resources such as water, space, light, and nutrients…• When succession “STOPS” this is
called EQUILIBRIUM.
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Check your understanding:1. In every ecosystem, energy is ____ and matter gets
_____.2. Changes in an ecosystem are called ___.3. Succession happens in every ___.4. _____and erosion break down rock into sediments.5. Nutrients in the soil come from ___ breaking down
dead materials.6. The three main stages of succession are ___, ___,
and ___.7. The types of producers in an ecosystem depend on
the ___.8. The types of consumers in an ecosystem depend on
the ___.9. The first species to live in an ecosystem are called
___ species.10. When succession stops, it has reached ___.